Abstract
Hashim, Kew, and Walker highlight Nigeria as a unique case where oil wealth greatly outpaces development and peacebuilding aid, and peacebuilders remain unclear on how to address globalized religion and to counteract divisive global trends that have an impact on local violence dynamics. In this context, donors have little leverage and influence, especially among state elites. The primary donor modality, therefore, is the use of programs that focus on civil society capacity building. They argue that statebuilding efforts provide elites with access to donor resources that have been allocated to particular regions and identity groups for political purposes. To date, there is evidence that social cohesion interventions have been effective at the hyper-local level. Peacebuilding programs, however, have not had a detectable impact at national level where ethno-religious bi-polarization remains a key driver of inter-group frustration and conflict.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
Chibok: Press Statement by Northern CAN signed by Professor Daniel Babayi, Secretary-General, via Sunday Oibe Public Relations Officer, Wednesday, May 7, 2014, pp. 1–2.
- 2.
Darren Kew, “Building Democracy in 21st Century Africa: Two Africas, One Solution,” Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations (Winter/Spring 2005).
- 3.
The Finance Minister announced the nation’s external debt in mid-2012 at nearly $6 billion – roughly a fifth as large as it was before the 2005 pay-down. Domestic debt is now estimated at $38 billion. ThisDayLive, April 17, 2012, http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/nigeria-s-domestic-external-debts-now-44bn/113910/, accessed on December 20, 2012.
- 4.
The Economist, November 7, 2007.
- 5.
Nigerian Communications Commission, available at http://www.ncc.gov.ng/industry-statistics/68.html, accessed on February 22, 2012.
- 6.
IMF.org country data, accessed February 22, 2012.
- 7.
The UNDP’s 2008–2009 Human Development Report for Nigeria said it “ranks among the most unequal countries in the world.”
- 8.
Available at: http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/interact/, accessed on October 1, 2014.
- 9.
- 10.
Federal Government of Nigeria, Hansard of the Constituent Assembly Debates, Draft Constitution Bill, November 1, 1977, pp. 73–74.
- 11.
Nigeria Research Network (NRN), Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford.
NRN Working Paper No. 14, Existing Knowledge on Islam in northern Nigerian Universities
Annotated Bibliography and trend analysis of Existing knowledge in Universities in Northern Nigeria on Islam and Development, Islamic Knowledge, and the Islamization of Knowledge, March 2013.
- 12.
- 13.
Paul M. Lubeck, Nigeria: Mapping the Shari`a Restorationist Movement (Draft Peer Reviewed Copy). Center for Global, International and Regional Studies, UC Santa Cruz, 2011, 252.
- 14.
- 15.
Source: http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2013/march/disunited-front.html?paging=off
How a Catholic-Pentecostal Split Could Help Nigeria’s Militant Islamists, United body divides for the first time in 40 years over politics and Islam. Sunday Oguntola in Lagos, Nigeria/ March 7, 2013.
- 16.
- 17.
IPPR/development Research and Projects Centre, 2013 End of Project Report on 3 year research on Irregular Migration to Europe from Nigeria.
- 18.
- 19.
Ibid.
- 20.
Ibid.
- 21.
- 22.
Ibid.
- 23.
Ibid., 39
- 24.
- 25.
- 26.
- 27.
See, for example, the communique of the Bayelsa Non-Governmental Organizations Forum (BANGOF) at the end of a workshop which aimed to strengthen oil revenue management in the Niger Delta. The workshop indicted the government of Bayelsa state for not creating democratic platforms to connect with the people. http://saharareporters.com/news-page/civil-society-organizations-rate-bayelsa-low-inclusive-governance; Also see, True Confessions of a Niger Deltan, Dessert Herald, March–April 2012, p. 1
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
- 31.
- 32.
Nigeria Research Network (NRN), Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford NRN WORKING PAPER NO 7, Muslim Others: Criss-crossing Ethno-Religious Identities and Conflict in Kano, Judith-Ann Walker and Yahaya Hashim,, March 2013, p. 25.
- 33.
Southern Kaduna People don’t want to belong to a Hausa Fulani Country: A brief Memorandum submitted by Southern Kaduna in the Diaspora to the National Conference, June 2014, p. 1.
- 34.
- 35.
www.norad.no/en/tools-and-publications/publications/…
Governance in Nigeria A Study in Political Economy, Discussion Paper, No.17, 2010, 35.
- 36.
- 37.
http://www.placng.org/lawsofnigeria/node/135, accessed on July 7, 2014.
- 38.
Supra Note 11.
- 39.
http://www.spsp.org.ng/about.aspx, accessed on July 7, 2014.
- 40.
Bibliography
Diamond, Larry. 1988. Class, Ethnicity, and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Kew, Darren. 2005. “Building Democracy in 21st Century Africa: Two Africas, One Solution,” Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations (Winter/Spring): 149–161.
Sklar, Richard. 2004. Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation. 1963. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hashim, Y., Kew, D., Walker, J.A. (2017). Nigeria: Frustration, Polarization, and Violence. In: Cox, F., Sisk, T. (eds) Peacebuilding in Deeply Divided Societies . Rethinking Political Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50715-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50715-6_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50714-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50715-6
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)