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Reinvention of Europe and EU-Russia Relations in Putin’s Era 2000–2010

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Russian-European Relations in the Balkans and Black Sea Region

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Abstract

The chapter analyses Russia’s great power identity and Russian-European security interaction in 2000–2012. First, it will show that the exclusion from deciding the fates of nations in the Balkans (Kosovo) was extremely painful for Russia. After this experience conflict resolution in Moldova and Transnistria strongly appealed to both elements of Russia’s great power identity. By engaging Europe in joint conflict resolution efforts, Moscow could remain a great power and gain recognition from Europe. After the end of the Russia-OSCE special relationship, Moscow turned its eye to the European Union, which was seen as naïve and incompetent Civilising Europe. Russia thus had to adopt policies that would help to “normalize” the EU to the level of True Europe, which would recognise Russia’s right to change the fates of nations. By looking closely at conflict resolution negotiations I identify a three-fold tactic deployed to “educate Europe”.

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Notes

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    N. Ratiani, “Sergei Lavrov Prizval Amerikanskuyu Pressu Pouchitsia u Rossiyskoi”, Izvestia, 22 September 2005; V. Sokolova, “Gensek NATO Vstupilsia za Gruziu”, Izvestia, 27 October 2006; G. Stepanov, “Budushchiy Shef Pentagona Pokhvalil Putina”, Izvestia, 7 December 2006; D. Litovkin, “Amerikantsy Snova Boiatsia Rossiyskoi Armii”, Izvestia, 15 January 2007.

  2. 2.

    For further criteria see Public Law 671, 77th Congress, Chapter 508, 2d Session on July 20, 1942 available at http://www.bosamar.com/pages/award_criteria.

  3. 3.

    M. Vinogradov, A. Zaitsev, “Yuriy Baluyevskiy Stal Kavalerom Amerikanskogo Ordena”, Izvestia, 9 August 2005.

  4. 4.

    V. Sokolova, “Gensek NATO Vstupilsia za Gruziu”, Izvestia, 27 October 2006.

  5. 5.

    M. Barnier, “Tsitata”, Izvestia, 14 February 2005.

  6. 6.

    Ibid .

  7. 7.

    L. Tiagachev, “Prezident Olimpiyskogo Komiteta Rossii: Est Nedostatki, O Kotorykh My Vozbuzhdenno Govoriv”, Izvestia, 11 February 2003.

  8. 8.

    S. Gridasov, “Yadrennaya Gonka Vooruzheniy”, Izvestia, 2 October 2001; A. Demin, “Vremia Chitat Imena”, Izvestia, 25 December 2001; B. Skari, “My Dostatochno Silny Shtoby Pobedit Russkikh”, Izvestia, 19 January 2002; A. Demin, “Gretski Protiv Vsekh, Vsekh, Vsekh”, Izvestia, 9 February 2002; D. Bystrov, “Spiashchiye v Badalone”, Izvestia, 17 October 2002; “Rossiyskie Futbolnye Kluby Budut Probivatsia v Ligu Chempionov Cherez Kvalifikatsiu”, Izvestia, 17 October 2002; S. Novoprudskiy, “Bal Besov”, Izvestia, 13 September 2003; S. Novoprudskiy, “Koroli Doigrovki”, Izvestia, 12 January 2004; O. Shamonaev, “Rodnaia Zemlia”, Izvestia, 24 May 2004; O. Shamonaev, “Pervie Poteri”, Izvestia, 28 May 2004.

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    H. Solana, “Ne Nado Bolshe Evreiskikh Poseleniy”, Izvestia, 7 June 2001; H. Solana, “My Razdeliaem Obshchie Tsennosti”, Izvestia, 3 October 2001; H. Solana, “Rossia Ostanetsia Samodostatochnym Prioritetom Evropeiskogo Soyuza”, Izvestia, 5 March 2002; H. Solana, “Verkhovny Predstavitel Evrososyuza Po Vneshnei Politike i Bezopasnosti: Vstuplenie v NATO Segodnia Ne V Interesakh Rossii”, Izvestia, 30 October 2003; H. Solana, “Na Mirovoi Arene Bolee Silnaia Evropa”, Izvestia, 30 October 2004; “Verkhovny Komissar Evrosoyuza Po Vneshnei Politike i Bezopasnosti Havier Solana: My s Rossiey ni v Chem ne Konkurenty”, Izvestia, 1 March 2005; “Glavny Diplomat Evrosoyuza Havier Solana: V Otnoshenii Tsvetnykh Revolutsii Ya Nemnozhko Daltonik”, Izvestia, 7 April 2005; H. Solana, “Dumayu Lvinnaya Dolia Raboty Po Uproshcheniu Vizovogo Rezhyma Mezhdu ES i Rossiei Uzhe Sdelana”, Izvestia, 21 September 2005.

  17. 17.

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  18. 18.

    A. Zaitsev, “Solana ne Priletel no Obeshchal Vernutsia”, Izvestia, 3 December 2004; K. Kosachev, “Kavkazskiy ‘Oselok’ dlia Evropy”, Izvestia, 16 October 2006.

  19. 19.

    Annex 1. Joint Declaration on further practical steps in developing political dialogue and cooperation on crisis management and security matters of 29 May 2002; available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/3485/print; last accessed 30 September 2016.

  20. 20.

    B. Giegerich, D. Pushkina, and A. Mount, “Towards a Strategic Partnership? The US and Russian Response to the European Security and Defence Policy”, Security Dialogue, 37 (2006): 398.

  21. 21.

    Ibid ., 399.

  22. 22.

    Russia-EU Strategic Partnership, available at: http://rusemb.org.uk/resp/; last accessed 09 March 2015.

  23. 23.

    Russia-EU Roadmap for the Common Space of External Security, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/russia_eu_four_common_spaces-%20roadmap_en.pdf, 23.

  24. 24.

    See e.g. “Conflict Resolution in South Caucasus: The EU’s Role”, Europe Report, 173 (Brussels: International Crisis Group, 20 March 2006), 10; K. Anderman et al., Russia-EU External Security and Relations: Russian Policy and Perceptions. Defence Analysis (Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency, February 2007).

  25. 25.

    I. Ivanov, “Obiedinenie ili Raziedinenie?”, Izvestia, 11 January 2003.

  26. 26.

    Ibid .

  27. 27.

    E. Grigorieva, “‘Chetverka’ Podaet Primer Evrosoyuzu i NATO”, Izvestia, 6 March 2004.

  28. 28.

    V. Samokhvalov, “Russia, EU to Take Their Chances in Africa”, New Europe, 17 March 2008; available at: http://www.neurope.eu/node/24647.

  29. 29.

    V. Putin, Report on Visit to Ukraine, 24 July 2010, available at: http://www.premier.gov.ru/pda/events/news/11488/ http://video.yandex.ru/#search?id=6202847-02-12&where=all&text=%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C%20%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%2C%20%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C; last accessed on 12 March 2012.

  30. 30.

    Prime Minister Vladimir Putin Visits the 14th International Bike Show in Sevastopol, Press-release by the Press-Service of the Government of the Russian Federation; available at: http://government.ru/eng/docs/11488/print/.

  31. 31.

    Y. Latynina, “Kod Dostupa”, Echo of Moscow Radiostation, 9 February 2013; available at: http://echo.msk.ru/programs/code/1007958-echo/.

  32. 32.

    Yu. Nikolaev, “Storozh Podnial Volnu”, Izvestia, 13 July 2002; M. Sokolov, “Barkhat i Nazhdak”, Izvestia, 2 November 2004; M. Sokolov, “Svetoniy i Wall Street Journal…”, Izvestia, 11 February 2005; M. A. Pankin, “Rossia-Gruzia: Zabiem Saake Baki”, Izvestia, 12 October 2006. Sokolov, “Soyuz Krepchal”, Izvestia, 16 January 2007; “Poslanie Presidenta Vladimira Putina Federalnomu Sobraniu Rossiyskoi Federatsii”, Izvestia, 27 April 2007.

  33. 33.

    UNSC Resolution (1994), S/RES/934, 30 June 1994; available at: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/271/83/PDF/N9427183.pdf?OpenElement.

  34. 34.

    Formally they are mentioned as the Peace-Keeping Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States, but these forces were manned mostly by Russian troops.

  35. 35.

    Interview with the Russian Ministry of Defence, August 2006; Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 3 July 2000, available at: www.mid.ru.

  36. 36.

    In more detail see V. Samokhvalov, “Russia’s Security Policy in South-East Europe: From the Western Balkans to Transnistria”, Chair InBev—Baillet Latour Working Papers (Leuven: KU Leuven, August 2012), 38.

  37. 37.

    For more details see A. Devyatkov, Pered Vyzovom Evropeizatsii: Politika Rossii v Pridnestrovskom Uregulirovanii (1992–2012) (Tyumeni: Izdatelstvo Tyumenskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 2012), 65–68.

  38. 38.

    Vystuplenie Prezidenta Rossiiskoy Federatsii V.V. Putina i Otvety na Voprosy v Khode Press-Konferentsii po Itogam Sammita Rossia-ES, 11 November 2002; available at: http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/ns-rkonfl.nsf/90be9cb5e6f07180432569e00049b5fb/432569e00034005f43256c70003c3fbc!OpenDocument.

  39. 39.

    Available at: http://pridnestrovie.net; last accessed 23 September 2013.

  40. 40.

    Framework Agreement concluded at Ohrid, Macedonia, signed at Skopje, Macedonia on 13 August 2001, available at: http://www.osce.org/skopje/100622.

  41. 41.

    Draft Memorandum on the Basic Principles of the States Structure of a United State in Moldova, Available at: http://eurojournal.org/comments.php?id=P107_0_1_0_C; http://pridnestrovie.net.

  42. 42.

    Ibid .

  43. 43.

    M. Emerson, “Should the Transnistrian tail wag the Bessarabian dog?”, CEPS Policy Brief (Brussels: CEPS), 11 January 2004; available at: www.ceps.be; P. Smyth, “Moldova Matters: Why the Progress still Possible on Ukraine’s Southwestern Flank”, Occasional Paper (Washington: Atlantic Council of the United States, March 2005); Interview with experts at the Council of the European Union, August 2009.

  44. 44.

    V. Putin, Valday Club Discussion Transcript, 9 September 2006, available at: http://eng.kremlin.ru/speeches/2006/09/09/1209_type82917type84779_111165.shtml.

  45. 45.

    D. Medvedev, Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, 5 November 2008 available at: http://eng.kremlin.ru/speeches/2008/11/05/2144_type70029type82917type127286_208836.shtml.

  46. 46.

    “Uregulirovanie Konfliktov v Zakavkazie: Spravochnaya Informatsia”, First Department of CIS Countries of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 4 June 2001; available at: http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/ns-rkonfl.nsf/90be9cb5e6f07180432569e00049b5fb/653cf3869498468f43256a720034b388!OpenDocument; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  47. 47.

    “Final Act of the Conference of the States Parties to the Treaty on Convenetional Armed Forces in Europe”, OSCE Document, JCGEW131, 18 November 1999, available at: www.osce.org/library/14114; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  48. 48.

    “O Vypolnenii Rossiei Obiazatelstv po Sokrashcheniu Rossiyskogo Voennogo Prisutstvia na Territorii Gruzii”, MFA of Russian Federation, 3 July 2001; available at: http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/ns-rkonfl.nsf/90be9cb5e6f07180432569e00049b5fb/432569e00034005f43256a7e00551597!OpenDocument; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  49. 49.

    Iz Interviu Ministra Inostrannykh Del Rossiyskoi Federatsii I.S.Ivanova Rossiyskim SMI po Rossiysko-Gruzinskim Otnosheniam, MFA of Russian Federation, 28 May 2001; available at: http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/ns-rkonfl.nsf/90be9cb5e6f07180432569e00049b5fb/432569e00034005f43256a5b004af436!OpenDocument; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  50. 50.

    A. Lepsaya, “Kontrapunkt Rezhissury”, in P. Grab, A. Inal-Ipa, and P. Zakareishvili (eds.), Proceedings from a Georgian-Abkhaz Conference “Aspects of the Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict: the Russian Factor”, 11 (Irvine: University of California, 2006) 36. See also: http://carnegie.org/fileadmin/Media/Publications/PDF/Words%20Over%20War%20Mediation%20and%20Arbitration%20to%20Prevent%20Deadly%20Conflict.pdf; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  51. 51.

    Abkhazia: Ways Forward, International Crisis Group, Europe Report N°179 (Brussels: ICG, 18 January 2007)

  52. 52.

    In more details see V. Samokhvalov, “Coloured Revolutions in the Wider Black Sea Region and ‘Geopoliticisation’ of Democracy”, in D. Bosold, P. Drulak, and N. Hynek (eds.), Democratization and Security in Central and Eastern Europe and the Post-Soviet States, DGAP Miscellanies about International Politics/DGAP Schriften zur Internationalen Politik (Berlin: Nomos Publishers, 2012), 125–148.

  53. 53.

    Glavny Diplomat Evrosoyuza Havier Solana: “V Otnoshenii Tsvetnykh Revolutsii Ya Nemnozhko Daltonik”, Izvestia, 7 April 2005.

  54. 54.

    O Konsultatsiakh Spetsialnogo Predstavitelia MID Rossii po Voprosam Otnoshenii so Stranami SNG, Posla po Osobym Porucheniam I.S. Savolskogo so Spetspredstavitelem Evrosojuza po Moldavii A.Jakobovichem de Segedom, Press Release, 22 April 2005; available at: http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/ns-rkonfl.nsf/90be9cb5e6f07180432569e00049b5fb/432569e00034005fc3256feb0053dd01!OpenDocument; O Konsultatsiakh Spetsialnogo Predstavitelia MID Rossii po Voprosam Otnoshenii so Stranami SNG, Posla po Osobym Porucheniam V.F. Keniaikina so Spetspredstavitelem Evrosojuza po Moldavii A.Jakobovichem de Segedom, Press-Release, 9 August 2008; available at: http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/ns-rkonfl.nsf/90be9cb5e6f07180432569e00049b5fb/432569e00034005fc32571c5003dbd94!OpenDocument; “O Vstreche Pervogo Zamestitelia Ministra Inostrannykh Del Rossii V.V. Loshchinina so Spetsialnym Predstavitelem Evropeyskogo Soyuza na Yuzhnom Kavkaze H.Talvitie”, 18 September 2004; available at: http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/ns-rkonfl.nsf/90be9cb5e6f07180432569e00049b5fb/432569e00034005fc3256f1300316c45!OpenDocument; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  55. 55.

    Interview with editors in Russian Information News Agency, 29 Ocotber 2005.

  56. 56.

    See e.g. “O Zasedanii Smeshannoy Kontrol’noy Komissii po Uregulirovaniu Gruzino-Osetinskogo Konflikta”, available at: http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/ns-rkonfl.nsf/90be9cb5e6f07180432569e00049b5fb/432569e00034005f43256d560034ad17!OpenDocument; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  57. 57.

    N. Popescu, EU Foreign Policy and Post-Soviet Conflicts: Stealth Intervention, Routledge Advances in European Politics (London and New York: Routledge, 2011), 73.

  58. 58.

    S. Lavrov, Interview, Echo of Moscow Radiostation, 17 November 2008; available at: http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/beseda/553382-echo/.

  59. 59.

    Although Lavrov did not pronounce the word explicitly, he used the Russian word “prisoediniatsia”, which has this connotation.

  60. 60.

    H. Perritt, Jr., The Road to Independence for Kosovo: A Chronicle of the Ahtisaari Plan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 126–160. Thanks to Hubertus Juergenlienk for bringing this to my attention.

  61. 61.

    N. Popescu (2011), 82. It is also noticeable that the Russian Foreign Ministry omit to mention this fact on its website.

  62. 62.

    R.G. Whittman, S. Wolff, The EU as a conflict manager? The case of Georgia and its implications, International Affairs, 86, 1 (2010).

  63. 63.

    Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, United Nation Security Council, S/2008/633 October 2008; available at: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/07E8C6478CDF01C0852574DA006FBBD1-Full_Report.pdf; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  64. 64.

    “Rossiya Podderzhala Nemetskiy Plan Gruzino-Abkhazskogo Konflikta”, Federal Post, 21 July 2008; available at: http://fedpost.ru/sobytiya/27475-rossiya-podderzhala-nemeckij-plan-gruzino-abxazskogo.html; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  65. 65.

    Interview in the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, February 2012.

  66. 66.

    “Shto Skazal Dmitriy Medvedev Geroiam”, Izvestia, 2 October 2008.

  67. 67.

    D. Voskoboinikov, “Defitsit Lichnostei”, Izvestia, 2 September 2008.

  68. 68.

    Russian Federation: Draft Resolution, United Nation Security Council, S/2008/570, 21 August 2008, available at: http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Georgia%20Blue%20draft%20resolution.pdf; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  69. 69.

    In fact, one can hardly find an analogue for the Russian word “otmorozok”, which sometimes can be translated as “one who has had his brains bitten off by cold”. The word comes from the Russian criminal jargon and means extremely violent and aggressive person, who is inclined to casual irrational violence and fight for the sake of blood rebellion, challenging any moral scruple and ignoring even those scarce and cruel codes of conduct that existed in the criminal word of Russia.

  70. 70.

    D. Medvedev, Zaiavleniya Dlia Pressy i Otvety na Voprosy Zhurnalistov po Itogam Peregovorov s Presidentom Frantsii Nikolia Sarkozi, 12 August 2008; available at: http://archive.kremlin.ru/appears/2008/08/12/2004_type63374type63377type63380type82634_205199.shtml; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  71. 71.

    A. Melikhov, “Shto Nyne Lezhyt na Vesakh”, Izvestia, 12 September 2008.

  72. 72.

    Ibid .

  73. 73.

    Allusion to Antimissile Defence System, promoted by the US.

  74. 74.

    A. Melikhov, “Shto Nyne Lezhyt na Vesakh”, Izvestia, 12 September 2008.

  75. 75.

    Although Switzerland can trace its independence back to 1291, the Russian side preferred to focus on the Napoleonic wars, because this context would make their role in the Swiss history more significant.

  76. 76.

    D. Medvedev, Press-Konferentsia po Itogam Rossiysko-Shveitsarskikh Peregovorov, 21 September 2009; available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/transcripts/5533; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  77. 77.

    “Soglashenie o Vizakh Podpishut po Visitu Medvedeva v Shveitsariu”, RIAN, 19 September 2009; http://news.mail.ru/politics/2906002/; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  78. 78.

    D. Medvedev, Vystuplenie na Torzhestvennoi Tseremonii, Posviashchionnoi 210-Letiu Alpiyskogo Pokhoda Aleksandra Suvorova, 22 September 2009; available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/transcripts/5540; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  79. 79.

    O Vstreche Ministrov Inostrannykh Del Rossii i Shveitsarii, Press-Release, 22 September 2009; available at: http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/ns-reuro.nsf/348bd0da1d5a7185432569e700419c7a/432569d80022027ec325763900231825!OpenDocument; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  80. 80.

    Kommentarii MID Rossii v Sviazi s Publikatsiei Doklada «Komissii Taliavini», 30 September 2009; available at: http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/0/D404FE475BAF984CC3257641004DCA15; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  81. 81.

    Ibid .

  82. 82.

    Memorandum (Meeting of Chancellor Angela Merkel and President Dmitri Medvedev on 4–5 June 2010 in Meseber available at: http://www.russianmission.eu/sites/default/files/user/files/2010-06-05-meseberg-memorandum.pdf. See also http://carnegieeurope.eu/publications/?fa=52712&reloadFlag=1).

  83. 83.

    H. Talvitie, “The 2008 War in Georgia: Lessons from the Caucasus” in M. Palonkorpi (ed.), The South Caucasus beyond Borders, Boundaries and Division Lines, Conflicts, Cooperation and Development (Tampere: Juvenes Print, 2015), 125.

  84. 84.

    D. Lynch, “Moldova and Transnistria”, in Security-Sector Reform and Transparency-Building: Needs and Options for Ukraine and Moldova, CEES Harmonie Papers, 17 (2004): 111–123.

  85. 85.

    Otvet Ofitsialnogo Predstavitelia MID Rossii A.V. Yakovenko na Vopros Rossiyskikh SMI po Pridnestrovskoi Problematike, 18 July 2003; available at: http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/ns-rkonfl.nsf/90be9cb5e6f07180432569e00049b5fb/432569e00034005f43256d6a0031a1b9!OpenDocument.

  86. 86.

    A. Devyatkov (2012), 80–81.

  87. 87.

    N. Popescu (2011), 77.

  88. 88.

    Interview in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece.

  89. 89.

    EU talks up Ukraine-Moldova Border Mission, 31 October 2005, available at: www.euro-reporters.

  90. 90.

    The United Russia party, the government of Moscow and Moscow region dispatched 24 trucks with humanitarian aid, accompanied by 23 employees of the Russian Emergency Ministry on 22 March 2005; News Report by 1st TV Channel Russia, Moscow, available at: http://www.1tv.ru/news/social/91196.

  91. 91.

    V. Socor, “Russia-West Standoff in Transnistria: Overall Post-Soviet Order At Stake”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 3, 58 (24 March 2006); available at: www.jamestown.org.

  92. 92.

    Ibid .

  93. 93.

    V. Nesterushkin, “Vopros Gruzoperevozok Pridnestrovia Ostaetsia Otkrytym Nervom”, RIAN Report, 1 September 2006, available at: http://news.mail.ru/politics/1148604/.

  94. 94.

    K. Mizsei, “ES ne Vozrazhaet Protiv Povyshenia Svoego Statusa v Peregovorakh”, Novy Region, 14 December 2008, available: http://www.nr2.ru/211552.html; last accessed 10 January 2014.

  95. 95.

    V. Yastrebchak, “Nabliudateli Poka ne Prodemonstrirovali Effektivnosti V Peregovorakh”, Novy Region, 12 December 2008, available at: http://www.nr2.ru/211553.html, last accessed 10 January 2014.

  96. 96.

    V. Voronin, “Pridnestrovie Otkazyvaetsia ot Rossiysko-Moldavskogo Plana Uregulirovania”, Novy Region, 11 December 2008; available at: http://www.nr2.ru/211338.html, last accessed 10 January 2014.

  97. 97.

    See e.g. K. Mizsei, “Dlia Uregulirovania Nuzhna Politicheskaya Volia Rossii i Pridnestrovia”, Novy Region, 5 Septmber 2009, available at: http://www.nr2.ru/194841.html; Interview with the Ukrainian National News Agency Ukrinform, available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/090216%20Ukrinform.pdf.

  98. 98.

    I. Smirnov, “Pridnestroviu pri Medvedeve Luchshe, Chem pri Putine”, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 23 March 2009; available at: http://www.ng.ru/cis/2009-03-23/1_Pridnestrovie.html.

  99. 99.

    Ibid .

  100. 100.

    Interviews with experts at the Secretariat of the Council of the European Union, August 2006; July-August 2009.

  101. 101.

    Interview with experts in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, June 2015; June 2016.

  102. 102.

    One of the most recent analyses produced in this paradigm and criticised for anti-Russian bias is by R. Asmus, A Little War That Shook the World: Georgia, Russia, and the Future of the West (London: Palgrave, 2010); See also G. Hewitt, Review of Ronald D. Asmus, “A Little War that Shook the World: Georgia, Russia and the Future of the West”, Slavonic & East European Review, 89, 3 (2011): 591–593; G. Hewitt, Discordant Neighbours (Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2013); H. Mouritzen, A. Wivel, Explaining Foreign Policy: International Diplomacy and the Russo-Georgian War (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2012).

  103. 103.

    Interview at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France.

  104. 104.

    See e.g. MFA of RF, “Implementation of the Plan of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and French President Nicolas Sarkozy 12 August 2008”, [Press Release, 1321], 8 September 2008; available: http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/sps/EB7ADD059A673D09C32574BF00258898; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  105. 105.

    In this case, the Russian President did not hesitate to indirectly describe his allies—Bosnian Serbs—as mass killers.

  106. 106.

    Interview with member of the EU Monitoring Mission, 12 June 2016.

  107. 107.

    Interview with the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, August 2014.

  108. 108.

    Interview with S. Kapanadze, 16 July 2016.

  109. 109.

    “Kak Chitat Shest Punktov”, Izvestia, 9 September 2008; MFA of RF, “Russian MFA Information and Press Department Commentary Regarding Implementation of the Medvedev-Sarkozy Plan”, [Press Release 1273], 01 September 2008; available at: http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/sps/170AA7CEA77E7EFBC32574B70059F7D4; last accessed 17 February 2015.

  110. 110.

    Common Space (2016), “Incident Prevention and Response Mechanism” resumed between Georgia and Abkhazia after 4-year suspension”, 6 March 2016, http://www.commonspace.eu/eng/news/6/id3482.

  111. 111.

    A. Makarychev, S. Meister “The Modernisation Debate and Russian-German Normative Cleavages” in M. Edward and T. Romanova (eds.), Modernisation in EU-Russia Relations: Past, Present and Future (London: Routledge, 2015), 80–94.

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  1. Department of Political Science, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

    Dr. Vsevolod Samokhvalov

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Samokhvalov, V. (2017). Reinvention of Europe and EU-Russia Relations in Putin’s Era 2000–2010. In: Russian-European Relations in the Balkans and Black Sea Region. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52078-0_6

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