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Ebola and Marburg: Out of Africa

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Book cover Emerging Zoonoses

Part of the book series: Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century ((EIDC))

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Abstract

Ebola viruses and Marburg virus are zoonotic pathogens introduced into the human populations from close contact with infected animals from the rain forests of Central and West Africa and result in easy human-to-human transmission of severe hemorrhagic fever disease with high mortality. The unprecedented large outbreak of Ebola virus [EBV] in West Africa in 2014–2015 produced a global public health emergency that resulted in international concern and media sensationalism. Fruit bats are believed to be the natural reservoir of these filoviruses, and humans become infected from close contact from hunting and consuming bushmeat. Marburg virus [MARV] was first identified in 1967, in Marburg, Germany, when laboratory workers became ill after processing tissues from African green monkeys. The first large-scale community outbreak of MARV occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1998 and caused disease with 83% case-fatality rate. EBV was first discovered in 1976, and prior to the 2014 outbreak, the previous number of cases was about 2200 with 1500 deaths. The most recent epidemic in western Africa of 2014–2015 affected over 28,000 people with over 11,000 deaths and exportation of cases to Europe and the USA. This chapter explores the history, virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prevention of EBV and MARV diseases.

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Addendum

Recent studies indicate that EBOV has evolved to become more infectious and deadly to account for the massive West African outbreak. The recent epidemic affected 100-fold more people than previous outbreaks. This appears to be related to mutation of the gene encoding the virus enveloped glycoprotein [A82V], with increased ability to infect primate cells, including human dendritic cells, with associated increased mortality [126]. Another disturbing report outlines the resurgence of EVD linked to a survivor with virus persistence in the seminal fluid for more than 500 days [127].

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  1. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    I. W. Fong (Professor of Medicine)

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Fong, I.W. (2017). Ebola and Marburg: Out of Africa. In: Emerging Zoonoses. Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50890-0_7

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