Abstract
This study investigates the role of English-speaking Turkish media in accounting for the protests in Taksim. We applied a combined quantitative and qualitative methodology to five highly accessed online newspapers, with the aim of exploring how events were reported to the international audience. The resulting picture reveals a variety of media discourses, dominated though by a lack of analyses of the motivations for the protest: Gezi is not portrayed as having potential to be a fully democratic, national mobilization. References to other contemporary social movements are made instrumentally, in accordance with the newspaper’s editorial line. We conclude that while mainstream media did not transmit the “message” of the protest beyond Gezi, social networks have reconnected the center and the periphery of the social movement.
References
Arda, B. 2015. The Construction of a New Sociality through Social Media: The Case of the Gezi Uprising in Turkey. Conjunctions: Transdisciplinary Journal of Cultural Participation 2 (1): 73–99.
Butler, J. 2014. Foreword in The Making of a Protest Movement in Turkey: #occupygezi, ed. Umut Özkırımlı, vii–xvi. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Çarkoğlu, A., and K. Yildirim. 2015. Election Storm in Turkey: What do the Results of June and November 2015 Elections Tell Us? Insight Turkey 17 (4): 57–79.
Doğanay, Ü., and İ. Kara. 2014. Video Activism in Turkey as a Case of Alternative Media Practice: Gezi Resistance in Focus. In Alternative Media and Participation, eds. D. Beybin Kejanlıoğlu and Salvatore Scifo. COST Action ISO906. Accessed at: http://www.cost-transforming-audiences.eu/system/files/alternative%20media%20and%20participation-19-02-14.pdf.
Erdenir, B. 2015. Political Culture. In The Europeanization of Turkey Polity and Politics, ed. Ali Tekin, and Aylin Güney, 195–214. New York: Routledge.
Ethical Journalism Network. 2014. Censorship in The Park: Turkish Media Trapped by Politics and Corruption. London: EJM.
European Commission. 2013. Commission Staff Working Document Turkey 2013 Progress Report. Accessed at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52013SC0417andfrom=EN.
Fairclough, N. 2006 [1992]. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Freedom House. 2014. Democracy in Crisis: Corruption, Media, and Power in Turkey, Special Report . New York: Freedom House.
Göle, N. 2013. Gezi: Anatomy of a Public Space Movement. Insight Turkey 15 (3): 7–14.
Gourisse, B. 2015. Order and Compromise The Concrete Realities of Public Action in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire. In Order and Compromise: Government Practices in Turkey from the Late Ottoman Empire to the Early 21st Century, ed. Marc Aymes, Benjamin Gourisse, and Élise Massicard, 1–24. Leiden: Brill.
Gül, M., J. D, and C.N. Cünük. 2014. Istanbul’s Taksim Square and Gezi Park: The Place of Protest and the Ideology of Place. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 38 (1): 63–72.
Güngen, A.R., and E. Şafak. 2005. Approaches of Şerif Mardin and Metin Heper on State and Civil Society in Turkey. Journal of Historical Studies 3: 1–14.
Haciyakupoglu, G., and W. Zhang. 2015. Social Media and Trust During the Gezi Protests in Turkey. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 20: 450–466.
Kalaycioğlu, E. 1994. Elections and Party Preferences in Turkey Changes and Continuities in the 1990s. Comparative Political Studies 27 (3): 402–424.
Mardin, Ş. 1973. Center-Periphery Relations: A key to Turkish Politics? Daedalus 102 (1): 169–190.
Öncü, A. 2003. Dictatorship Plus Hegemony: A Gramscian Analysis of the Turkish State. Science and Society 67 (3): 303–328.
Örs, İ.R. 2014. Genie in the Bottle. Gezi Park, Taksim Square, and the Realignment of Democracy and Space in Turkey. Philosophy and Social. Criticism 40 (4–5): 298–489.
Tekin, A., and A. Güney (eds.). 2015. The Europeanization of Turkey Polity and politics. New York: Routledge.
Tuğal, C. 2014. Gülenism: The Middle Way or Official Ideology? In The Making of a Protest Movement in Turkey: #occupygezi, ed. Umut Özkırımlı, 50–63. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Yildirim, Y. 2014. The Differences of Gezi Parki Resistance in Turkish Social Movements. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 4 (5): 177–185.
News articles: Turkiye
Erdogan Targets Turkey’s ‘Opponents’ In Istanbul Speech. 2014, 7 June. Turkiye. Retrieved from http://www.turkiyenewspaper.com/politics/4954.aspx.
European Commission Regard Turkey’s ‘Democratisation Pack`+age’ as Positive. 2013, 17 Oct. Turkiye. Retrieved from http://www.turkiyenewspaper.com/Politics/4075-european-commission-regard-turkey-s-democratisation-package-as-positive.aspx.
Local Elections ‘14: Unofficial Results. 2014, 31 March. Turkiye. Retrieved from http://www.turkiyenewspaper.com/Politics/4462-local-elections-14-unofficial-results.aspx.
Outlawed PKK Inflict Torment in Turkey’s Southeast: PM. 2014, 11 June. Turkiye. Retrieved from http://www.turkiyenewspaper.com/politics/4994.aspx.
PM Davutoglu Says, Turkey Island of Stability in Middle East. 2015, 26 Jan. Turkiye. Retrieved from http://www.turkiyenewspaper.com/Politics/7170-pm-davutoglu-says–turkey-%E2%80%98island-of-stability%E2%80%99-in-middle-east.aspx.
Turkish Minister: People Endorse New Security Bill. 2015, 4 Feb. Turkiye. Retrieved from http://www.turkiyenewspaper.com/politics/7210.aspx.
Yeni Şafak
A Third Party will not be Allowed in Peace Process: PM. 2014, 19 Nov. Yeni Şafak. Retrieved from http://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/a-third-party-will-not-be-allowed-in-peace-process-pm-2027029.
Gezi Park Trial: Witness Admits Recognizing Suspects in Drunken State. 2014, 15 Nov. Yeni Şafak. Retrieved from http://www.yenisafak.com/en/life/gezi-park-trial-witness-admits-recognizing-suspects-in-drunken-state-2025810.
We are not on the Side of the “Schemed Dispute”, We Side With the Revolutionary Mission. Yeni Şafak. Retrieved from http://www.yenisafak.com/en/columns/ibrahimkaragul/we-are-not-on-the-side-of-the-%C3%AF%C2%BF%C2%BDschemed-dispute%C3%AF%C2%BF%C2%BD-we-side-with-the-revolutionary-mission-2009713.
Hürriyet
Ankara Stands Solid, Kuğulu Becomes Symbol of Resistance. 2013, 15 June. Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ankara-stands-solid-kugulu-becomes-symbol-of-resistance.aspx?pageID=517andnID=48844andNewsCatID=341.
Demirtas, Serkan. 2014, 31 May. The Gezi Protests A Historic Struggle For Democracy. Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-gezi-protests-a-historic-struggle-for-democracy.aspx?pageID=449andnID=67220andNewsCatID=429.
Democracy is not just About Elections Says Turkish President. 2013, 3 June. Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/democracy-is-not-just-about-elections-says-turkish-president.aspx?pageID=238andnID=48100andNewsCatID=338.
Foreign Attachés Wear Red in Ankara, to Support Gezi in Absence of Turkish Gov’t Officials. 2013, 21 June. Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/attachs-wear-red-to-support-gezi-in-absence-of-turkish-govt-officials.aspx?pageID=238andnID=49233andNewsCatID=338.
‘Gezi Doctors’ Win Case Against Health Ministry. 2015, 20 Feb. Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/gezi-doctors-win-case-against-health-ministry.aspx?pageID=238andnID=78645andNewsCatID=339.
Gezi Park Support Rallies Planned Across Turkey, in Europe. 2013, 31a May. Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/gezi-park-support-rallies-planned-across-turkey-in-europe-.aspx?pageID=238andnID=47995andNewsCatID=341.
Gezi Park is now a Utopic ‘Freetown’. 2013, June. Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/gezi-park-is-now-a-utopic-freetown.aspx?pageID=238andnID=48295andNewsCatID=341.
Gezi Park Protests Similar to Occupy Movement not Middle East Uprisings: President Gul. 2013, 4 June. Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/gezi-park-protests-similar-to-occupy-movement-not-middle-east-uprisings-president-gul.aspx?pageID=238andnID=48230andNewsCatID=338.
Islamic Scholar Gülen Criticizes Turkish Gov’t Response to Gezi Protests. 2014, 20 March. Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/islamic-scholar-gulen-criticizes-turkish-govt-response-to-gezi-protests.aspx?pageID=238andnID=63849andNewsCatID=338.
Main Opposition Leader Lends Full Support To Protesters Occupying Taksim Gezi Park. 2013, 29 May. Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/main-opposition-leader-lends-full-support-to-protesters-occupying-taksim-gezi-park.aspx?pageID=238andnid=47849.
Police Withdraw From Taksim After Violent Crackdown as Protesters Remain Defiant on 5th day. 2013, 06 June. Hürriyet. Rertrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/police-withdraw-from-taksim-after-violent-crackdown-as-protesters-remain-defiant-on-5th-day.aspx?pageID=238andnID=48009andNewsCatID=341.
Solidarity Protests With Gezi Park held Across Turkey. 2013, 31c May. Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/solidarity-protests-with-gezi-park-held-across-turkey.aspx?pageID=238andnID=48010andNewsCatID=341.
Supporter Groups Of Istanbul’s Three Major Teams Join Forces For Gezi Park. 2013, 31 May. Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/supporter-groups-of-istanbuls-three-major-teams-join-forces-for-gezi-park.aspx?pageID=238andnid=48007.
The Gezi Protests A Historic Struggle For Democracy. Hürriyet. 2014, 31 May. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-gezi-protests-a-historic-struggle-for-democracy.aspx?pageID=449andnID=67220andNewsCatID=429.
Turkish PM Erdogan Retires Mall Project Vows Mosque In Taksim. 2013, 02 June. Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-pm-erdogan-retires-mall-project-vows-mosque-in-taksim.aspx?pageID=238andnID=48035andNewsCatID=338.
Turkish Court Annuls Stay of Execution on Istanbul’s Gezi Park Construction. 2013, 22 July. Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-court-annuls-stay-of-execution-on-istanbuls-gezi-park-construction.aspx?pageID=238andnID=51164andNewsCatID=340%3C/a%3E%3Ca%3E.%3C/a%3E%3C/p%3E.
US Philosopher Chomsky Supports Gezi Park Movement With Video Message. 2013, 1 June. Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/us-philosopher-chomsky-supports-gezi-park-movement-with-video-message.aspx?pageID=238andnID=48018andNewsCatID=341.
Daily Sabah
Arinç, Erdoğan and Gül United Against Parallel Structure. 2014, 24 Feb. Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2014/02/24/arinc-erdogan-and-gul-united-against-parallel-structure-1393198984.
Dark Provocations From Gezi Park. 2013, 2 June. The Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2013/06/02/dark-provocations-from-gezi-park.
Demonstrators Progress to Attacking with Knives. 2013, 4 June. The Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2013/06/04/demonstrators-progress-to-attacking-with-knives.
Deputy PM: “It’s Better to Talk About the Project than Spray Tear Gas”. 2013, 1 June. The Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2013/06/01/deputy-pm-its-better-to-talk-about-the-project-then-spray-tear-gas.
Economics of the Post-Gezi Period. 2014, 31 May. The Daily Sabah. http://www.dailysabah.com/columns/sadik_unay/2014/05/31/economics-of-the-postgezi-period.
Istanbul Mayor: This is Provocation, We are not Cutting Down Trees. 2013, 31b May. The Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2013/05/31/istanbul-mayor-kadir-topbas-this-is-provocation-we-are-not-cutting-down-trees.
Mob Mentality Takes Hold of Taksim. 2013, 2 June. The Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2013/06/02/mob-mentality-takes-hold-of-taksim.
New Orientalism and the Western Media. 2014, 6 March. Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/columns/hasmet-babaoglu/2014/03/07/new-orientalism-and-the-western-media.
PM Erdogan: Everything will be Back to Normal in a Few Days. 2013, 4 June. The Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2013/06/04/pm-erdogan-everything-will-be-back-to-normal-in-a-few-days.
PM Erdoğan and AK Party: The Usual Objects of Racism. 2014, 2 March. Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/2014/03/03/pm-erdogan-and-ak-party-the-usual-objects-of-racism.
Police Withdraw From Taksim After Prime Minister Erdogan’s Speech. 2013, 1 June. The Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2013/06/01/there-is-an-issue-of-disproportionate-force-by-police-that-will-be-investigated.
President Gul: What is Happening in Turkey Cannot be Compared to the Arab Spring. 2013, 5 June. The Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2013/06/05/president-gul-what-is-happening-in-turkey-cannot-be-compared-to-the-arab-spring.
Provocateurs Take to the Street! 2013, 1 June. The Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2013/06/01/provocateurs-take-to-the-streets.
Sprouting Peace in Middle East in Chaos. 2014, 8 June. Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/2014/06/09/sprouting-peace-in-middle-east-in-chaos.
Taksim Returns to Normal. 2013, 5 June. The Daily Sabah. Retrieved from http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2013/06/05/taksim-returns-to-normal.
Today’s Zaman
A New Political Sphere: Civil Disobedience. 2014, 17 Oct. Today’s Zaman. Retrieved from http://murat-aksoy.com/a-new-political-sphere-civil-disobedience/.
Confrontation Over Gezi Park Continues Despite Reconciliatory Moves. 2013, 9 June. Today’s Zaman. Retrieved from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Confrontation+over+Gezi+Park+continues+despite+reconciliatory+moves.-a0333184881.
Erdoğan Uses Gezi Protests to Shape Public Perception. 2014, 31 May. Today’s Zaman. Retrieved from http://factsonturkey.org/6724/erdogan-uses-gezi-protests-to-shape-public-perception/.
Event of the Year: Gezi Protests that let the Genie Out of the Bottle. 2013, 31 Dec. Today’s Zaman. Retrieved from https://www.cihan.com.tr/en/event-of-the-year-gezi-protests-that-let-the-genie-out-of-the-bottle-1243093.htm.
Gezi Park Reactions. 2013, 3 June. Today’s Zaman. Retrieved from http://en.dunyatimes.com/article/gezi-park-reactions-99716.html.
Taksim Starts Day Without Police Presence, Fewer Protesters Due to Rain. 2013, 2 June. Today’s Zaman. Retrieved from https://www.cihan.com.tr/en/taksim-starts-day-without-police-presence-fewer-protesters-due-to-rain-1044508.htm.
The Limits of Erdoğanology. 2013, 7 July. Today’s Zaman. Retrieved from http://ziyameral.com/updates/yameral.com/2013/07/until-gezi-park-protests-broke-out-i.html.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pedersen, E.L., Zoppi, M. (2017). Gezi in the Center and Periphery the Protests as Communicated by the Turkish Media. In: Hemer, O., Persson, HÅ. (eds) In the Aftermath of Gezi. Palgrave Studies in Communication for Social Change. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51853-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51853-4_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51852-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51853-4
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)