Abstract
A city consists of a number of residential areas which are called by different names such as locality, residential district, local community, or neighbourhood. They are characterized by a bundle of spatially based attributes associated with a cluster of residences, sometime in conjunction with other land uses (Galster 2001). According to Harvey (1985: 118), they provide ‘distinctive milieus for social interaction from which individuals to a considerable degree derive their values, expectations, consumption habits, market capacities, and states of consciousness’. Thus, they are places where individuals are brought up, oriented, and cultured to conform to the values and common ideas of the residents. They are central to the analysis of spatial organization in cities since they function simultaneously as institutional, sociological, economic, political, and geographical entities at multiple levels (Warf 2006).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abu-Lughod, J. (1969). Testing the theory of social area analysis: The ecology of Cairo, Egypt. American Sociological Review, 34, 198–212.
Alonso, W. (1960). A theory of the urban land market. Regional Science Association Papers and Proceedings, 6, 149–157.
Alonso, W. (1964). Location and land use. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Badcock, B. (2002). Making sense of cities: A geographical survey. New York: Arnold.
Banerjee-Guha, S. (2009). Neoliberalising the ‘Urban’: New geographies of power and injustice in Indian Cities. Economic and Political Weekly, 44(22), 95–107.
Barbolet, R. (1969). Housing classes and the socio-economic system. University Working Paper 4. London: Centre for Environmental Studies.
Bassett, K., & Short, J. (1989). Development and diversity in urban geography. In D. Gregory & R. Walford (Eds.), Horizons in human geography (pp. 175–193). London: Macmillan.
Baum, S. (2004). The socio-spatial structure of Australia’s metropolitan regions. Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, 10(2), 157–179.
Berry, B. J. L. (1965). Internal structure of the city. Law and Contemporary Problems, 30, 111–119.
Berry, B. J. L., & Horton, F. E. (1970). Geographic perspectives on urban systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Berry, B. J. L., & Rees, P. H. (1969). The factorial ecology of Calcutta. The American Journal of Sociology, 74(3), 445–491.
Berry, B. J. L., & Spodek, H. (1971). Comparative ecologies of large Indian Cities. Economic Geography, 47(2), 266–285.
Bianca, S. (2000). Urban form in the Arab world. London: Thames and Hudson.
Blumenfeld, H. (1959). Are land-use patterns predictable? Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 25, 61–66.
Boswell, T. D., & Cruz-Baez, A. D. (1997). Residential segregation by socioeconomic class in metropolitan Miami. Urban Geography, 18(5), 474–496.
Brady, J., & Parker, A. J. (1975). The factorial ecology of Dublin: A preliminary investigation. The Economic and Social Review, 7(1), 35–54.
Brady, J. E., & Parker, A. J. (1986). The socio-demographic spatial structure of Dublin in 1981. The Economic and Social Review, 17(4), 229–252.
Brummell, C. (1981). A method of measuring residential stress. Geographical Analysis, 13(3), 248–261.
Brush, J. E. (1986). Recent changes in ecological patterns of metropolitan Bombay and Delhi. In V. K. Tewari, J. A. Weinstein, & V. L. S. P. Rao (Eds.), Indian cities: Ecological perspectives (pp. 121–150). New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
Burgess, E. W. (1925). The growth of the city. In R. E. Park, E. W. Burgess, & R. D. Mackenzie (Eds.), The city (pp. 47–62). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Burgess, E. W. (1929). Basic social data. In T. V. Smith & L. D. White (Eds.), Chicago: An experiment in social science research (pp. 47–66). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Burgess, E. W. (1930). The new community and its future. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 149, 157–164.
Burgess, E. W. (1953). The ecology and social psychology of the city. In D. J. Bogue (Ed.), Needed urban and metropolitan research. Oxford: Ohio.
Cadwallader, M. (1985). Analytical urban geography. Eaglewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Clark, D. (1982). Urban geography: An introductory guide. Beckenham: Croom Helm.
Clark, W. A. V., & Cadwallader, M. (1973). Residential preferences: An alternate view of intraurban space. Environment and Planning, 5(6), 693–703.
Cripps, E. L., & Cater, E. A. (1971). The empirical development of a disaggregated residential model: Some preliminary results. Working Paper No. 9. Reading: Urban Systems Research Unit.
Davies, W. (1984). Factorial ecology. Gower: Aldershot.
Davies, W. K. D., & Murdie, R. A. (1993). Measuring the social ecology of cities. In L. S. Bourne & D. F. Ley (Eds.), The changing social geography of Canadian cities (pp. 52–75). Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Dickason, D. G., & Kalamazoo, (1989). Socio-demographic area of Delhi. Population Geography, 11(1 & 2), 1–20.
Ebdon, D. (1977). Statistics in geography: A practical approach. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Evans, A. W. (1992). Road congestion pricing: When is it a good policy? Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 26, 213–243.
Firey, W. F. (1947). Land use in central Boston. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fitch Ratings. (2012). Jawaharlal Nehru national urban renewal mission: A missed opportunity for urban infrastructure improvement. Public Finance Special Report, retrieved from www.fitchratings.com on May 5, 2013.
Foggin, P., & Polese, M. (1976). La Geographie Sociale de Montreal en 1971. Institut National De La Recherche Scientifique-Urbanisation.
Fong, E., & Shibuya, K. (2000). The spatial separation of the poor in Canadian cities. Demography, 37(4), 449–459.
Ford, L. (1996). A new and improved model of Latin American City structure. Geographical Review, 86(3), 437–440.
Fyfe, N. R., & Kenny, J. T. (2005). Introduction. In N. R. Fyfe & J. T. Kenny (Eds.), Urban geography reader (pp. 1–12). New York and London: Routledge.
Galster, G. (2001). On the nature of neighbourhood. Urban Studies, 38(12), 2111–2124.
Giddens, A. (2006). Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gottdiener, M. (1985). The social production of urban space. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Greer-Wootten, B. (1972). Le Modele Urbain. In L. Beauregard (Ed.), Montreal. Guide d’excursions, Montreal (pp. 9–31). Montreal: Les Presses de L’univesity de Montreal.
Hamnett, C. (2009). Social segregation and social polarization. In R. Paddison (Ed.), Handbook of urban studies (pp. 162–176). New Delhi: Sage.
Harman, E. J. (1975). Behavioural analysis of the concepts used in housing choice (Ph.D. thesis). McMaster University.
Harries, K. (1995). The ecology of homicide and assault: Baltimore City and County, 1989–1991. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 4, 44–60.
Harris, C. D., & Ullman, E. L. (1945). The nature of cities. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 242, 7–17.
Harvey, D. (1972). Society, the city and the space economy of urbanism. Resource Paper No. 18, Commission on College Geography, Association of American Geographers, Washington, DC.
Harvey, D. (1973). Social justice and the city. London: Edward Arnold.
Harvey, D. (1975). Class structure in a capitalist society and the theory of residential differentiation. In R. Peet, M. Chisholm, & P. Haggett (Eds.), Processes in physical and human geography (pp. 354–369). London: Heinemann.
Harvey, D. (1982). The limits to capital. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Harvey, D. (1985). The urbanization of capital: Studies in the history and theory of capitalist urbanization. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Harvey, D. (1999). Social justice and the city (Revised ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Harvey, D. (2001). Spaces of capital. London and New York: Routledge.
Harvey, D., & Chatterjee, L. (1974). Absolute rent and the structuring of space by governmental and financial institutions. Antipode, 6(2), 22–36.
Hollingshead, A. B. (1947). A re-examination of ecological theory. Sociology and Social Research, 31, 194–204.
Home, R. (2013). Of planting and planning: The making of British colonial cities (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Hoyt, H. (1939). The structure and growth of residential neighborhoods in American Cities. Washington, DC: Federal Housing Administration.
Illeris, S. (2004). How did the population in the Copenhagen region change, 1960-2002? In M. Pak (Ed.), Cities in transition: Proceedings of the IGU Urban Commission (pp. 404–421). University of Ljubljana.
Johnston, R. J., Poulsen, M., & Forrest, J. (2006). Ethnic residential segregation and assimilation in British towns and cities: A comparison of those claiming single and dual ethnic identities. Migration Letters, 3(1), 11–30.
Jones, E. (1960). A social geography of belfast. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kalal, D. (2002). Cantonment towns in India: A geographical study of Pune Cantonment. Pune: Vidyanand Prakashan.
Kamath, L., & Waingankar, S. (2015). Hybrid municipalization in Aizawl: A case study of urban reforms from the northeast. Mumbai: Centre for Urban Policy and Governance, School of Habitat Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences.
King, A. D. (1990). Global cities: Post-imperialism and the internationalization of London. London: Routledge.
Kitchen, P. (2002). Identifying dimensions of urban social change in Dublin-1986 to 1996. Irish Geography, 35(2), 156–174.
Knox, P. L. (1978). Social well-being: A spatial perspective. London: Oxford University Press.
Knox, P. L. (1982). Urban social geography: An introduction. London: Longman.
Knox, P. L., & Pinch, S. (2010). Urban social geography: An introduction (6th ed.). London: Pearson.
Kostof, S. (1992). The city assembled: The elements of urban form through history. Boston: Little Brown.
Langlois, A., & Kitchen, P. (2001). Identifying and measuring dimensions of urban deprivation in Montreal: An analysis of the 1996 census data. Urban Studies, 38(1), 119–139.
Lees, L. (2014). Gentrification in the global south? In S. Parnell & S. Oldfield (Eds.), The Routledge handbook on cities of the global south (pp. 506–521). London: Routledge.
Lemon, A. (1991). Homes apart. London: Chapman.
Leontidou, L. (1990). The Mediterranean city in transition: Social change and urban development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Li, Y., & Shanmuganathan, S. (2007). Social area analysis using SOM and GIS: A preliminary research. Working Paper No.07-3. Ritsumeikan Center for Asia Pacific Studies (RCAPS), Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University.
Logan, J. R., Alba, R., & Zhang, W. (2002). Immigrant enclaves and ethnic communities in New York and Los Angeles. American Sociological Review, 67(2), 299–322.
Lowder, S. (1983). Inside third world cities. London: Croom Helm.
Mabogunje, A. L. (1992). Perspective on urban land and urban management policies in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Technical Paper No. 196. Africa Technical Department Series. Washington: DC: The World Bank.
Maloutas, T. (2012). Introduction: Residential segregation in context. In T. Maloutas & K. Fujita (Eds.), Residential segregation in comparative perspectives (pp. 1–36). Surrey: Ashgate.
Maloutas, T., & Karadimitriou, N. (2001). Vertical social differentiation in Athens: Alternative or complement to community segregation? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25(4), 699–716.
Mann, P. (1965). An approach to urban sociology. New York and London: Routledge.
Massey, D. S., Condran, G. A., & Denton, N. A. (1987). The effect of residential segregation on black social and economic well-being. Social Forces, 66(1), 29–56.
Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1988). The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces, 67(2), 281–315.
McElrath, D. C. (1968). Societal scale and social differentiation, Accra, Ghana. In D. C. Greer, McElrath, D. Minar, & P. Orleans (Eds.), The new urbanization (pp. 33–52). New York: St. Martin’s Press.
McGee, T. (1967). The Southeast Asian city. New York: Praeger.
Meyer, W. B. (2005). The poor on the hilltops? The vertical fringe of a late nineteenth-century American city. Annals of Association of American Geographers, 95(4), 773–788.
Monkkonen, P. (2010). Measuring residential segregation in urban Mexico: Levels and patterns. Working Paper. Berkeley: Institute of Urban and Regional Development.
Mullins, P., Natalier, K., Smith, P., & Smeaton, B. (1999). Cities and consumption spaces. Urban Affairs Review, 35(1), 44–71.
Mumford, L. (1961). The city in history: Its origins, its transformations, and its prospects. New York: The Guilford Press.
Murie, A., Niner, P., & Watson, C. (1976). Housing policy and the housing system. London: Allen and Unwin.
Muth, R. F. (1969). Cities and housing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Nightingale, C. H. (2012). Segregation: A global history of divided city. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Nissel, H. (1978). Determination of social areas by using multivariate techniques: The case of greater Bombay. Bombay Geographical Magazine, 26(1), 1–31.
Northam, R. M. (1975). Urban geography. New York: Wiley.
O’Neill, K. L., & Fogarty-Valenzuela, B. (2013). Verticality. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 19(2), 378–389.
Pacione, M. (1996). Ethnic segregation in the European city: The case of Vienna. Geography, 81(2), 120–132.
Pacione, M. (2009). Urban geography: A global perspective (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Park, R. E., Burgess, E. W., & Mckenzie, R. D. (1925). The city. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Plato (C. 460 BC/1937). Republic (P. Shorey, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Prakasa Rao, V. L. S., & Tewari, V. K. (1986). The ecological structure of Bangalore City. In V. K. Tewari, J. A. Weinstein, & V. L. S. Prakasa Rao (Eds.), Indian cities: Ecological perspectives (pp. 221–242). New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
Robson, B. T. (1969). Urban analysis: A study of city structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Robson, B. T. (1975). Urban social areas. London: Oxford University Press.
Sarma, M. C. (1982). Structural analysis of the city of Guwahati: A geographical study. Calcutta: Naya Prokash.
Saunders, P. (2001). Urban Ecology. In R. Paddison (Ed.), Handbook of urban studies (pp. 36–52). London: Sage Publications.
Schnore, L. (1965). On the spatial structure of cities in the two Americas. In P. Hauser & L. Schnore (Eds.), The study of urbanization (pp. 347–398). New York: Wiley.
Sengupta, S. (1988). Residential patterns of suburbs: A case study of Ahmedabad. New Delhi: Concept Publishing House.
Shaw, M. (1979). Reconciling social and physical space: Wolverhampton, 1871. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 4(2), 192–213.
Shevky, E., & Bell, W. (1955). Social area analysis. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Shevky, E., & Williams, M. (1949). The social areas of Los Angeles. Berkeley and Los Angeles: The University of California Press.
Sibley, D. (1981). Outsiders in urban societies. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sit, V. F. S. (1999). Social areas in Beijing. Geografiska Annaler, 81B(4), 203–221.
Sita, K. (2013). Mumbai: The financial capital of India. In R. P. Misra (Ed.), Urbanisation in South Asia: Focus on mega cities (pp. 78–108). New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.
Sjoberg, G. (1960). The pre-industrial city. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
Smith, D. M., & Gray, R. J. (1972). Social indicators for Tampa, Florida, (Mimeo). Urban Studies Bureau: University of Florida.
Sweetser, F. L. (1965). Factor structure as ecological structure in Helsinki and Boston. Acta Sociologica, 8, 205–225.
Timms, D. (1971). The urban Mosaic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Townshend, I. J., & Walker, R. (2002). The structure of income residential segregation in Canadian metropolitan areas. Canadian Journal of Regional Science, 25(1), 25–52.
Trudeau, D. (2006). The persistence of segregation in Buffalo, New York: Corner vs. Cisneros and geographies of relocation decisions among low-income black households. Urban Geography, 27(1), 20–44.
Van Arsdol, M. D., Camilleri, S. F., & Schmid, C. (1958). The generality of urban social area indexes. American Sociological Review, 23(3), 277–284.
Van Kempen, R. (2002). The academic formulations: Explanations for the partitioned city. In P. Marcuse & R. Van Kempen (Eds.), Of states and cities: The partitioning of urban space (pp. 35–58). New York: Oxford University Press.
Van Kempen, R., & Murie, A. (2009). The new divided city: Changing patterns in European cities. Tijdschrift voor Econische Sociale Geografie, 100(4), 377–398.
Walter, B. (1986). Ethnicity and Irish residential distribution. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 11(2), 131–146.
Warf, B. (2006). Neighborhood. In B. Warf (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human geography (pp. 324–326). London: Sage.
Washington, H. A. O. (2001). The dynamics and implications of sustaining urban spatial segregation in Kenya: Experiences from Nairobi Metropolis. A Paper Presented at the International Seminar on Segregation In the City, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy in Cambridge, MA, USA.
Western, J., & Larnach, A. (1998). The social and spatial structure of south east of Queensland. Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, 4(2), 215–237.
White, P. (1984). The West-European City: A social geography. London: Longman.
White, M. (1987). American neighborhoods and residential differentiation. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Williams, J. A. (1976). West Virginia: A bicentennial history. New York.
Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a way of life. The American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 1–24.
Wolpert, J. (1965). Behavioral aspects of the decision to migrate. Papers of the Regional Science Association, 15, 159–169.
Wu, Q., Cheng, J., Chen, G., Hammel, D. J., & Wu, X. (2014). Socio-spatial differentiation and residential segregation in the Chinese City based on the 2000 community-level census data: A case study of the inner city of Nanjing. Cities, 39, 109–119.
Zhang, Q. (1998). Residential segregation of Asian Americans in the Atlanta metropolitan area, 1990. Southeastern Geographer, 38(2), 125–141.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Saitluanga, B.L. (2017). Residential Differentiation in Aizawl City. In: Himalayan Quality of Life. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53780-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53780-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-53779-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-53780-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)