Abstract
Chapter 3 offers a novel approach to studying the nexus of counter-terrorism and human rights, with a research design congruent to the theoretical premises. The chapter elucidates the oft-overlooked yet indispensable relation between language and concrete policies, clarifying how frame analysis of parliamentary debates can supplement a comparative policy analysis. To this end, the book is premised on the triangulation of relevant policies and the discourses they are embedded in. A systematic structure of policy frame, the coding process and how the qualitative research program ATLAS.ti is utilized has been explicated in detail. This methodology is employed in carefully chosen two cases, namely the UK and Turkey, with shared experiences of terrorism and similarities in counter-terrorism legislation, yet different political contexts.
If counter-terrorism rhetoric were a currency, it would have by now lost all its value through inflation.
(Gearty, 2007: 14)
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Although the terms text and discourse are used in various ways by different analysts, generally the former is taken to connote internal characteristics and structures of a linguistic material; whereas, the latter conveys a more inclusive meaning, one that takes into account the context that a text is produced (Alba-Juez, 2009: 8–11).
- 2.
It must also be noted that while a prevalent discourse is one form of representation, it necessarily suggests that an alternative representation has been revoked or silenced. This silencing is as significant as the words uttered in analyzing the structure and content of a given text (Johnstone, 2002: 11). As lucidly explicated by Johnstone, “…what is not said or be said is the background without which what is said could not be heard” (2002: 58).
- 3.
Since 2015 Turkey has been subject to a great number of terrorist attacks with the escalation of the Syrian civil war and the growing threat posed by what has come to be known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), as well as the end of cease fire with the PKK. Although this book focuses on the period between 2001 until 2015, it must be noted that these grave events have weighed a heavy toll on the Turkish society.
Bibliography
Agamben, Giorgio (2003) State of Exception. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Alba-Juez, Laura (2009) Perspectives on Discourse Analysis: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Balzacq, Thierry (2010) “A Theory of Securitization: Origins, Core Assumptions and Variants,” in Thierry Balzacq (ed.), Securitization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve, New York: Routledge.
Bergman, M. M. (2011) “Mixed-method,” in Bertrand Badie et al. (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Political Science, pp. 1586–1590, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1992) Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods (2nd ed.) Allyn and Bacon: Boston.
Bourdieu, Pierre (2006) “Language and Symbolic Power,” in Adam Jaworski & Nikolas Coupland (eds.), The Discourse Reader, London: Routledge.
Buzan, Barry, Wæver, Ole, & De Wilde, Jaap (1998) Security: A New Framework for Analysis. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Chowdhury, Arjun (2011) “The Giver or the Recipient?: The Peculiar Ownership of Human Rights”, in International Political Sociology, vol. 5, pp. 35–51.
Cox, Julie W., & John, Hassard (2010) “Triangulation,” in Albert J. Mills et al. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Case Study Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Denzin, Norman, & Lincoln, Y. S. (1998) Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Dunne, Tim (2010) “The English School,” in Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, & Steve Smith (eds.), International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ejdus, Filip (2009) “Dangerous Liaisons: Securitization Theory and Schmittian Legacy,” in Western Balkans Security Observer: Journal of the Belgrade School of Security Studies, Belgrade School of Security Studies: Center for the Civil-Military Relations.
Evans, Tony (2005) “International Human Rights Law as Power/Knowledge,” in Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 27, pp. 1046–1068.
Fairclough, Norman (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. London: Longman.
Gee, James Paul (1999) An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. London: Routledge.
Goffman, Erving (1986) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Golder, Ben, & Williams, George (2006) “Balancing National Security and Human Rights: Assessing the Legal Response of Common Law Nations to the Threat of Terrorism,” in Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, vol. 8 no. 1, pp. 43–62.
Heller, Regina et al. (2012) “The ‘Dark’ Side of Normative Argumentation-The Case of Counter-terrorism Policy,” in Global Constitutionalism, vol. 1 no. 2, pp. 278–312.
Jackson, Richard (2009) “Knowledge, Power and Politics in the Study of Political Terrorism,” in Richard Jackson et al. (eds.), Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, London: Routledge.
Jaworski, Adam, & Coupland, Nikolas (2006) The Discourse Reader. London: Routledge.
Johnstone, Barbara (2002) Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Konecki, Krzysztof T (2008) “Triangulation and Dealing with the Realness of Qualitative Research,” in Qualitative Sociology Review, vol. 4 no. 3, pp. 7–28.
Krasner, S. D. (1999) Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kuypers, Jim A. (2009) “Framing Analysis,” in J. A. Kuypers (ed.), Rhetorical Criticism: Perspectives in Action, Plymouth, UK: Lexington Books.
Loizides, Neophytos G. (2009) “Elite Framing and Conflict Transformation in Turkey,” in Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 62 no. 2, pp. 278–297.
Müftüler-Bac, Meltem (2005) “Turkey’s Political Reforms: The Impact of the European Union,” in South East European Politics and Societies, vol. 10 no. 1, pp. 16–30.
Neal, Andrew W. (2010) Exceptionalism and the Politics of Counter-terrorism: Liberty, Security, and the War on Terror. London: Routledge.
Neal, Andrew W. (2012) “Normalization and Legislative Exceptionalism: Counterterrorist Lawmaking and the Changing Times of Security Emergencies,” in International Political Sociology, vol. 6, pp. 260–276.
Pisoiu, Daniela (2013) “Pragmatic Persuasion in Counter-terrorism,” in Critical Terrorism Studies, vol. 5 no. 3, pp. 297–317.
Potter, Garry, & Lopez, Garry (2001) After Postmodernism. London: The Athlone Press.
Rein, Martin., Schön, Donald.(2002) “Reframing Policy Discourse,” in Frank Fischer and John Forester (eds.), Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning, London: UCL Press.
Reus-Smit, Christian (2001) “Human Rights and the Social Construction of Sovereignty,” in Review of International Studies, vol. 27, pp. 519–538.
Rothbauer, Paulette M. (2008) “Triangulation,” in Lisa M. Given (ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Schmitt, Carl. [1932] (1996) The Concept of the Political: Expanded Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Silverman, David, & Marvasti, Amir (2008) Qualitative Research: A Comprehensive Guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Snow, D. A., Rochford, E. B., Worden, S. K., & Benford, R. D. (1986) “Frame Alignment Process, Micromobilization and Movement Participation,” in American Sociological Review, vol. 51 no. 4, pp. 464–481.
Stoker, Laura (2011) “Triangulation,” in B. Bertrand et al. (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Political Science, pp. 2670–2672, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Strauss, Anselm, & Corbin, Juliet (1998) Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. London: Sage Publications.
Sutton, Rebecca (1999) The Policy Process: An Overview. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Toros, Harmonie, Gunning, Jeroen (2009) “Exploring a Critical theory Approach to Terrorism Studies,” in Richard Jackson et al. (eds.), Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, London: Routledge.
Tsoukala, Anastassia (2008) “Defining the Terrorist Threat in the Post-September 11 era,” in Bigo, Didier & Tsoukala, Anastassia (eds.), Terror, Insecurity, and Liberty: Illiberal Practices of Liberal Regime After 9/11, New York: Routledge.
Van Dijk, Teun (2001) “Critical Discourse Analysis,” in Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen, & Heidi E. Hamilton (eds.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Verloo, Mieke, Lombardo, Emanuela (2007) “Contested Gender Equality and Policy Variety in Europe: Introducing a Critical Frame Analysis Approach,” in Mieke Verloo (ed.), Multiple Meanings of Gender Equality: A Critical Frame Analysis of Gender Policies in Europe, Budapest: CEU Press.
Williams, Michael C. (2003) “Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics,” in International Studies Quarterly, vol. 47, pp. 511–531.
Wodak, Ruth (2008) “Introduction: Discourse Studies- Important Concepts and Terms,” in Ruth Wodak & Michal Krzyzanowski (eds.), Qualitative Discourse Analysis in the Social Sciences, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wodak, Ruth (2009) The Discourse of Politics in Action: Politics as Usual. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Zarakol, Ayşe (2011) “What Makes Terrorism Modern? Terrorism, Legitimacy, and the International System,” in Review of International Studies, vol. 37 no. 05, pp. 2311–2336.
Hürriyet (2014) “Davutoğlu AİHM’nin Kıbrıs Kararı Hakkında Konuştu,” 13 May 2014. [Retrieved 30 May 2014] Available at http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/26409234.asp.
Mendoza, Martha (2011) “Global Terrorism: 35,000 Worldwide Convicted For Terror Offenses Since September 11 Attacks,” in The Huffington Post. 09 March. [Retrieved 10 April 2012] Available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/03/terrorism-convictions-since-sept-11_n_947865.html.
Travis, Alan (2013) “Conservatives Promise to Scrap Human Rights Act After Next Election,” in The Guardian. 30 September. [Retrieved 20 April 2014] Available at http://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/sep/30/conservitives-scrap-human-rights-act.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Demirsu, I. (2017). The Language of Lawmaking and Its Effects: Mutual Constitution of Discourse and Policy. In: Counter-terrorism and the Prospects of Human Rights . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50802-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50802-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50801-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50802-3
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)