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Meat and the British Market

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Book cover Emerging from an Entrenched Colonial Economy

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Economic History ((PEHS))

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Abstract

Chapter 4 analyses developments in New Zealand’s meat exports to Britain. The British market is described for five specific periods: bulk purchase; increased belligerence at the perceived unfair treatment of New Zealand; growing doubts about future sales to Britain; the impact of Britain’s growing engagement with European unification; and the ending of duty-free and unrestricted access for New Zealand meat. The story is one of an industry dominated by a strong personality, Sir John Ormond, who welcomed the strong links with Britain and only reluctantly accepted a weakening of the links. But independent exporters and meat producers recognised the changes taking place in Britain and the need for New Zealand to seek markets elsewhere. New Zealand successfully retained the British market whilst earnings from new markets increased sufficiently that they overtook the earnings from Britain in the 1970s.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Meat Board Minute Book 8, 23/03/1945, 291, ANZ.

  2. 2.

    Meat Board Minute Book 8, 18/05/1945, 308, ANZ.

  3. 3.

    ‘Annual Meeting of the Meat Board’, Straight Furrow, 15/09/1946, 21, ATL.

  4. 4.

    Ottawa Agreement and Meat Trade with the United Kingdom, MSY−1814 068/1, Holyoake papers, 23/04/1956, Table I, 26, ATL.

  5. 5.

    ‘Two Agreements’, The Times, 18/09/1946, 5.

  6. 6.

    ‘Argentine Meat Shipments’, The Times, 17/12/1948, 4.

  7. 7.

    Meat Board Minute Book 9, 07/04/1948, 528, ANZ.

  8. 8.

    Malcolm McKinnon, The Impact of War: A Diplomatic History of New Zealand’s Economic Relations with Britain, 1939−1954, Doctorate Book, Victoria University Wellington, Wellington, 1981, 313−342, McKinnon describes in full the diplomatic exchanges between New Zealand and Britain over prices during the period of bulk purchase.

  9. 9.

    ‘Shipping Freights’, Straight Furrow, 15/08/1946, 46, ATL.

  10. 10.

    ‘Produce Prices and Prospects’, Straight Furrow, 15/04/1948, 1, ATL. Denmark was upset by that criticism and made a formal complaint. Denmark claimed that it too had agreed prices with Britain only on the grounds of increased costs. Denmark was given higher prices because it could demonstrate that its costs were higher.

  11. 11.

    Bulk Purchase Contract 1948, Keith Holyoake papers, MSY−MS−1814 68/6, ATL.

  12. 12.

    McKinnon, Impact, 279.

  13. 13.

    Minutes of Meat and Wool Section Council, 07/12/1949, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY−2730 M&W 123/1950, 3, ATL.

  14. 14.

    ‘Increased production in N.Z.: “No Promise Was Made by Meat Board” says Mr. Grigg’, Straight Furrow, 16/01/1950, 2, ATL.

  15. 15.

    Minutes of Meat and Wool Section Council, 07/12/1949, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY−2730 M&W 123/1950, 3, ATL.

  16. 16.

    ‘Increased production in N.Z.: “No promise was made by the Meat Board” says Mr. Grigg’, Straight Furrow, 16/01/1950, 2, ATL.

  17. 17.

    Minutes of Meat and Wool Section Council, 07/12/1949, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY−2730 M&W 123/1950 3, ATL.

  18. 18.

    ‘Bulk Purchase Contract’, Straight Furrow, 16/01/1950, 14, ATL.

  19. 19.

    Meat Board Minute Book 9, 03/11/1949, 648, ANZ.

  20. 20.

    The Hon. Mr. Holyoake, New Zealand Parliamentary Debates (NZPD), 1950, Vol. 291, 2376, WCL.

  21. 21.

    Right Hon. Mr. Holyoake, NZPD, 1950, Vol. 291, 2376, WCL; Dominion Agriculture Produce Section, Circular 122, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY−2691, 1950, 3/5, ATL.

  22. 22.

    Minutes of Meeting of Minister with Producer Representatives: Increased Production, 13/04/1950, Keith Holyoake Papers, MS−1814 – 11/1, 7, ATL.

  23. 23.

    Increased Primary Production, 13/04/1950, Keith Holyoake Papers, MS−1814 – 11/1, 2, ATL.

  24. 24.

    Minutes of Meeting of Minister with Producer Representatives: Increased Production, 13/04/1950, Keith Holyoake Papers, MS−1814 – 11/1, 2, ATL.

  25. 25.

    Minutes of Meeting of Minister with Producer Representatives: Increased Production, 04/05/1950, Keith Holyoake Papers, MS−1814 – 11/1, 2, ATL.

  26. 26.

    Minutes of Meeting of Minister with Producer Representatives: Increased Production, 04/05/1950, Keith Holyoake Papers, MS−1814 – 11/1, 5, ATL.

  27. 27.

    Working Paper 50/13: Work of the Primary Production Advisory Committee, 08/06/1950, Keith Holyoake Papers, MS−1814 – 11/1, 2, ATL.

  28. 28.

    ‘Meat Board’s Part in Aerial Topdressing Industry’, Straight Furrow, 01/10/1955, 7, ATL; Barry Gustafson, Kiwi Keith: A Biography of Keith Holyoake (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2007), 56.

  29. 29.

    B. L. Evans, A History of Agricultural Production and Marketing in New Zealand (Palmerston North: Keeling and Munday, 1969), 20.

  30. 30.

    Chairman’s Address to the Meat and Wool Conference, 27/06/1951, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY−2732, M&W 37/1951, ATL.

  31. 31.

    Meat Board Minute Book 9, 3/11/1949, 646, ANZ.

  32. 32.

    Meat Board Minute Book 9, 20/07/1950, 704, ANZ; Minutes of the Meat and Wool Section Council, 09/08/1950, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY−2730 M&W163/1950, p6, ATL.

  33. 33.

    Jim McAloon, Judgements of All Kinds (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2013), 86.

  34. 34.

    D. L. Martin, ‘The Export−Import Relationship: Are We Getting a Fair Deal from Britain?’, Straight Furrow, 15/12/1950, 7, ATL.

  35. 35.

    Chairman’s Address to the Meat and Wool Conference, 27/06/1950, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY−2730 M&W 152/1950, 5/6, ATL.

  36. 36.

    Minutes of the Meat and Wool Section Council, 09/08/1950, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY−2730 M&W163/1950, 6, ATL.

  37. 37.

    McKinnon, Impact, 324−326 gives the full details of the British negotiations with all three countries.

  38. 38.

    Working Paper 50/13: Work of the Primary Production Advisory Committee, 08/06/1950, Keith Holyoake Papers, MS−1814 – 11/1, 2, ATL.

  39. 39.

    Chairman’s Address to the Meat and Wool Section Conference, 27/06/1951, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY−2732, M&W39/151, ATL.

  40. 40.

    Minutes of the Meat and Wool Section Council, 09/05/1951, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY−2732 M&W28/1951, 2, ATL. The disparity was in the sale of beef, Argentina received 40% more than New Zealand; for lamb the prices were the same – ‘Price Discrimination by Britain for Meat’, Straight Furrow, 01/02/1953, 15, ATL.

  41. 41.

    ‘Bright Year Ahead for N.Z. Meat Industry’, Straight Furrow, 15/09/1951, 13, ATL.

  42. 42.

    Meat Board Minute Book 9, 15/09/1949, 631, ANZ.

  43. 43.

    Geoffrey Palmer, Reform, (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2013), 711, Former Prime Minister, Sir Geoffrey Palmer claims that politicians deploying the media dominate New Zealand politics in the twenty-first century.

  44. 44.

    Barry Gustafson, His Way: A Biography of Robert Muldoon (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2001), 190 and 359.

  45. 45.

    Peter Tait, In the Chair: the Public Life of Sir John Ormond (Waipukurau: CHB Print, 1989), 57.

  46. 46.

    Tait, 17−21.

  47. 47.

    Election Poster John Ormond, Independent Nationalist, System Id 23466, Museum, Theatre, Gallery (MTG) Hawke’s Bay.

  48. 48.

    ‘Should N.Z. Find New Markets?’, Evening Post, 19/07/1951, 1. The Evening Post article reports that Ormond said ‘shook’ rather than ‘twisted’, but all other sources including Ormond himself point to ‘twisted’ being the word used. The phrase was not coined by Ormond; it had been in common usage amongst Primary Producers for several years, for instance, in references to Argentina and Denmark’s pressure for increased prices from Britain in the 1940s.

  49. 49.

    ‘New Deal for N.Z. Produce’, Straight Furrow, 15/08/1951, 47, ATL.

  50. 50.

    ‘Twisting the Lion’s Tail’, Straight Furrow, 15/08/1951, 12, ATL.

  51. 51.

    Phillip Herman, ‘The Electoral Committee of the New Zealand Meat and Wool Boards’, Political Science, June 1974, 26, 1, 56. During its task in voting for Board members the organisation was called the ‘Electoral College’, at all other times it was called the Electoral Committee.

  52. 52.

    Tait, 54.

  53. 53.

    Tait, 58.

  54. 54.

    Ormond’s background is described by Tait; the Hawke’s Bay Museum has a photograph of Ormond as a polo player (Photograph of Polo Players in New Zealand including Ormond, System ID 66706, MTG Hawke’s Bay). There is no biography of Grigg but his background is clear from newspaper reports: ‘New Zealand Legion’, Auckland Star LXIV Issue 247, 19 October 1933, 8; ‘N.Z. Polo Team to play in Melbourne’, Auckland Star, Vol. LXV, Issue 159, 7 July 1934, 18; Obituary, Evening Post, Vol. CXII, Issue 57, 4 September 1926, 7.

  55. 55.

    Reported in Tait, 58.

  56. 56.

    Tait, 57.

  57. 57.

    Meat Board Minute Book 10, 12/09/1951, 799, ANZ.

  58. 58.

    ‘Demand for Price Increase’, Straight Furrow, 15/10/1951, 43, ATL.

  59. 59.

    ‘Demand for Price Increase’, Straight Furrow, 15/10/1951, 43, ATL.

  60. 60.

    Ormond to Holyoake, 11/12/1951, Keith Holyoake papers, MS−1814 – 22/3 Meat, ATL.

  61. 61.

    Holyoake to Ormond, 21/12/1951, Keith Holyoake papers, MS−1814 – 22/3 Meat, ATL.

  62. 62.

    Meat Board Minute Book 10, 03/10/1952, 891, ANZ; ‘He Can Take It! Criticism Leaves John Ormond Unruffled’, Straight Furrow, 01/02/1955, 3, ATL.

  63. 63.

    Cabinet Papers, 52(4), 4/02/1952, ANZ.

  64. 64.

    ‘Meat Price Increase’, Straight Furrow, 15/02/1952, 3, ATL.

  65. 65.

    Joint Declaration by the United Kingdom and New Zealand Governments, Keith Holyoake papers, MS−1814 – 68/6 Meat, ATL.

  66. 66.

    McKinnon, Impact, 328.

  67. 67.

    ‘What Provincial Members Have to Say’, Straight Furrow, 01/11/1952, 10, ATL.

  68. 68.

    ‘Immediate Need for More Production Says Board Chairman’, Straight Furrow, 15/01/1952, 15, ATL.

  69. 69.

    ‘A Challenge to Farming Ability’, Straight Furrow, 01/06/1952, 32, ATL.

  70. 70.

    Memorandum on Production, Consumption and Marketing Problems Relating to Meat, November 1957, United Kingdom/New Zealand Agricultural Discussions, 2, ANZ.

  71. 71.

    ‘Taranaki: Federation’s Value’, Straight Furrow, 01/06/1953, 19, ATL.

  72. 72.

    Meat Board Minute Book 11, 06/05/1954, 1022/1023, ANZ.

  73. 73.

    Dai Hayward, editor: Golden Jubilee: the Story of the First Fifty Years of the New Zealand Meat Producers Board 1922−1972 (Wellington: Universal Printers, 1972), 84.

  74. 74.

    Mick Calder and Janet Tyson, Meat Acts: The New Zealand Meat Industry 1972–1997 (Wellington: Meat New Zealand, 1999), 17.

  75. 75.

    Trade Discussions between the Government of New Zealand and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, London, T61/3/25/1, 8 April to 29 May 1957, ANZ.

  76. 76.

    Notes Re: Entry of Commonwealth Meat to the United Kingdom Market, 24/08/1955, Keith Holyoake papers, MS−1814 068/1, ATL; ‘Sheer Madness: Mr Ormond’s View If Imperial Preference Shelved’, The Daily Telegraph, Keith Holyoake papers, 27/06/1956, MS−1814 068/6, ATL.

  77. 77.

    ‘Some Straight Speaking on U.K. Trade Agreements by Auckland Prov. President’, Straight Furrow, 01/07/1956, 14, ATL.

  78. 78.

    http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47_e.pdf, accessed 14/11/2013.

  79. 79.

    Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, London, to Prime Minister, Wellington, 12 February 1957, T1, 61/3/21, Pt I, ANZ.

  80. 80.

    New Zealand’s Rights Under the Ottawa Agreement and Possible Courses of Action, 23/04/1956, Keith Holyoake Papers, MS−1814, 068/1, 2, ATL.

  81. 81.

    ‘Mr. J. D. Ormond Calls for Prompt Govt. Action Over Imperial Preference’, Straight Furrow, 01/07/1956, 4, ATL. Likely a reference to violent rebellions in colonies such as Kenya and Cyprus at the time.

  82. 82.

    ‘Effect of G.A.T.T. on N.Z. Meat Exports’, Evening Post, 28/06/1956, in Keith Holyoake papers, MS−1814 068/6, ATL.

  83. 83.

    Submission of New Zealand Meat Producers Board, 1956, T/1/61/3/21 PtII, ANZ.

  84. 84.

    Comptroller of Customs to Minister for Agriculture, 28/06/1956, Keith Holyoake papers, MS−1814 068/1, ATL.

  85. 85.

    Review of New Zealand’s trade policy − Cabinet Committee on Economic Policy, 30/11/1956, T/1/61/3/21, Pt II, ANZ.

  86. 86.

    Note from Treasury to H G Lang, London, 08/01/1957, T1 424 61/3/21, ANZ.

  87. 87.

    Trade Discussions between the Government of New Zealand and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, London, ABHS, 37/1/1E Part 1, 8 April–29 May 1957, 11, ANZ.

  88. 88.

    New Zealand Meat Producers Board Report to Government, 10/12/1956, T/1/61/3/21 Pt II, ANZ.

  89. 89.

    Ormond to Holyoake, 20/12/1957, T1 61/3/21, ANZ.

  90. 90.

    New Zealand – United Kingdom Trade Discussions: note of meeting of Officials and Producers’ Representatives, 8/02/1957, T1 61/3/21, ANZ.

  91. 91.

    Notes of Deputation of Producer Organizations which waited on members of the Cabinet Committee on Economic Policy, 5/2/1957, T1 424 61/3/21, ANZ.

  92. 92.

    McAloon, 99.

  93. 93.

    ‘The Trade Delegation’, Straight Furrow, 01/03/1957, 3, ATL.

  94. 94.

    Holyoake’s opening statement, 08/04/1957, New Zealand Trade – United Kingdom Discussions 1957, ABHS W4628 7148 Box 12 LONB 37/1/1E Part 1, 3, ATL.

  95. 95.

    Statement by President, Board of Trade, 10/04/1957, New Zealand Trade – United Kingdom Discussions 1957, ABHS W4628 7148 Box 12 LONB 37/1/1E Part 1, ATL. The rest of the paragraph is a summary of that statement.

  96. 96.

    Trade Agreements Affecting the UK Market, 30/04/1956, Keith Holyoake papers, MS−1814 68/6, ATL.

  97. 97.

    Review of New Zealand’s Trade Policy 1956/7: Outline of Present Position, 05/02/1957, T1 424 61/3/21, 1, ANZ.

  98. 98.

    To Dorothy and Kevin by unnamed official, 25/04/1957, Keith Holyoake Papers, MS−1814 70/04, ATL. The letter is a ‘gossipy’ letter sent back to New Zealand by a member of the delegation who is commenting mainly on social activities and other members of the delegation.

  99. 99.

    John Ormond to Judith Ormond, 26 April 1957, System ID, 73944, 1, MTG Hawke’s Bay.

  100. 100.

    John Ormond to Judith Ormond, 26 April 1957, System ID, 73944, 2, MTG Hawke’s Bay.

  101. 101.

    Cablegram Personal from Prime Minister to Holyoake, 08/05/1957, Keith Holyoake Papers, MS−1814 68/04, ATL.

  102. 102.

    John Ormond to Judith Ormond, 26 April 1957, System ID 73944, 1, MTG Hawke’s Bay.

  103. 103.

    ‘President’s Conclusions: Trade Mission Talks with British Govt.’, Straight Furrow, 01/07/1957, 1, ATL.

  104. 104.

    ‘President’s Conclusions: Trade Mission Talks with British Govt.’, Straight Furrow, 01/07/1957, 3, ATL.

  105. 105.

    ‘Away from Apron Strings’, Straight Furrow, 01/08/1957, 31, ATL.

  106. 106.

    United Kingdom – New Zealand Consultations on Agriculture and Food Policies, November/December 1957, ANZ.

  107. 107.

    Note on Meeting of the Meat Group, 29/11/1957, United Kingdom/New Zealand Consultations on Agricultural and Food Policies, ANZ.

  108. 108.

    ‘“Apprehension Justified” Says Mr Holyoake’, New Zealand Herald, 30/05/1957, Keith Holyoake Papers, MS−1814 70/05, ATL.

  109. 109.

    John Singleton, ‘New Zealand, Britain and the survival of the Ottawa agreement, 1945−77’, The Australian Journal of Politics and History, 43, 2, 1997, 170.

  110. 110.

    Meat Board Minute Book 12, 03/07/1953, 1505, ANZ.

  111. 111.

    ‘U.K. May Become Member of European Customs Union’, Straight Furrow, 01/10/1956, 32, ATL.

  112. 112.

    Telegram Minister of External Affairs to UK Government, 20/03/1957, T/1/61/3/21 Pt 1, ANZ.

  113. 113.

    European Common Market, 1st Meeting, 12/4/1957, T/1/61/3/21 Pt 1, United Kingdom/NZ Trade Discussions, ANZ.

  114. 114.

    ‘UK May Become Member of European Customs Union’, Straight Furrow, 1/10/1956, 32, ATL.

  115. 115.

    Tait, 93.

  116. 116.

    Paul Robertson and John Singleton, ‘The Old Commonwealth and Britain’s First Application to join the EEC: 1961−3’, Australian Economic History Review, Vol. 40, No.2, 2000, 159.

  117. 117.

    Stuart Ward, Australia and the British Embrace: Demise of the Imperial Ideal (Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 2001), 58.

  118. 118.

    Robert McLuskie, The Great Debate: New Zealand, Britain and the EEC: The Shaping of Attitudes, 1960−63, (Wellington: Decision Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, 1963), 11.

  119. 119.

    A former senior diplomat in conversation with the author, 22/10/2014.

  120. 120.

    ‘Loss of Preference Could Be Hardest Blow Ever Struck’, Straight Furrow, 07/09/1960, 13, ATL.

  121. 121.

    New Zealand Meat Producers Board Report to Government, 10/12/1956, T/1/61/3/21, Pt II, ANZ.

  122. 122.

    Meat Board Minute Book 12, 24/01/1961, 1728, ANZ.

  123. 123.

    Newspaper clippings − Commonwealth and Common Market, June 1961 to February 1962 (European Economic Community − United Kingdom − European Economic Community Negotiations) AAFZ, 7174, W1318, Box 223, ANZ.

  124. 124.

    Visit of Mr Sandys to discuss the United Kingdom and Europe, 26 June 1961, Cabinet Committee on Economic and Financial Questions, 03/07/1961, Cabinet Minutes 61(30), AAFD, W3738, 807, Box 8, ANZ.

  125. 125.

    Meat Board Minute Book 12, 05/07/1961, 1767, ANZ.

  126. 126.

    Hayward, 179.

  127. 127.

    Tait, 98.

  128. 128.

    New Zealand: Visit of the Secretary of State for discussions about possible United Kingdom Association with EEC, 23/08/1961, FO371/158322 XC21689, Public Records Office (PRO). The following two paragraphs are a summary of the main points with regard to primary producers.

  129. 129.

    McLuskie, 59.

  130. 130.

    Tait, 98.

  131. 131.

    McLuskie, 116.

  132. 132.

    A. P. O’Shea, ‘A Dominion View of the Problems’, The Times Supplement on Agriculture, 5/12/1960, ii.

  133. 133.

    ‘At Crossroads Says Dominion President: Must Choose the Path to Follow’, Straight Furrow, 19/07/1961, 5, ATL.

  134. 134.

    ‘Where Do We Go from Here?’, Straight Furrow, 19/07/1961, 5, ATL; Annual Address by the Chairman to the Meat and Wool Section Conference, 20/06/1956, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY 2732 M&W19/1956, ATL.

  135. 135.

    Annual Address by the Chairman to the Meat and Wool Section Conference, 20/06/1962, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY2738, M&W64/1962, 2−8, ATL.

  136. 136.

    Address by Chairman of the Meat and Wool Section to the Annual Conference, 20/06/1962, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY2738 M&W64/1962, 3/4, ATL.

  137. 137.

    McLuskie, 119.

  138. 138.

    Brian Easton, The Nationbuilders (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2001), 183.

  139. 139.

    Robertson and Singleton, 153.

  140. 140.

    Meat Board Chairman’s Address to the Electoral Committee, 22/08/1961, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY−2738 M&W40/1961, 4, ATL.

  141. 141.

    Meat Board Chairman’s Address to the Electoral Committee, 22/08/1961, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY−2738 M&W40/1961, 3, ATL.

  142. 142.

    Meat Board Chairman’s Address to the Electoral Committee, 03/04/1963, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY2739 M&W19/1963, 1/2, ATL.

  143. 143.

    ‘Report on Farming’, Straight Furrow, 17/04/1963, 1, ATL.

  144. 144.

    ‘U.K. Can’t Take All’, Straight Furrow, 03/04/1963, 7, ATL.

  145. 145.

    ‘Mr Soames Wants a Managed Market’, Straight Furrow, 22/01/1964, 22, ATL.

  146. 146.

    Meat Board Chairman’s Address to the Electoral Committee, 09/04/1964, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY2739 M&W54/1964, 3, ATL.

  147. 147.

    Meat Board Chairman’s Address to the Electoral Committee, 09/04/1964, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY2739 M&W54/1964, 2.

  148. 148.

    Market Promotion for Export Meat, Meat Export Development Company (New Zealand) Limited – General, AAFZ W1318 7174 Box 228 April 1965, p6, ANZ.

  149. 149.

    ‘Co-operation to Avoid Controls?’, Straight Furrow, 03/06/1964, 7, ATL.

  150. 150.

    Alec Cairncross, The British Economy Since 1945 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), 152; ‘Financial Statement’, AJHR, Vol. I, B−6, 1965, 24, WCL.

  151. 151.

    W. D. Thomas, ‘Wither the UK Meat Industry?’, Straight Furrow, 06/01/1965, 12, ATL.

  152. 152.

    Market Promotion for Export Meat, Meat Export Development Company (New Zealand) Limited – General, AAFZ W1318 7174 Box 228 April 1965, p6, ANZ.

  153. 153.

    ‘Managed Market for UK Meat’, Straight Furrow, 15/07/1964, 27, ATL.

  154. 154.

    Meat Board Chairman’s Address to the Electoral Committee, 27/08/1964, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY2739 M&W74/1964, 4, ATL.

  155. 155.

    ‘Halcyon Days Over for NZ?’, Straight Furrow, 15/07/1964, 21, ATL.

  156. 156.

    Meat Board Chairman’s Address to the Electoral Committee, 24/08/1965, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY2741 M&W30/1965, 3, ATL.

  157. 157.

    Meat Board Chairman’s Address to the Electoral Committee, 24/08/1965, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY2741 M&W30/1965, 4, ATL.

  158. 158.

    ‘Visit of Mr. T. F. Peart’, Straight Furrow, 15/09/1965, 7, ATL.

  159. 159.

    ‘Was His Journey Really Necessary?’, Straight Furrow, 06/10/1965, 3, ATL.

  160. 160.

    ‘NZ−UK Market Has Uncertain Future’, Straight Furrow, 19/01/1966, 11, ATL.

  161. 161.

    ‘Still Some Doubt on Right of Entry for Meat’, Straight Furrow, 03/08/1966, 1, ATL.

  162. 162.

    ‘£40m Boost to British Farming: Emphasis on Import Saving’, Straight Furrow, 05/04/1967, 5, ATL.

  163. 163.

    Easton, Nationbuilders, 183.

  164. 164.

    Meat Board Chairman’s Report to the Electoral Committee, 22/08/1968, Federated Farmers 90 − 343 MSY2746 M&W57/1968, 8/9, ATL.

  165. 165.

    Calder and Tyson, 57.

  166. 166.

    ‘Time We Stated Our Case’, Straight Furrow, 19/03/1969, 3, ATL.

  167. 167.

    ‘UK Conservatives Favour Restrictions on Food Imports’, Straight Furrow, 19/03/1969, 15, ATL.

  168. 168.

    Chairman’s Address to the Meat and Wool Council, 19/06/1968, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY2746 M&W36/1968, 3, ATL.

  169. 169.

    ‘UK Market Access Must Not Be Presumed’, Straight Furrow, 02/04/1969, 3, ATL.

  170. 170.

    Chairman’s Address to the Meat and Wool Section Council, 18/06/1969, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY2745, M&W31/1969, 5, ATL; ‘Proposed UK Levy on Beef Imports Has Very Serious Implications’, Straight Furrow, 04/02/1970, 16, ATL.

  171. 171.

    ‘UK Promise on NZ Lamb’, Straight Furrow, 09/09/1970, 8, ATL.

  172. 172.

    Bruce Dryden, ‘UK Levy – Major Threat’, Straight Furrow, 04/11/1970, 2, ATL.

  173. 173.

    ‘A Cruel Blow – Dryden’, Straight Furrow, 04/11/1970, 3, ATL.

  174. 174.

    ‘A Slap in the Face – Ormond’, Straight Furrow, 04/11/1970, 3, ATL.

  175. 175.

    ‘UK Farm Leader Welcomes Levies’, Straight Furrow, 19/11/1970, 8, ATL.

  176. 176.

    Lamb Prospects in Europe: Meat Board Note, 16/06/1969, Federated Farmers 90−343 MSY2745, 2, ATL.

  177. 177.

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    David Hall

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Hall, D. (2017). Meat and the British Market. In: Emerging from an Entrenched Colonial Economy. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53016-1_4

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