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The State of Leadership and Diaspora Engagement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

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Africa and its Global Diaspora

Part of the book series: African Histories and Modernities ((AHAM))

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Abstract

Global South countries that engage their diasporas in capacity building by providing the necessary infrastructure for their expatriates to invest in their homelands, have made strides toward social development. This chapter aims at investigating the state of leadership and diaspora engagement in the DRC. A few sources including the US Institute for Peace (USIP) report on isolated Congolese workshops, discussing perspectives and recommendations to improve economic and political policies in the DRC. However, dysfunctional leadership and lack of collaboration have hampered efforts to foster investment in the welfare of the homeland. Using a leadership ethics framework dubbed “African Baobab Tree,” this contribution proposes concrete steps for the implementation of a two-way communication between the DRC leadership and its diaspora.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Dorina Beloe and Michelle Swearingen, What Next for the Democratic Republic of Congo? Recommendations from a Trans-Atlantic Diaspora Dialogue. USIPEACE BRIEFING: United States Institute for Peace, 2009, http://www.ciaonet.org/attachments/15503/uploads, (accessed August 10, 2015).

  2. 2.

    See J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry Into a Category of Bourgeois Society. (Translation Thomas Burger), (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1991).

  3. 3.

    Migration4development.org.

  4. 4.

    C. Palmer “The African Diaspora”. Black Scholar, 30 (3–4): 56–59.

  5. 5.

    Jean-Pierre Bongila, Grounding Ethical Leadership in African Diaspora and Elections Rights (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2013), 25.

  6. 6.

    Ibid., 26.

  7. 7.

    Jie Zong and Jeanne Batalova, Sub-Saharan African Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute October 30, 2014, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/sub-saharan-african-immigrants-united-states (accessed August 14, 2015).

  8. 8.

    Migration en République Démocratique du Congo: Profil national 2009. International Organization for Migration. 2009, http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=41_42&products_id=592 (accessed July 10, 2015).

  9. 9.

    IOM, Migration in West and Central Africa: Democratic Republic of the Congo, February 19, 2010, http://www.iomdakar.org/profiles/content/migration-profiles-democratic-republic-congo, (accessed August 14, 2015).

  10. 10.

    United Nations Department of Economic Affairs, World Migration in Figures, October 3–4, 2013, http://www.oecd.org/els/mig/World-Migration-in-Figures.pdf (accessed August 15, 2015).

  11. 11.

    B. Ndione and J. P. Pabanel, Definition d’un profil migratoire pour la region Afrique centrale, rapport final. Fonds Europeen de development-Africa centrale & IBF, 2007. Cited by Germain Ngoie and David Lelu, Migration en Republique Democratique du Congo: profil national 2009, Geneva: IOM, 2010, 48. http://www.drcongo.iom.int/sites/default/files/PDF/Profil-Migratoire%20RDC%202009.pdf (accessed July 28, 2015).

  12. 12.

    OECD, “Country-of-Birth Database”. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls (accessed September 10, 2015)

  13. 13.

    OECD, “Democratic Republic of the Congo” in Connecting with Emigrants: A Global Profile of Diasporas (OECD Publishing, 2015), 392.

  14. 14.

    Ibid.

  15. 15.

    Ibid., 393.

  16. 16.

    Ibid.

  17. 17.

    Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), The Worldfact Book, June 6, 2014, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html (accessed August 15, 2015).

  18. 18.

    Dorina Bekoe and Michelle Swearingen, What Next for the Democratic Republic of Congo? Recommendations form a Trans-Atlantic Diaspora Dialogue, December 2009: United States Institute of Peace, 2009, 4, http://www.ciaonet.org/attachments/15503/uploads (accessed August 6, 2015).

  19. 19.

    Daron Acemoglu, James A. Robinson and Thierry Verdier, “Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: A Model of Personal Rule” in Journal of the European Economic Association 2 (2–3), (April–May 2004), 162–192.

  20. 20.

    Leo Zeilig and Peter Dwyer, African Struggles Today: Social Movements Since Independence. (Haymarket Books, 2012), 170.

  21. 21.

    German Ngoie and David Lelu, Migration en Republique Democratique du Congo. Profil National 2009. (International Organization for Migration, 2010), 23.

  22. 22.

    UN, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2014, http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2014%20MDG%20report/MDG%202014%20English%20web.pdf (accessed August 6, 2015).

  23. 23.

    Germain Ngoie and David Lelu, 24.

  24. 24.

    Dorina Bekoe and Michelle Swearingen, What Next for the Democratic Republic of Congo? Recommendations Form a Trans-Atlantic Diaspora Dialogue: United States Institute of Peace, 2009, 4.

  25. 25.

    Ibid., 24.

  26. 26.

    Ibid., 25.

  27. 27.

    Ibid.

  28. 28.

    Ibid.

  29. 29.

    Germain Ngoie and David Lelu, 61.

  30. 30.

    OCED (2008) cited by Germain Ngoie and David Lelu, 25.

  31. 31.

    CIA, The World Factbook 2015, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html (accessed September 10, 2015).

  32. 32.

    Ibid.

  33. 33.

    Ibid.

  34. 34.

    Antoine Muyamba, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=maZgckI2198&feature=youtu.be, (accessed September 2, 2015).

  35. 35.

    Germain Ngoie and David Lelu, 26.

  36. 36.

    Tom De Bruyn and Johan Wets, Les transfers de fonds par les migrants originaires de la région des Grands Lacs d’Afrique centrale, KUL and OIM Publications, 2006, http://mida.belgium.iom.int/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=212&ltemid=174 (accessed September 12, 2015).

  37. 37.

    Germain Ngoie and David Lelu, translated from French version in Ibid., 80.

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    Ibid., 86.

  40. 40.

    Ibid., 87.

  41. 41.

    Ibid., 87.

  42. 42.

    http://www.migration4development.org/en/search/node/Congo, (accessed September 17, 2015). See also www.migration4development.org or http://www.migration4development.org/en/search/node/Congo (accessed November 26, 2015).

  43. 43.

    Ibid.

  44. 44.

    http://www.migration4development.org/en/search/node/Congo, (accessed September 17, 2015).

  45. 45.

    http://www.migration4development.org/en/projects/programme-d%E2%80%99appui-%C3%A0-zone-sant%C3%A9-kabinda-rd-congo (accessed September 26, 2015).

  46. 46.

    Ibid.

  47. 47.

    Journeys of Jeopardy: A Review of Research on Trafficking in Women and Children in Europe, Elizabeth Kelly, November 2002. Cited by IOM, Remittances in the Great Lakes. No. 25, 2006, 11. Prepared by Tom de Bruyn and Johan Wets, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/264942027_Remittances_in_the_Great_Lakes_Region (accessed August 17, 2015).

  48. 48.

    Journeys of Jeopardy: A Review of Research on Trafficking in Women and Children in Europe, Elizabeth Kelly, November 2002. Cited by IOM, Remittances in the Great Lakes. No. 25, 2006, 71. Prepared by Tom de Bruyn and Johan Wets.

  49. 49.

    Germain Ngoie Tshibambe and Guy Mbuyi Kabunda, La dynamique migratoire en RDC: Morphology, Logique and Incidences a Lubumbashi, 2010, http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/completed-projects/aphm/case-studies/drc/drc_2011-report_fr.pdf (accessed August 15, 2015).

  50. 50.

    Germain Ngoie and David Lelu, 27.

  51. 51.

    Tom De Bruyn and Johan Wets, Les transfers de fonds par les migrants originaires de la region des Grands Lacs d’Afrique centrale, 2006: KUL & IOM http://mida.belgium.iom.int/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id+212&Itemid=174, (accessed August 17 2015).

  52. 52.

    Germain Ngoie and David Lelu, 92.

  53. 53.

    Jean-Pierre Bongila, Grounding Ethical Leadership in the African Diaspora and Election Rights (Lanham: Lexington, 2013), 133.

  54. 54.

    Ibid.

  55. 55.

    Cited in Ibid., 133.

  56. 56.

    See Peter G. Northouse, Leadership Theory and Practice (Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2010).

  57. 57.

    Dorina Beloe and Michelle Swearingen, What Next for the Democratic Republic of Congo? Recommendations from a Trans-Atlantic Diaspora Dialogue

  58. 58.

    Germain Ngoie and David Lelu, 77.

  59. 59.

    Bindungwa, 2008. L’operation vanda na mboka: les causes de l’echec, in l’Avenir, no 87. Cited by Germain Ngoie and David Lelu, 77.

  60. 60.

    Dorina Beloe and Michelle Swearingen, 13.

  61. 61.

    Ibid.

  62. 62.

    Kathleen Newland and Sonia Plaza, What We Know About Diasporas and Economic Development. Migration Policy Institute, September 2013, www.migrationpolicy.org (accessed, September 2, 2015).

  63. 63.

    Statement of Seynabou Gaye, Minister-Delegate, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Senegalese Abroad, at the Diaspora Ministerial Conference convened by the international Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva, Switzerland, June 18–19, 2013. http://www.iom.int/idmdmc (accessed August 15, 2015).

  64. 64.

    Devesh Kapur, Diaspora Development and Democracy: The Domestic Impact of International Migration from India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 108.

  65. 65.

    Cited in Kathleen Newland and Sonia Plaza, What We Know About Diasporas and Economic Development.

  66. 66.

    IOM (Department of Migration Management, Migration health Division), Diaspora Engagement Projects in the Health Sector in Africa (paper distributed at the International Migration Dialogue Diaspora ministerial conference, June 2013), 203, https://Diaspora.iom.int/sites/default/files/infosheet/dehpo.pdf, (accessed September 14, 2015).

  67. 67.

    Ibid.

  68. 68.

    Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias and Kathleen Newland, Developing a Road Map for Engaging Diasporas in Development: A Handbook for Policymakers and Practitioners in Home and Host Countries (Washington, DC and Geneva: Migration Policy Institute and International Organization for Migration, 2012), www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/theDiasporahandbook.pdf

  69. 69.

    African Developing Bank and African Development Fund, The role of the Diaspora in nation building: Lessons from fragile and post-conflict countries in Africa. Prepared by Fragile States Unit (OSFU), 2012, 18. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2011 (accessed August 14, 2015).

  70. 70.

    Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias and Kathleen Newland, Developing a Road Map for Engaging Diasporas in Development, 24.

  71. 71.

    Peter G. Northouse, Leadership Theory and Practice (Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2010).

  72. 72.

    Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias and Kathleen Newland, 24.

  73. 73.

    Ibid., 26.

  74. 74.

    Jean-Pierre Bongila, Ibid.

  75. 75.

    With regard to the “Combattants” usually referred to as trouble-making members of the DRC Diaspora, Hon. Antoine Muyamba struck a conciliatory tone when referring to them as “our children that show more energy” as opposed to bandits or thugs. See his interview on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=maZgckI2198&feature=youtu.be

  76. 76.

    Dorina Bekoe and Michelle Swearingen, Ibid.

  77. 77.

    Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias and Kathleen Newland, Developing a Road Map for Engaging Diasporas in Development, 30.

  78. 78.

    Ibid., 31.

  79. 79.

    Ibid.

  80. 80.

    Ibid., 27.

  81. 81.

    Ibid., 28.

  82. 82.

    World Bank Group, Doing Business: Measuring Business Regulations. Ease in Doing Business in the Congo, Dem. Rep., 2015, http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/congo-dem-rep/, (accessed September 15, 2015).

  83. 83.

    Dorina Bekoe and Michelle Swearingen, What Next for the Democratic Republic of the Congo? Recommendations from a Trans-Atlantic Diaspora Dialogue, 9.

  84. 84.

    Ibid., 9.

  85. 85.

    Ibid., 33.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Leadership, College of Education, Leadership and Counseling, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Jean-Pierre K. Bongila

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  1. Area and Global Studies, Grand Valley State University , Allendale, Michigan, USA

    Jack Mangala

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Bongila, JP.K. (2017). The State of Leadership and Diaspora Engagement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In: Mangala, J. (eds) Africa and its Global Diaspora. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50053-9_10

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