Skip to main content

Creating Communities of Professionalism: Addressing Cultural and Structural Barriers

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
How School Leaders Contribute to Student Success

Part of the book series: Studies in Educational Leadership ((SIEL,volume 23))

Abstract

This chapter is an integrative review of evidence with two purposes. One purpose is to better understand the barriers and constraints that hinder or prevent the growth of professional community, while the second is to create an empirical understanding of how educators can be successful in meeting these challenges. The conceptual architecture for the review is a mixture of research on change and implementation, school improvement, and community. Evidence from this review indicates that there are dynamic cultural and well-entrenched structural barriers that make the realization of professional community problematic. Some of these elements are visible. Many others are deeply buried in the meta-narrative of school improvement. The review also suggests that absent direct attention to these conditions by school leaders, efforts to nurture professional community in schools will be seriously handicapped.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, C. (2010). Social determinants of student trust in high poverty elementary schools. In W. K. Hoy & M. DiPaola (Eds.), Analyzing school contexts: Influences of principals and teachers in the service of students (pp. 255–280). Charlotte: Information Age.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainscow, M., & Southworth, G. (1996). School improvement: a study of the roles of leaders and external consultants. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 7(3), 229–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ancess, J. (2000). The reciprocal influence of teacher learning, teaching practice, school restructuring, and student learning outcomes. Teachers College Record, 102(3), 590–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ancess, J. (2003). Beating the odds: High schools as communities of commitment. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, K., & McCormick, J. (2004). Leadership and individual principal-teacher relationships in schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 40(3), 406–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, L., & Murphy, J. (1993). Understanding the principalship: Metaphorical themes 1920s1990s. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidwell, C. E., & Yasumoto, J. Y. (1999). The collegial focus: Teaching fields, collegial relationships, and instructional practice in American high schools. Sociology of Education, 72(4), 234–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, H. L., Tinley, A., & Berman, B. T. (1997). A contemporary leadership model to promote teacher leadership. Action in Teacher Education, 19(3), 77–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanc, S., Christman, J. B., Liu, R., Mitchell, C., Travers, E., & Bulkley, K. E. (2010). Learning to learn from data: Benchmarks and instructional communities. Peabody Journal of Education, 85(2), 205–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blase, J., & Blase, J. (2004). Handbook of instructional leadership: How really good principals promote teaching and learning. Thousand Oaks: Corwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blegen, M. B., & Kennedy, C. (2000). Principals and teachers, leading together. NASSP Bulletin, 84(616), 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boles, K., & Troen, V. (1996). Teacher leaders and power: Achieving school reform from the classroom. In G. Moller & M. Katzenmeyer (Eds.), Every teacher as a leader: Realizing the potential of teacher leadership (pp. 41–62). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borko, H. (2004). Professional development and teacher learning: Mapping the terrain. Educational Researcher, 33(8), 3–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, J. S., Scribner, J. P., & Eferakorho, J. (2004). Teacher leadership in the context of whole school reform. Journal of School Leadership, 14(3), 242–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J., & Sheppard, B. (1999, April). Leadership, organizational learning, and classroom change. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, QC, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryk, A. S., Sebring, P. B., Allensworth, E., Luppescu, S., & Easton, J. (2010). Organizing schools for improvement: Lessons from Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulkley, K. E., & Hicks, J. (2005). Managing community: Professional community in charter schools operated by educational management organizations. Educational Administration Quarterly, 41(2), 306–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burch, P., & Spillane, J. P. (2003). Elementary school leadership strategies and subject matter: Reforming mathematics and literacy instruction. Elementary School Journal, 5, 519–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Center for Teaching Quality. (2007). Teaching and learning conditions improve high school reform efforts. Chapel Hill: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chrispeels, J. H., & Martin, K. J. (2002). Four school leadership teams define their roles within organizational and political structures to improve student learning. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 13(3), 327–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clift, R., Johnson, M., Holland, P., & Veal, M. L. (1992). Developing the potential for collaborative school leadership. American Educational Research Journal, 29(4), 877–908.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cochran-Smith, M., & Lytle, S. (1999). Relationship of knowledge and practice: Teacher learning in communities. In A. Iran-Nejad & C. D. Pearson (Eds.), Review of research in education (pp. 249–306). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. K. (1988). Teaching practice: Plus ça change (Issue paper 88-3). East Lansing: Michigan State University, The National Center for Research on Teacher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conley, S. C. (1989, March). Who’s on first? School reform, teacher participation, and the decision-making process. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conley, S. (1991). Review of research on teacher participation in school decision making. Review of Research in Education, 17(17), 225–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosner, S. (2009). Building organizational capacity through trust. Educational Administration Quarterly, 45(2), 248–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cosner, S. (2011). Supporting the initiation and early development of evidence-based grade-level collaboration in urban elementary schools: Key roles and strategies of principals and literacy coordinators. Urban Education, 46(4), 786–827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyle, M. (1997). Teacher leadership vs school management: Flatten the hierarchies. Teacher Leadership, 70(5), 236–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crow, G. M., & Pounder, D. G. (2000). Interdisciplinary teacher teams: Context, design, and process. Educational Administration Quarterly, 36(2), 216–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowther, F., Kaagan, S. S., Ferguson, M., & Hann, L. (2002). Developing teacher leaders: How teacher leadership enhances school success. Thousand Oaks: Corwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curry, M. (2008). Critical friends groups: The possibilities and limitations embedded in teacher professional communities aimed at instructional improvement and school reform. Teachers College Record, 110(4), 733–774.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dannetta, V. (2002). What factors influence a teacher’s commitment to student learning? Leadership and Policy in Schools, 1, 144–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darling-Hammond, L., & McLaughlin, M. W. (1995). Policies that support professional development in an era of reform. Phi Delta Kappan, 76(8), 597–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darling-Hammond, L., Bullmaster, M. L., & Cobb, V. L. (1995). Rethinking teacher leadership through professional development schools. Elementary School Journal, 96, 87–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darling-Hammond, L., Ancess, J., & Ort, S. (2002). Reinventing high school: Outcomes of the coalition campus schools project. American Educational Research Journal, 39(3), 639–673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desimone, L. (2002). How can comprehensive school reform models be successfully implemented? Review of Educational Research, 72(3), 433–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinham, S., Cairney, T., Craigie, D., & Wilson, S. (1995). School climate and leadership: Research into three secondary schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 33(4), 36–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, G. A. (2001). Cultivating leadership in schools: connecting people, purpose, and practice. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, M. (2000, April). Making meaning of teacher leadership in the implementation of a standards-based mathematics curriculum. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drago-Severson, E. (2004). Helping teachers learn: Principal leadership for adult growth and development. Thousand Oaks: Corwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eilers, A.M., & Camacho, A. (2007). School culture change in the making: Leadership factors that matter. Urban Education, 42(6), 616–637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmore, R. F. (1987). Reform and the culture of authority in schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 23(4), 60–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ermeling, B. A. (2010). Tracing the effects of teacher inquiry on classroom practice. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(3), 377–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fay, C. (1992). Empowerment through leadership: In the teachers’ voice. In C. Livingston (Ed.), Teachers as leaders: Evolving roles (pp. 57–90). Washington, DC: National Education Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feiman-Nemser, S., & Floden, R. F. (1986). The cultures of teaching. In C. W. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed., pp. 505–526). New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felner, R., Seitsinger, A., Brand, S., Burns, A., & Bolton, N. (2007). Creating small learning communities: Lessons from the project on high-performing learning communities about ‘what works’ in creating productive, developmentally enhancing, learning contexts. Educational Psychologist, 42(4), 209–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Firestone, W. A., & Martinez, M. C. (2007). Districts, teacher leaders, and distributed leadership: changing instructional practice. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 6, 3–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, R., & St. Hilaire, B. (2003). Leadership for school improvement: Principals’ and teachers perspectives. International Electronic Journal for Leadership in Learning, 7(3), 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedkin, N. E., & Slater, M. R. (1994). School leadership and performance: A social network approach. Sociology of Education, 67(2), 139–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fullan, M., & Ballew, A. C. (2002). Leading in a culture of change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, J. (2004). Making sense of distributed leadership: The case of peer assistance and review. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analyis, 26(2), 173–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J., Hopkins, D., Reynolds, D., Wilcox, B., Farrell, S., & Jesson, D. (1999). Improving schools: Performance and potential. Philadelphia: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, G. A. (1995). Influences of shared decision making on school and classroom activity: Conversations with five teachers. Elementary School Journal, 96, 29–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P., Wineburg, S., & Woolworth, S. (2001). Toward a theory of teacher community. Teachers College Record, 103(6), 942–1012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurr, D., Drysdale, L., & Mulford, B. (2006). Models of successful principal leadership. School Leadership and Management, 26(4), 371–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallinger, P. (2012a). A conceptual framework for systematic reviews of research in educational leadership and management. Journal of Educational Administration, 51, 26–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallinger, P. (2012b). Reviewing reviews of research in educational leadership: A proposed conceptual framework and empirical assessment. Hong Kong: Asia Pacific Centre for Leadership and Change, Hong Kong Institute of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallinger, P. (2014). Reviewing reviews of research in educational leadership: An empirical assessment. Educational Administration Quarterly, 5(4), 539–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halverson, R., Grigg, J., Prichett, R., & Thomas, C. (2007). The new instructional leadership: Creating data-driven instructional systems in school. Journal of School Leadership, 17(2), 159–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, A. (2003). Teacher leadership as distributed leadership: Heresy, fantasy or possibility? School Leadership and Management, 2(3), 313–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, A. (2004). Distributed leadership and school improvement. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 32, 11–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, J. W., & Lembeck, E. (1996). Emergent teacher leaders. In G. Moller & M. Katzenmeyer (Eds.), Every teacher as a leader: Realizing the potential of teacher leadership (pp. 101–116). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, A. W. (1990). Impacts of the school social unit on teacher authority during work redesign. American Educational Research Journal, 27(3), 503–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, A. W. (1995). Reconceiving school leadership: emergent view. Elementary School Journal, 96, 9–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, N. (2000). Psychological research. Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, D., Christie, P., Mills, M., & Lingard, B. (2004). Productive leaders and productive leadership: Schools as learning organisations. Journal of Educational Administration, 42(5), 520–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, M. F., & Firestone, W. A. (1995). Who’s in charge here? Sources of leadership for change in eight schools. Elementary School Journal, 96, 65–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, I. S. (2010). Teaching replays, teaching rehearsals, and re-visions of practice: Learning from colleagues in a mathematics teacher community. Teachers College Record, 112, 225–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huberman, M., Parrish, T., Hannan, S., Arellanes, M., & Shambaugh, L. (2011). Turnaround schools in California: Who are they and what strategies do they use? San Francisco: WestEd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, D. S. (2000). The school improvement journey: Perspectives on leadership. School Leadership and Management, 20, 61–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B. L. (1998). Organizing for collaboration: a reconsideration of some basic organizing principles. In D. G. Pounder (Ed.), Restructuring schools for collaboration: Promises and pitfalls (pp. 9–25). Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson Jr., J. F., & Asera, R. (1999). Hope for urban education: A study of nine high-performing, high-poverty, urban elementary schools. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Planning and Evaluation Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzenmeyer, M., & Moller, G. (2001). Awakening the sleeping giant: Helping teachers develop as leaders. Newbury Park: Corwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keedy, J. L. (1999). Examining teacher instructional leadership within the small group dynamics of collegial groups. Teaching and Teacher Education, 15(7), 785–799.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kilcher, A. (1992). Becoming a change facilitator: The first-year experience of five teacher leaders. In C. Livingston (Ed.), Teachers as leaders: Evolving roles (pp. 91–113). Washington, DC: National Education Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killion, J. P. (1996). Moving beyond the school: teacher leaders in the district office. In G. Moller & M. Katzenmeyer (Eds.), Every teacher as a leader: Realizing the potential of teacher leadership (pp. 63–84). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, M. (2001). Professional development to promote schoolwide inquiry. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18(3), 243–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kochanek, J. R. (2005). Building trust for better schools: Research-based practices. Thousand Oaks: Corwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruse, S., Louis, K. S., & Bryk, A. (1995). An emerging framework for analyzing school-based professional community. In K. S. Louis & S. Kruse (Eds.), Professionalism and community: Perspectives on reforming urban schools (pp. 23–44). Thousand Oaks: Corwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeBlanc, P. R., & Shelton, M. M. (1997). Teacher leadership: The needs of teachers. Action in Teacher Education, 19(3), 32–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., Jantzi, D., Ryan, S., & Steinbach, R. (1997, April). Distributed leadership in secondary schools. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., Jantzi, D., & Steinbach, R. (1999). Changing leadership for changing times. Philadelphia: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., Louis, K., Anderson, S., & Wahlstrom, K. (2004). How leadership influences student learning. New York: Wallace Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., Day, C., Sammons, P., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2006a). Successful school leadership. What it is and how it influences pupil learning. London: Department of Education and Skills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., Jantzi, D., & McElheron-Hopkins, C. (2006b). The development and testing of a school improvement model. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17(4), 441–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, T. H., & Marcus, A. S. (2007). Closing the achievement gap through teacher collaboration: Facilitating multiple trajectories of teacher learning. Journal of Advanced Academics, 19, 116–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, T. H., & Marcus, A. S. (2010). How the structure and focus of teachers’ collaborative activities facilitate and constrain teacher learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(3), 389–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, A., & Miller, L. (1999). Teachers – Transforming their world and their work. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, A., Saxl, E. R., & Miles, M. B. (1988). Teacher leadership: Ideology and practice. In A. Lieberman (Ed.), Building a professional culture in schools (pp. 148–166). New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, J. W. (1982). Norms of collegiality and experimentation: Workplace conditions of school success. American Educational Research Journal, 19(3), 325–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, J. W. (1985). Contested ground: the basis of teacher leadership in two restructuring high schools. Elementary School Journal, 96(2), 47–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, J. W. (1987). Teachers as colleagues. In V. Richardson-Koehler (Ed.), Educators’ handbook: A research perspective (pp. 491–518). White Plains: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, J.W. (1988). Assessing the prospects for teacher leadership. In A. Lieberman (Ed.), Building a professional culture in schools (pp. 78–105). New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, J. W. (1990). The perspective of privacy: Autonomy and initiative in teachers’ professional relations. Teachers College Record, 91(4), 509–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lortie, D. C. (1975). Schoolteacher: A sociological study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Louis, K. (2007). Trust and improvement in schools. Journal of Educational Change, 8, 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Louis, K., & Marks, H. (1998). Does professional community affect the classroom? Teachers’ work and student experiences in restructuring schools. American Journal of Education, 106(4), 532–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Louis, K. S., Dretzke, B., & Wahlstrom, K. (2010). How does leadership affect student achievement? Results from a national US survey. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 21(3), 315–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, M., & Strodl, P. (1991, February). Teacher leadership: Preliminary development of a questionnaire. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Eastern Educational Research Association, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougall, D., Saunders, W. M., & Goldenberg, C. (2007). Inside the black box of school reform: Explaining the how and why of change at getting results schools. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 54, 51–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, M. W., & Talbert, J. E. (2001). Professional communities and the work of high school teaching. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacBeath, J. (2005). Leadership as distributed: a matter of practice. School Leadership and Management, 25(4), 349–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacBeath, J. (2009). Distributed leadership: Paradigms, policy, and paradox. In K. Leithwood, B. Mascall, & T. Strauss (Eds.), Distributed leadership according to the evidence (pp. 41–57). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mangin, M. M. (2007). Facilitating elementary principals’ support for instructional teacher leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 43(3), 319–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manthei, J. (1992, April). The mentor teacher as leader: The motives, characteristics and needs of seventy-three experienced teachers who seek a new leadership role. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA, (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED 346042).

    Google Scholar 

  • May, H., & Supovitz, J. A. (2011). The scope of principal efforts to improve instruction. Educational Administration Quarterly, 47(2), 332–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J.W., & Rowan, B. (1975, April). Notes on the structure of educational organizations: Revised version. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, C., & Castle, J. B. (2005). The instructional role of elementary school principals. Canadian Journal of Education/Revue Canadienne de l’education, 28(3), 409–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, C., & Sackney, L. (2006). Building schools, building people: The school principal’s role in leading a learning community. Journal of School Leadership, 16(5), 627–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moller, J., & Eggen, A. B. (2005). Team leadership in upper secondary education. School Leadership and Management, 25(4), 331–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moller, G., & Katzenmeyer, M. (1996). The promise of teacher leadership. In G. Moller & M. Katzenmeyer (Eds.), Every teacher as a leader: Realizing the potential of teacher leadership (pp. 1–18). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey, M. S. (2000). Professional learning communities: An ongoing exploration. Austin: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulford, B., & Silins, H. (2003). Leadership for organisational learning and improved student outcomes – What do we know? Cambridge Journal of Education, 33(2), 175–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, C. A., & Hutinger, J. L. (2008). The principal’s role in fostering collaborative learning communities through faculty study group development. Theory Into Practice, 47(4), 276–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J. (1991). Restructuring schools: Capturing and assessing the phenomena. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J. (2005). Connecting teacher leadership and school improvement. Thousand Oaks: Corwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J. (2006). Preparing school leaders: An agenda for research and action. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J. (2013a). The architecture of school improvement: Lessons learned. Thousand Oaks: Corwin.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J. (2013b). The architecture of school improvement. Journal of Educational Administration, 51(3), 252–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J. (2015). Forces shaping schooling and school leadership. Journal of School Leadership, 25(6), 1064–1087.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J., & Torre, D. (2014). Creating productive cultures in schools: For students, teachers, and parents. Thousand Oaks: Corwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J., Hallinger, P., Lotto, L. S., & Miller, S. K. (1987). Barriers to implementing the instructional leadership role. Canadian Administrator, 27(3), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, M. S. (1970). Every employee a manager: More meaningful work through job enrichment. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newmann, F. M., Rutter, R. A., & Smith, M. S. (1989). Organizational factors that affect school sense of efficacy, community, and expectations. Sociology of Education, 62(4), 221–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newmann, F. M., Smith, B., Allensworth, E., & Bryk, A. S. (2001). Instructional program coherence: What it is and why it should guide school improvement policy. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analyis, 23(4), 297–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellicer, L. O., & Anderson, L. W. (1995). A handbook for teacher leaders. Thousand Oaks: Corwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penuel, W., Riel, M., Krause, A., & Frank, K. (2009). Analyzing teachers’ professional interactions in a school as social capital: A social network approach. Teachers College Record, 111, 124–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penuel, W., Riel, M., Joshi, A., Pearlman, L., Kim, C. M., & Frank, K. A. (2010). The alignment of the informal and formal organizational supports for reform: Implications for improving teaching in schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46, 57–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pounder, D. G. (1999). Teacher teams: Exploring job characteristics and work-related outcomes of work group enhancement. Educational Administration Quarterly, 35(3), 317–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Printy, S. M. (2004). The professional impact of communities of practice. UCEA Review, 46, 20–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Printy, S. M. (2008). Leadership for teacher learning: A community of practice perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(2), 187–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quint, J. (2006). Meeting five critical challenges of high school reform: Lessons from research on three reform models. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rallis, S. F. (1990). Professional teachers and restructured schools: Leadership challenges. In B. Mitchell & L.L. Cunningham (Eds.), Educational leadership in changing contexts of families, communities, and schools, 89th yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Part II (pp. 184–209). Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raywid, M. (1995). Professional community and its yield at Metro Academy. In K. S. Louis & S. Kruse (Eds.), Professionalism and community: Perspectives on reforming urban schools (pp. 43–75). Thousand Oaks: Corwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, V. M. J. (2007). School leadership and student outcomes: Identifying what works and why. Sydney: Australian Council for Educational Leaders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenholtz, S. J. (1989). Teachers’ workplace: The social organization of school. White Plains: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossmiller, R. A. (1992). The secondary school principal and teachers’ quality of work life. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 20(3), 132–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, W. M., Goldenberg, C. N., & Gallimore, R. (2009). Increasing achievement by focusing grade-level teams on improving classroom learning: A prospective, quasi-experimental study of title I schools. American Educational Research Journal, 46(4), 1006–1033.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scribner, J. P., Cockrell, K. S., Cockrell, D. H., & Valentine, J. W. (1999). Creating professional communities in schools through organizational learning: An evaluation of a school improvement process. Educational Administration Quarterly, 35, 130–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sergiovanni, T. J. (1991a). The dark side of professionalism in educational administration. Phi Delta Kappan, 72(7), 521–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sergiovanni, T. J. (1991b). The principalship: A reflective practice perspective (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silins, H., & Mulford, B. (2004). Schools as learning organisations: Effects on teacher leadership and student outcomes. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 3(4), 443–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siu, W. (2008). Complexity theory and school reform. NASSP Bulletin, 92(2), 154–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sizer, T. R. (1984). Horace’s Compromise: The dilemma of the American high school. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smylie, M. A. (1992). Teacher participation in school decision making: Assessing willingness to participate. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analyis, 14, 53–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smylie, M. A. (1996). Research on teacher leadership: Assessing the state of the art. In B. J. Biddle, T. L. Good, & I. F. Goodson (Eds.), International handbook of teachers and teaching (pp. 521–592). Boston: Kluwer Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smylie, M. A., & Brownlee-Conyers, J. (1992). Teacher leaders and their principals: Exploring the development of new working relationships. Educational Administration Quarterly, 28(2), 150–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smylie, M. A., & Hart, A. W. (1999). School leadership for teacher learning: A human and social capital development perspective. In J. Murphy & K. S. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational administration (2nd ed., pp. 421–441). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smylie, M. A., Conley, S., & Marks, H. M. (2002). Exploring new approaches to teacher leadership for school improvement. In J. Murphy (Ed.), The educational leadership challenge: Redefining leadership for the 21st century (pp. 162–188). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spillane, J. P., Diamond, J. B., Walker, L. J., Halverson, R., & Jita, L. (2001). Urban school leadership for elementary science instruction: Identifying and activating resources in an undervalued school subject. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 38(8), 918–940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. K., & Coburn, C. E. (2008). Architectures for learning: A comparative analysis of two urban school districts. American Journal of Education, 114(4), 583–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stigler, J. W., & Hiebert, J. (1999). The teaching gap: Best ideas from the world’s teachers for improving education in the classroom. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoll, L., Bolam, R., McMahon, A., Wallace, M., & Thomas, S. (2006). Professional learning communities: A review of the literature. Journal of Educational Change, 7(4), 221–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Supovitz, J. (2002). Developing communities of instructional practice. Teachers College Record, 104(8), 1591–1626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Supovitz, J. (2008). Instructional influence in American high schools. In M. M. Mangin & S. R. Stoelinga (Eds.), Effective teacher leadership: Using research to inform and reform (pp. 144–162). New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Supovitz, J., Sirinides, P., & May, H. (2010). How principals and peers influence teaching and learning. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46, 31–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teitel, L. (1996). Finding common ground: Teacher leaders and principals. In G. Moller & M. Katzenmeyer (Eds.), Every teacher as a leader: Realizing the potential of teacher leadership (pp. 139–154). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timperley, H. (2005). Distributed leadership: Developing theory from practice. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 37(4), 395–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Troen, V., & Boles, K. (1994). Two teachers examine the power of teacher leadership. In D. R. Walling (Ed.), Teachers as leaders: Perspectives on the professional development of teachers (pp. 275–286). Bloomington: Phi Delta Kappa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uline, C. L., & Berkowitz, J. M. (2000). Transforming school culture through teaching teams. Journal of School Leadership, 10, 416–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Useem, E. L., Christman, J. B., Gold, E., & Simon, E. (1997). Reforming alone: Barriers to organizational learning in urban school change initiatives. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 2, 55–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vescio, V., Ross, D., & Adams, A. (2008). A review of research on the impact of professional learning communities on teaching practice and student learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24, 80–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Visscher, A. J., & Witziers, B. (2004). Subject departments as professional communities? British Educational Research Journal, 30(6), 785–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J., & Slear, S. (2011). The impact of principal leadership behaviors on the efficacy of new and experienced middle school teachers. NASSP Bulletin, 95, 46–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasley, P. A. (1991). Teachers who lead: The rhetoric of reform and realities of practice. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weick, K. E. (1976). Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(2), 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenger, E. (2000). Communities of practice and social learning systems. Organization, 7(2), 225–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenger, E., & Snyder, W. (2000). Communities of practice: The organizational frontier. Harvard Business Review, 78, 139–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M. (1993). The search for teacher leaders. Educational Leadership, 50(6), 24–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • York-Barr, J., & Duke, K. (2004). What do we know about teacher leadership? Findings from two decades of scholarship. Review of Educational Research, 74(3), 255–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, V. (2006). Teachers’ use of data: Loose coupling, agenda setting, and team norms. American Journal of Education, 112(4), 521–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youngs, P. (2007). How elementary principals’ beliefs and actions influence new teachers’ experiences. Educational Administration Quarterly, 43, 101–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youngs, P., & King, M. B. (2002). Principal leadership for professional development to build school capacity. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38(5), 643–670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimpher, N. L. (1988). A design for the professional development of teacher leaders. Journal of Teacher Education, 39, 53–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  • Buckner, K. G., & McDowelle, J. O. (2000). Developing teacher leaders: Providing encouragement, opportunities, and support. NASSP Bulletin, 84(616), 35–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J., & Torre, D. (in press). Vision: essential scaffolding. Educational Management, Administration and Leadership.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spillane, J. P., Hallett, T., & Diamond, J. B. (2003). Forms of capital and the construction of leadership: Instructional leadership in urban elementary schools. Sociology of Education, 76, 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joseph Murphy .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Murphy, J. (2017). Creating Communities of Professionalism: Addressing Cultural and Structural Barriers. In: Leithwood, K., Sun, J., Pollock, K. (eds) How School Leaders Contribute to Student Success. Studies in Educational Leadership, vol 23. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50980-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50980-8_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50979-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50980-8

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics