Skip to main content

The Human Sexual Response Cycle

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Textbook of Clinical Sexual Medicine

Abstract

This chapter reviews the development of the human sexual response cycle. Initial attempts to characterise the cycle focussed on the phases of the arousal process now referred to as “modelling”. The usefulness of such models is assessed by asking “what kind of models can be used to describe sexual responses” and “what properties should a good model possess?” While a number have been developed from earlier forms, others have been conceptualised de novo. Some have become more popular than others; the notable is the four-phase “excitation, plateau, orgasm, resolution” model now modified to include desire phases. Little or no controversy exists over models for males, but the empirical testing of those for females has been disputatious. A number of models are promoted by their authors as being useful contributors to clinical practice. All are simplifications of reality; no one model is perfect.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

EPOR model:

Excitation, plateau, orgasm, resolution

DEOR model:

Desire, excitation, orgasm, resolution

STP model:

Sexual tipping point

PERT:

Post-ejaculation refractory time

SIS:

Sexual inhibition scale

SES:

Sexual excitation scale

DSM:

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

References

  1. Huby HM. Catastrophe theory and the human sexual response. 3rd international symposium on systems research, informatics and cybernetics. Baden Baden, Germany, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Gillon G, Barnea O. Erection mechanisms of the penis: a model based analysis. J Urol. 2002;168:2711–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Blanchard R, Kuban ME, Blak T, Klassen PE, Dickey R, Cantor JM. Sexual attraction to others: a comparison of two models of alloerotic responding in men. Arch Sex Med. 2012;41:13–29.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Gefen A, Chen J, Elad D. Computational tools in rehabilitation of erectile dysfunction. Med Eng Phys. 2001;23:69–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gallup GG, Burch RL, Zappieri ML, Parvez R, Stockwell M, Davis JA. The human penis as a semen displacement device. Evol Human Behav. 2003;24:277–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Pfaus JG, Kippin TE, Coria-Avila G. What can animal models tell us about human sexual response? Annu Rev Sex Res. 2003;14:1–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ventura-Aquino E, Paredes RG. Animal models in sexual medicine: the need and importance of studying sexual motivation. Sex Med Rev. 2016; 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.07.003.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Moll A. The sexual life of the child. New York, NY: Macmillan Co; 1912.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ellis H. Studies in psychology of sex. Vol 2. New York: Random House; 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Van de Velde TH. Ideal marriage. Its physiology and technique. Great Britain: William Heineman Medical Books Ltd; 1940. p. 181–91.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Reich W. The function of the orgasm. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux: 1973. p. 103.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Dickenson RL. Human sex anatomy. 2nd ed. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company; 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wenger MA, Jones FN, Jones MH. Physiological psychology. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winstone Inc.; 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Masters WH, Johnson V. Human sexual response. 1st ed. Boston: Little, Brown & Company; 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Tiefer L. Historical, scientific, clinical and feminist criticisms of the “human sexual response cycle” model. Annu Rev Sex Res. 1991;2:1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Basson R. Female sexual dysfunctions—the new model. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis. 2002;2:267–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Robinson P. The modernisation of sex. London: Paul Elek; 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kaplan HS. Hypoactive sexual desire. J Sex Mar Ther. 1977;3:3–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kaplan HS. Disorders of sexual desire. New York: Simon & Schuster; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Lief HI. What’s new in sex research? Inhibited sexual desire. Med Aspects Hum Sex. 1977;7:94–5.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Garde K, Lunde I. Female sexual behaviour. A study in a random sample of 40-year-old women. Maturitas. 1980;2:225–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Michael RT, Gagnon JH, Lauman EO, Kolata G. Sex in America: a definitive survey. London: Little Brown & Co; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Levin RJ. Sexual desire and the deconstruction and reconstruction of the human female sexual response model of Masters & Johnson. In: Everaerd W, Laan E, Both S, editors. Sexual appetite, desire and motivation: energetics of the sexual system. Amsterdam Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science; 2001. p. 63–93.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Laqueur T. Making sex: body and gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hoon PW. The assessment of sexual arousal in women. Prog Behav Modif. 1979;7:1–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Morrow B. Sex research and sex therapy: a sociological analysis of Masters and Johnson. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Levin RJ. Critically revisiting aspects of the human sexual response cycle of Masters & Johnson: correcting errors and suggesting modifications. Sex Relat Ther. 2008;23:393–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Whipple B, Brash-McGreer KB. Management of female sexual dysfunction. In: Sipski ML, Alexander CJ, editors. Sexual function in people with disability and chronic illness. A health professional’s guide. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc.; 1997. p. 509–34.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Greenberg JS, Bruess CE, Haffner DW. Exploring the dimensions of human sexuality. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Basson R. The female response: a different model. J Sex Marital Ther. 2000;26:51–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sand M, Fisher WA. Women’s endorsement of models of female sexual response: the nurses’ sexuality study. J Sex Med. 2007;4:708–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wiegel M, Meston C, Rosen R. The female sexual function index (FSFI): cross validation and the development of clinical cut-off scores. J Sex Marital Ther. 2005;31:1–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Giles KR, McCabe MP. Conceptualizing women’s sexual function: linear vs. circular models of sexual response. J Sex Med. 2009;6:2761–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hayes RD. Circular and linear modelling of female sexual desire and arousal. J Sex Res. 2011;48:130–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Basson R. Human sexual response. Chapter 2. In: Vodušek DB, Boller F, editors. Handbook of clinical neurology. Vol 180. 3rd series, Neurology of sexual and bladder disorders. 2015. p. 11–8.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Wylie K, Mimoun S. Sexual response models in women. Maturitas. 2009;63:112–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Perelman MA. History of sexual medicine. In: Diamond L, Tolman D, editors. APA handbook of sexuality and psychology handbook. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2013. p. 138–79.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Giraldi A, Kristensen E, Sand M. Endorsement of models describing sexual response of men and women with a sexual partner: an online survey in a population sample of Danish adults 20-65 years. J Sex Med. 2015;12:116–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Basson R, Correia S, Driscoll M, Laan E, Toates F, Tiefer L. Problematic endorsement of models describing sexual response of men and women with a sexual partner. J Sex Med. 2015;12:1948–850.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Giraldi A, Kristensen E, Sand M. Response and rebuttal of “endorsement of models describing sexual response of men and women with a sexual partner: an online survey in a population sample of Danish adults ages 25-65”. J Sex Med. 2015;12:1848–50.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Perelman MA. Why the sexual tipping Point® model? Cur Sex Health Rep. 2016;8:39–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. History of the sexual tipping point model at Www.Mapedf.Org/History. Accessed 21 Sept 2016.

  43. Levin RJ. Revisiting post ejaculation refractory time—what we know and what we don’t know in males and females. J Sex Med. 2009;6:2376–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bancroft J. Human sexuality and its problems. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zilbergeld B. Men and sex—a guide to sexual fulfilment. London: Souvenir Press; 1979. p. 105.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Nakopoulou E, Macaskill A, Wylie K, Hatzichristou D. Men use different response models during their lifespan: the role of erectile dysfunction and sexual motives. J Sex Med. 2010;7(Suppl 6):S377.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Levin RJ. The physiology of male and female sexual arousal. Chapter 26. In: Payne-James J, Busuttil A, Smock W, editors. Forensic medicine-clinical and pathological aspects. London: Greenwich Medical Media Limited; 2003. p. 379–98.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Levin RJ. Anatomy and physiology in the male. Chapter 3. In: Wylie K, editor. ABC of sexual health, 3rd ed. Oxford: Wiley; 2014. p. 7–11.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Levin RJ. Anatomy and physiology in the female. Chapter 4. In: Wylie K, editor. ABC of sexual health, 3rd ed. Oxford: Wiley; 2014. p. 12–5.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kaplan HS. The sexual desire disorders: dysfunctional regulation of sexual motivation. New York, NY; Brunner/Mazel Inc.; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kupferman I. Hypothalamus and limbic system motivation. In: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, editors. Principle of neural science. 3rd ed. New York: Elsevier; 1991. p. 751–5.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Bancroft J, Janssen E. The dual control model of male sexual response: theoretical approach to centrally mediated erectile dysfunction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000;24:571–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bancroft J, Graham CA, Janssen E, Sanders SA. The dual control model: current status and future directions. J Sex Res. 2009;46:121–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Graham CA, Sanders SA, Milhausen RR. The sexual excitation/sexual inhibition inventory for women: psychometric properties. Arch Sex Behav. 2006;35:397–409.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Milhausen RR, Graham C, Sanders SA, Yarber WL, Maitland SB. Validation of the sexual excitation/ inhibition inventory for men and women. Arch Sex Behav. 2010;39:1091–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kurpisz J, Mak M, Lew-Starowicz M, Nowosielski K, Samochowiec J. The dual control model of sexual response by J. Bancroft and E. Janssen. Theoretical basis, research and practical issues. Postępy Psychiatrii I Neurologia. 2015;24:156–64.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Levin RJ. Human male sexuality: appetite and arousal, desire and drive. In: Legg CR, Booth DA, editors. Appetite-neural and behavioural basis. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994. p. 127–64.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  58. Pfaus JG. Pathways of sexual desire. J Sex Med. 2009;6:1506–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Pfaus JG. The female sexual response: current models, neurobiological underpinnings and agents currently approved or under investigation for the treatment of hypoactive sexual; desire disorder. CNS Drugs. 2015;29:915–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Janssen E, Everaerd W, Spiering M, Janssen J. Automatic processes and the appraisal of sexual stimuli: toward an information processing model of sexual arousal. J Sex Res. 2000;37:8–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Barlow DH. Causes of sexual dysfunction: The role of anxiety and cognitive difference. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986;54:140–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Spiering M, Everaerd W, Laan E. Conscious processing of sexual information: mechanisms of appraisal. Arch Sex Behav. 2004;33:369–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Brauer M, ter Kuile MM, Laan E. Effects of appraisal of sexual stimuli on sexual arousal in women with and without superficial dyspareunia. Arch Sex Behav. 2009;38:476–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Chiang AY, Chiang W-Y. Behold, I am coming soon! A study on the conceptualization of sexual orgasm in 27 languages. Metaphor Symb. 2016;31:131–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Everaerd W, Laan E. Sexual motivation and desire. In: Everaerd W, Laan E, Both S, editors. Sexual appetite, desire and motivation: energetics of the sexual system. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences; 2001. p. 96–110.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Heiman JR. Sexual desire in human relationships. In: Everaerd W, Laan E, Both S, editors. Sexual appetite, desire and motivation: energetics of the sexual system. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences; 2001. p. 117–34.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Buss DM. The evolution of desire: Strategies of human mating New York. New York: Basic Books; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Toates F. How sexual desire works. The enigmatic urge. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Levin RJ, Both S, Georgiadis J, Kukkonen T, Park K, Yang CC. The physiology of sexual function and the pathophysiology of sexual dysfunction (Committee 13A). J Sex Med. 2016;13:733–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Basson R, Leiblum S, Brotto L, et al. Definitions of women’s sexual dysfunction reconsidered: advocating expansion and revision. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2003;24:221–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Basson R, Leiblum S, Brotto L, et al. Revised definitions of women’s sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2004;1:40–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ishak WW, Tobia G. DSM-5 changes in diagnostic criteria of sexual dysfunctions. Reprod Syst Sex Disord. 2013;2.2: http://dz.doi.org/10.4172/2162-038X.1000122.

  74. Rosen RR, Barsky JL. Normal sexual response in women. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2006;33:515–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Sanders SA, Graham C, Milhausen RR. Predicting sexual problems in women: the relevance of sexual excitation and sexual inhibition. Arch Sex Behav. 2008;37:241–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lewis RW, Fugl-Meyer KS, Corona G, et al. Definitions/epidemiology/risk factors for sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2010;7:1598–607.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Perelman M. Psychosexual therapy for delayed ejaculation based on the sexual tipping point model. Transl Androl Urol. 2016;5:563–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Rellini A. Review of the empirical evidence for a theoretical model to understand the sexual problems of women with a history of CSA. J Sex Med. 2008;5:31–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Rutherford A. A brief history of everyone who ever lived: the stories in our genes. Weidenfield & Nicolson; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Popper K. The logic of scientific discovery. London: Routledge Classics; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Levin RJ. Sexual arousal—its physiological roles in human reproduction. Annu Rev Sex Res. 2005;16:154–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Levin RJ. Recreation and procreation: a critical view of sex in the human female. Clin Anat. 2015;28:339–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roy J. Levin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Levin, R.J. (2017). The Human Sexual Response Cycle. In: IsHak, W. (eds) The Textbook of Clinical Sexual Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52539-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52539-6_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-52538-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-52539-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics