Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

General Discussion and Conclusion

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Managing the Psychological Contract

  • 1054 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter provides a discussion of the results and findings of the qualitative and quantitative components of the study. The first section summarizes previous studies and the context that frames the background of the present research. The next section discusses the major contributions of this research to our understanding of employees’ psychological contract in the non-Western context of South Asia and the consequences of fulfillment of psychological contract on their cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Then are presented the findings of the two components of this study, and a discussion of the role of culture in shaping employee expectations. This section includes a discussion on psychological contract among South Asian employees and its implications on managing employment relationships in the organizational context. The next section describes the strengths and limitations of the conducted study and suggests areas for future empirical research. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the practical implications of the current research for the organizations and for employees in the non-Western context.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bateman, T.S., & Strasser, S. (1984). A Longitudinal Analysis of the Antecedents of Organizational Commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 95–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter, W.G. (1996). The Business Argument for Flexibility. HR Magazine, 5, 101–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassar, V., & Briner, R.B. (2009). Contextualizing the Features of the Psychological Contract: The Case of Malta. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 2(7), 677–694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casting, S. (2006). The Effects of Psychological Contract Fulfillment and Public Service Motivation on Organizational Commitment in the French Civil Service. Public Policy and Administration, 21(1), 84–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chi, S.S., & Chen, S. (2007). Perceived Psychological Contract Fulfillment and Job Attitudes Among Repatriates: An Empirical Study in Taiwan. International Journal of Manpower, 28(6), 474–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, S., & Johanson, M.M. (2008). Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Employee Performance: A Moderating Effect of Work Status in Restaurant Employees. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 32(3), 307–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, N., & Briner, R.B. (2005). Understanding Psychological Contracts at Work: A Critical Evaluation of Theory and Research. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, N., & Briner, R.B. (2009). Fifty Years of Psychological Contract Research: What Do We Know and What Are the Main Challenges? In G.P. Hodgkinson & J.K. Ford (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Vol. 24, pp. 71–130). New York: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway, N., Guest, D., & Trenberth, L. (2011). Testing the Differential Effects of Changes in Psychological Contract Breach and Fulfillment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(1), 267–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyle-Shapiro, J.A.-M., & Kessler, I. (2000). Consequences of the Psychological Contract for the Employment Relationship: A Large Scale Survey. Journal of Management Studies, 37(7), 903–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crossman, A., & Abou-Zaki, B. (2003). Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance of Lebanese Banking Staff. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(4), 368–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidhizar, R., & Shearer, R. (1998). Rewarding with Dignity. Hospital Materiel Management Quarterly, 11, 11–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deery, S.J., Iverson, R.D., & Walsh, J.T. (2006). Toward a Better Understanding of Psychological Contract Breach: A Study of Customer Service Employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 9(1), 166–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, N.N., & Rutherford, B.N. (2015). Psychological Contract Breach’s Antecedents and Outcomes in Salespeople: The Roles of Psychological Climate, Job Attitudes, and Turnover Intention. Industrial Marketing Management, 51, 158–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaya, N. (2006). The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices and Corporate Entrepreneurship on Firm Performance: Evidence of Turkish Firms. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(12), 2074–2090.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khilji, S.E., & Wang, X. (2006). “Intended” and “Implemented” HRM: The Missing Linchpin in Strategic Human Resource Management Research. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(7), 1171–1189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kickul, J. (2001). When Organizations Break Their Promises: Employee Reactions to Unfair Processes and Treatment. Journal of Business Ethics, 29(4), 289–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kickul, J., & Lester, S.W. (2001). Broken Promises: Equity Sensitivity as a Moderator Between Psychological Contract Breach and Employee Attitudes and Behavior. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(2), 191–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kickul, J., Lester, S.W., & Belgio, E. (2004). Attitudinal and Behavioral Outcomes of Psychological Contract Breach: A Cross Cultural Comparison of the United States and Hong Kong Chinese. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 4(2), 229–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konrad, A.M. (2006). Engaging Employees Through High-Involvement Work Practices. Ivey Business Journal, 15, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, S.W., Turnley, W.H., Bloodgood, J.M., & Bolino, M.C. (2002). Not Seeing Eye to Eye: Differences in Supervisor and Subordinate Perceptions of and Attributions for Psychological Contract Breach. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(1), 39–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., Wong, I.A., & Kim, W.G. (2016). Effects of Psychological Contract Breach on Attitudes and Performance: The Moderating Role of Competitive Climate. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, N.R. (2007, March). Leveraging Employee Engagement for Competitive Advantage: HR’s Strategic Role. HR Magazine, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, P. (2001, May). Collaboration on Deadline. Knowledge Management (Obtained through Factiva).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathieu, J., & Zajac, D. (1990). A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences of Organizational Commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mowday, R.T., Steers, R.M., & Porter, L.W. (1982). Employee-Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, K.Z., Wong, C., & Song, J.L. (2016). How Do Chinese Employees React to Psychological Contract Violation? Journal of World Business, 51(5), 815–825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P.M., & Organ, D.W. (1986). Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raja, U., Johns, G., & Ntalianis, F. (2004). The Impact of Personality on Psychological Contracts. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 350–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall, D.A. (1990). The Consequences of Organizational Commitment: Methodological Investigation, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 361–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Restubog, S.L.D., Bordia, P., & Tang, R.L. (2007). Behavioral Outcomes of Psychological Contract Breach in a Non-Western Culture: The Moderating Role of Equity Sensitivity. British Journal of Management, 18, 376–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, S.L., & Morrison, E.W. (1995). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Psychological Contract Perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 289–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, S.L., & Morrison, E.W. (2000). The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(5), 525–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, S.L., & Rousseau, D.M. (1994). Violating the Psychological Contract: Not the Exception but the Norm. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(3), 245–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, S.L., Kraatz, M.S., & Rousseau, D.M. (1994). Changing Obligations and the Psychological Contract: A Longitudinal Study. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1), 137–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D.M. (1995). Psychological Contracts in Organizations: Understanding Written and Unwritten Agreements. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D.M., & Schalk, R. (2000). Psychological Contracts in Employment: Cross-National Perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D.M., & Tijoriwala, S.A. (1998). Assessing Psychological Contracts: Issues, Alternatives and Measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 679–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rucci, A.J., Kim, S.P., & Quinn, R.T. (1998). The Employee-Customer-Profit Chain at Sears. Harvard Business Review, 20(1), 83–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Settoon, R.P., Bennett, N., & Liden, R.C. (1996). Social Exchange in Organizations: Perceived Organizational Support, Leader-Member Exchange, and Employee Reciprocity. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 219–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suazo, M.M., Turnley, W.H., & Mai-Dalton, R.R. (2005). The Role of Perceived Violation in Determining Employee’s Reactions to Psychological Contract Breach. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 12(1), 24–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suazo, M.M., Turnley, W.H., & Mai-Dalton, R.R. (2008). Characteristics of the Supervisor-Subordinate Relationship as Predictors of Psychological Contract Breach. Journal of Managerial Issues, XX(3), 295–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tekleab, A.G., & Taylor, M.S. (2000). Easing the Pain: Determinants and Effects of Psychological Contract Violations. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, August 6–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turnley, W.H., & Feldman, D.C. (1998). Psychological Contract Violations During Corporate Restructuring. Human Resource Management, 37(1), 71–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turnley, W.H., & Feldman, D.C. (2000). Re-Examining the Effects of Psychological Contract Violations: Unmet Expectations and Job Dissatisfaction as Mediators. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(1), 25–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turnley, W.H., Bolino, M.C., Lester, L.W., & Bloodgood, J.M. (2003). The Impact of Psychological Contract Fulfillment on the Performance of In-role and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Journal of Management, 29(2), 187–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uen, J.F., Chien, M.S., & Yen, Y.F. (2009). The Mediating Effects of Psychological Contracts on the Relationship Between Human Resource Systems and Role Behaviors: A Multilevel Analysis. Journal of Business & Psychology, 24(2), 215–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vlachos, I. (2008). The Effect of Human Resource Practices on Organizational Performance: Evidence from Greece. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(1), 74–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, O.C., Churchill, G.A., & Ford, N.M. (1977). Motivation and Performance in Industrial Selling: Present Knowledge and Needed Research. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(2), 156–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westwood, R. (2001). Challenges to the Psychological Contract in Hong Kong. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(4), 621–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, C., & Chen, T. (2015). Psychological Contract Fulfillment in the Hotel Workplace: Empowering Leadership, Knowledge Exchange, and Service Performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 48, 27–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, J. (1996). The Relationship Between Organizational Factors and the Transfer of Training in the Electronic Industry in Shenzhen, China. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 7(1), 55–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, H.A.O., Wayne, S.J., Glibkowski, B.C., & Bravo, J. (2007). The Impact of Psychological Contract Breach on Work-Related Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 647–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    ABM Abdullah

Authors
  1. ABM Abdullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Abdullah, A. (2017). General Discussion and Conclusion. In: Managing the Psychological Contract. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53538-8_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation