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“Help me, an Indonesian boy living in Holland…flee my parents”: Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities in European Gay/Lesbian Contact Ads, 1960s–1980s

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Immigrants in the Sexual Revolution

Part of the book series: Genders and Sexualities in History ((GSX))

Abstract

Gay and lesbian journals served as a form of “social media” that connected readers via contact advertisements that facilitated new friendships, romances, housing connections, employment and travel opportunities. Those who posted and responded to these ads communicated across international borders (e.g. throughout Europe, to the overseas colonies and beyond) and across internal “borders” (e.g. rural/urban divisions, and across ethnic communities).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Some of the Dutch empirical material, 1965–1983, and some of this analysis was first published in Andrew D.J. Shield, “‘Suriname—Seeking a Lonely, Lesbian Friend for Correspondence’: Immigration and Homo-emancipation in the Netherlands, 1965–79,” History Workshop Journal, 78:1 (2014): 246–264.

  2. 2.

    Eos (Jan/Feb, 1970).

  3. 3.

    Pan 5 (1972). This same man posted two other times in this Danish journal: Pan 5 (1973) and Pan 9 (1973).

  4. 4.

    SEK (August 1976).

  5. 5.

    SEK (May 1977).

  6. 6.

    Eithne Luibhéid and Lionel Cantú, Queer Migrations: Sexuality, U.S. Citizenship, and Border Crossings (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2005); Keja Valens, Bill Johnson González, and Bradley S. Epps, Passing Lines: Sexuality and Immigrants (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 2005).

  7. 7.

    H.G. Cocks, Classified: The Secret History of the Personal Column (London: Random House Books, 2009), xi.

  8. 8.

    Sharif Mowlabocus, Gaydar Culture: Gay Men, Technology and Embodiment (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), 15.

  9. 9.

    See for example, Ben Light, “Networked Masculinities and Social Networking Sites: A Call for the Analysis of Men and Contemporary Digital Media,” Masculinities and Social Change 2:3 (2013): 245–265, or E. Cassidy, Gay Men, Social Media and Self-Presentation: Managing Identities in Gaydar, Facebook and Beyond (PhD Dissertation, Brisbane, Queensland University of Technology, 2013).

  10. 10.

    For another interesting use of (heterosexual) contact ads, see: Massimo Perinelli, “Sex and the Radical Left, 1969–1972,” in After the History of Sexuality: Germany Interventions, eds. Scott Spector, Dagmar Herzog, and Helmut Puff (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2011), 248–281.

  11. 11.

    These periodicals can be accessed as PDF files via the Internationaal homo lesbisch informatiecentrum en archief (IHLIA) at the main branch of the Amsterdam Public Library, the Netherlands.

  12. 12.

    The official publications of the Association of 1948 were Vennen (only from 1949–1951), Forbundsnyt (1951–1963, which had contact ads), and Panbladet (1953–2007, which had contact ads after 1971). Independent publications included Vennen (1952–1970), Eos (1958–1971), and Coq (1970s), the latter of which were pornographic after the late 1960s. All of the above sources were available through the library of LGBT Denmark, and/or by request at the Royal Library of Copenhagen.

  13. 13.

    The 207 romance ads, and forty-three housing/jobs/other ads, come from two issues from every year 1971–77 (usually one in the Spring and one in the Fall). Posts from Sweden and Norway were not included in this analysis.

  14. 14.

    De Gay Krant (August 1982).

  15. 15.

    There were perhaps more trans people who posted in Denmark than the Netherlands. Vennen, for example, began to include a section “Transvestitter” in December 1968. Pan had a handful of posts (e.g. April 1971, April 1976). In the Netherlands, someone who identified as “travestiet” posted for housing in De Gay Krant (February 1985), and otherwise people sometimes specified that they did not want a “travestie-type.”

  16. 16.

    e.g. De Schakel (April 1965, April 1966, April 1967, etc.)

  17. 17.

    Theo van der Meer, “Sodomy and the Pursuit of a Third Sex in the Early Modern Period,” in Gilbert Herdt (ed.), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (New York: Zone Books, 1994). For Britain: Randolph Trumbach, “Renaissance Sodomy, 1500–1700” and “Modern Sodomy: The Origins of Modern Homosexuality, 1700–1800,” in A Gay History of Britain, ed. Matt Cook (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2007). For France: Jeffrey Merrick, Order and Disorder Under the Ancien Régime (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007).

  18. 18.

    Wilhelm von Rosen, “A Short History of Gay Denmark 1613–1989: The Rise and the Possibly Happy End of the Danish Homosexual,” Nordisk Sexologi 12 (1994): 125–136.

  19. 19.

    That is, men could be “normal” if they had sex with women and—in the “active” position—with (generally younger, adolescent) males. See Trumbach in A Gay History of Britain (n 17).

  20. 20.

    For an exploration of these themes in the English context, see Randolph Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family: Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in Eighteenth-Century England (New York: Academic Press, 1978). These “companionate marriages” were more egalitarian in structure: they were based on love, rather than familial arrangements; they emphasized maternal and paternal love for children, as well as shared household activities during leisure time; and the model shunned casual homosexual encounters, promoting heterosexuality. On the term compulsory heterosexuality, see also the poem by Adrienne Rich, “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence” (1980).

  21. 21.

    Jan De Vries, The Industrious Revolution: Consumer Behavior and the Household Economy, 1650-the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

  22. 22.

    The Dutch “vice laws” of 1911 raised the homosexual age-of-consent to twenty-one (rather than sixteen for heterosexuals); for the extensive history of this and related laws: Gert Hekma and Theo van der Meer (eds.), “Bewaar me voor de waanzin van het recht”: Homoseksualiteit en strafrecht in Nederland [“Save me from the Madness of the Law”: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in the Netherlands”] (Diemen: AMB, 2011). In Denmark, a similar law rooted in the “seduction” theory passed in the early 1930s, which raised the age of consent to eighteen for homosexuals (rather than fifteen); and another law in the 1960s effectively raised it to twenty-one, discussed later: Peter Edelberg, “The Long Sexual Revolution: The Police and the New Gay Man,” in Sexual Revolutions, eds. Gert Hekma and Alaina Giami (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).

  23. 23.

    Robert Aldrich, Colonialism and Homosexuality (London: Routledge, 2003), 198–202.

  24. 24.

    Ann Laura Stoler, “Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Gender, Race, and Morality in Colonial Asia,” in Feminism and History, ed. Joan Scott (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 217–218.

  25. 25.

    Aldrich (n 23), 198–202. The papers were De Ochtendpost and Java-Bode.

  26. 26.

    Dagmar Herzog, Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth-Century History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 53–54.

  27. 27.

    For the Netherlands and Denmark respectively, see: Theo van der Meer, “Eugenic and Sexual Folklores and the Castration of Sex Offenders in the Netherlands (1938–1968)” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C 39:2 (2008): 195–204; and Edelberg (n 22), 49.

  28. 28.

    The post-war “economic miracle” allowed more Dutch and Danish working-class men to adopt “companionate marriage” practices: working-class men would spend more leisure time with wives and children (e.g. on car trips to the countryside for picnics) rather than in homosocial venues (i.e. drinking in pubs with other men); Peter Van Rooden, “The Strange Death of Dutch Christendom,” in Secularisation in the Christian World: Essays in Honour of Hugh McLeod, eds. Callum Brown et al. (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2010).

  29. 29.

    On women’s (sexual) independence during wartime and in the immediate post-war years in Germany (and the sense of a dissolution, and then rebuilding, of sexual order): Dagmar Herzog, “Sex and the Third Reich” and “The Fragility of Heterosexuality,” in Sex after Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth-Century Germany (Princeton University Press, 2005).

  30. 30.

    The rise in consumer culture during the post-war “miracle years” not only encouraged some women to pursue paid work, but this consumerism also—as Heineman showed for the case of post-war Germany—encouraged middle-class men, women, and couples to purchase sex-related products (e.g. pessaries, lubricants, erotic photographs) through mail-order catalogues: “By the time the media discovered a ‘sex wave’ in the early 1960s, mail-order erotica firms had served half of all West German households, which were progressing from recovery to plenty as the economic miracle finally reached the working class”; Elizabeth D. Heineman, “The Economic Miracle in the Bedroom: Big Business and Sexual Consumption in Reconstruction West Germany,” The Journal of Modern History 78:4 (December 2006): 846–877; here, 847.

  31. 31.

    See Chapter 2 of this book, and Peter Van Rooden, “Longterm Religious Developments in the Netherlands, 1750–2000,” in The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, 1750–2000, eds. Hugh McLeod et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

  32. 32.

    Gert Hekma, “Amsterdam,” in Queer Sites: Gay Urban Histories Since 1600, ed. David Higgs (New York: Routledge, 1999), 82.

  33. 33.

    Wilhelm von Rosen and Peter Edelberg refer to the “Ugly Law” (1961–1971) that targeted men who had sex with men under the age of twenty-one based on the seduction principle. Technically, the law forbade “prostitution” with a male under the age of twenty-one, but the vice squads interpreted the law loosely and targeted anyone who sought sex with a male under twenty-one, making the case that buying the younger man a drink was equivalent to exchanging goods for sex. See von Rosen and Edelberg, ibid .

  34. 34.

    Hekma (n 32), 83–84.

  35. 35.

    While a number of internal events in the Netherlands and Denmark catalyzed their radicalization (e.g. demonstrations and youth cultures surrounding 1968), it is also true that the COC and F1948 had their eye on the Stonewall riots in New York City (1969), during which police clashed at a gay bar on Christopher Street, and after which directly influenced the founding of the “Gay Liberation Front” (1969) and the first pride march in New York on Christopher Street (1970). A number of U.S. historians and activists have challenged the prominence of Stonewall as the moment of radical change (as in “pre-Stonewall” vs. “post-Stonewall” movements)—myself included—but it is also true that this event did not go unnoticed in Europe. The COC periodical mentioned the Stonewall riots in several issues in the early 1970s (e.g. Sec, February 1971; Sik, April 1971; Sec, July 1972). And the radical gay group in Copenhagen chose the Danish equivalent of “Gay Liberation Front” as its name (in 1970), likely following the lead of groups in the U.S.A., Canada, and U.K. That being said, this connection should not be overemphasized, as local politics played a bigger role in the radicalization of the Dutch and Danish gay movements. In West Germany, for example, the radicalized gay group was unfamiliar with the Stonewall riots; see Herzog (n 29), 264 and 347.

  36. 36.

    Hekma (n 32), 84.

  37. 37.

    Hekma and van der Meer (n 22).

  38. 38.

    von Rosen (n 18), 131.

  39. 39.

    Seq (February 1971). Emphasis added.

  40. 40.

    “Balance in the 2nd Year,” (February 1971). Emphasis added. In 1972, the COC also offered a workgroup for gay Antilleans: Sec (February 1972).

  41. 41.

    See post from the “American negro” in this section: Eos (December 1966). In the 1970s, U.S. Americans who wrote into these European papers identified as “white” or “black” in several posts: Vennen (September 1970), Amsterdam Gayzette (Dec/Jan 1975/’76). In 1982, a Canadian man posted with “Asian background” (De Gay Krant, August 1982).

  42. 42.

    Seq (January 1969). Also: “practicing (orthodox) protestant” in Schakel (April 1966); “prot.-chr.” in De Schakel Krant (September 1967); and one protestant-for-protestant in De Schakel (April 1965).

  43. 43.

    e.g. Schakelkrant (July/August 1968).

  44. 44.

    e.g. Schakel (April 1966).

  45. 45.

    Schakelkrant (September 1968)

  46. 46.

    Eos (September 1966). Note: Danish publication.

  47. 47.

    Schakelkrant, (April 1967).

  48. 48.

    Vennen (September 1965).

  49. 49.

    To be precise, the three posts above could have been from the same young man; but my ethnographic work (Chapter 8) shows that Indonesians were the most common ethnic minority group in the Dutch gay “scene” in the 1960s–70s; furthermore, two of my (Indonesian) interviewees lived in Germany as young adults.

  50. 50.

    Eos (October 1969).

  51. 51.

    Schakelkrant (September 1967): “Geloof of ras niet belangrijk.”

  52. 52.

    Vennen (March 1964).

  53. 53.

    Schakelkrant (September 1967).

  54. 54.

    Schakelkrant (September 1967).

  55. 55.

    Schakelkrant (April 1967.)

  56. 56.

    Seq (April 1969).

  57. 57.

    Seq (January 1969).

  58. 58.

    Seq (January 1969).

  59. 59.

    Schakelkrant (September 1967).

  60. 60.

    Vennen (January 1962). The post was in English. On the term “colored,” see the first footnote in Chapter 2, and discussions in Chapter 8.

  61. 61.

    Eos 114 (1969).

  62. 62.

    Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, Random House, 1979), 186–90. Joseph A. Massad, Desiring Arabs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).

  63. 63.

    For more on this topic, see the 2018 special issue of Sexualities that coins, theorizes, and historicizes the “sexotic,” based on a seminar at the Max Planck Institute in Berlin in February 2015.

  64. 64.

    Coq (November 1976). Though this interview was from the 1970s, it applies to many of the photographs purchased by and published in Dutch/Danish periodicals in the late 1960s.

  65. 65.

    Eos (December 1966). Lowercase “negro” in the original.

  66. 66.

    Eos (October 1966). If of interest: “handicap unimportant,” in ad in Seq (January 1969).

  67. 67.

    The Dutch statistic refers to 1965–1979, and the Danish statistic to the 1970s, based on my own calculations.

  68. 68.

    Schakelkrant (September 1967).

  69. 69.

    De Schakel (April 1965.) Note: Vriendin is used in Dutch to mean both platonic and romantic girlfriend.

  70. 70.

    De Schakel (April 1966.)

  71. 71.

    Schakelkrant (April 1967).

  72. 72.

    Schakelkrant (April 1967)

  73. 73.

    Seq (January 1969). In Danish.

  74. 74.

    Vennen (September 1965). In Danish.

  75. 75.

    Vennen (September 1965). In English.

  76. 76.

    Eos (September 1966). Lowercase “mediterranean” in the English original.

  77. 77.

    Eos (October 1966).

  78. 78.

    e.g. Mainland, Mallorca, Canary Islands: see Schakeltjes (November 1966), de Schakel Krant (March 1968), Pan (4: 1975), etc.

  79. 79.

    e.g. Eos (October 1966), note: “with a house in Tangiers”; De Schakel (November 1966), Schakelkrant (March 1968), Vennen (January 1970).

  80. 80.

    Schakelkrant (April 1967). Note: “with chauffeur.”

  81. 81.

    Seq (January 1969).

  82. 82.

    Though women contributed with one in five ads, I found no advertisements placed by female immigrants or by women seeking women of color. Other primary sources must be used to support my argument that racial diversity, racial tolerance, and immigration/integration networks existed in lesbian circles in the Netherlands to a comparable degree.

  83. 83.

    SEK (August 1976).

  84. 84.

    Pan 1 (1973).

  85. 85.

    SEK (April 1976).

  86. 86.

    Seq (Summer 1971).

  87. 87.

    SEK (March 1979).

  88. 88.

    Sec (February 1971) and Sec (January 1972).

  89. 89.

    SEK (May 1974).

  90. 90.

    SEK (August 1975).

  91. 91.

    Seq (January 1969).

  92. 92.

    The latter was posted in German: Eos (Jan/Feb, 1970).

  93. 93.

    SEK (April 1978). Originally in English, so he was probably new to the Netherlands.

  94. 94.

    See, for example, Seq (No. 4, 1970), SEK (July 1979), the latter of whom was a heterosexual (Jewish) woman seeking a gay male companion.

  95. 95.

    Eos (Jan/Feb 1970).

  96. 96.

    Coq (March 1977).

  97. 97.

    In the Netherlands: Incognito—a travel guide advertised alongside COC personal ads—recommending hundreds of cafés, bars, and beaches to cruise “in Europe and Morocco.” See for example SEQ (May/June 1970) and Figure 8. In Denmark: e.g. advertised on the back of the Danish periodical Coq in 1976 and 1977: The Golden Key Gay Guide: The Wonderful Gay-world 76 / 77 (COQ International Gay Group, 1976/1977). Originally published in Amsterdam and soon after (and since) from Berlin: Spartacus International Gay Guide, published every year from 1970 through to the present. From the U.S.: Falcon International Gay Guide, which discontinued, though the pornography company continued through to the present.

  98. 98.

    Vennen (May? 1970).

  99. 99.

    Pan 1&2 (1977).

  100. 100.

    SEK (July 1979).

  101. 101.

    Sec (August 1972).

  102. 102.

    An example of a trusting woman: Penny [last name and address removed], Rose Bay, Sydney, N.S.W. 20209, Australia; Panblad 5 (1971).

  103. 103.

    Eos (Jan/Feb 1970): “Homosexual boys and girls all over the world! Do you want to correspond and spend your free time with an intelligent boy, 30, black hair, gay and very impulsive, interested in art, travelling and everlasting friendship?”

  104. 104.

    Vennen (September 1970).

  105. 105.

    Pan 5 (1971). Edesio…in Porto Alegre, RGS, Brazil.

  106. 106.

    Pan 5 (1972).

  107. 107.

    Pan 5 (1973) and Pan 9 (1973).

  108. 108.

    SEK (March 1975).

  109. 109.

    Sec (January 1971).

  110. 110.

    Eos (March/April 1971).

  111. 111.

    e.g. Seq (Summer 1971), Sec (February 1972). The man in the 1972 post was born c. 1907.

  112. 112.

    Pan 4 (1971).

  113. 113.

    Pan 5 (1971).

  114. 114.

    Pan 1 (1973).

  115. 115.

    Eos (March/April 1971).

  116. 116.

    Vennen (1970?).

  117. 117.

    Eos (March/April 1971). Emphasis added.

  118. 118.

    Pan 3 (1974).

  119. 119.

    Coq 11 (1976).

  120. 120.

    Pan 3 (1975)

  121. 121.

    Pan 4 (1976).

  122. 122.

    SEK (August 1974)

  123. 123.

    HAVO and MAVO (now VMBO) are two tracks of secondary education (i.e. ages twelve through to seventeen) that are more vocational or technical than the third track (VWO), but also provide some theoretical and liberal education.

  124. 124.

    SEK (August 1977).

  125. 125.

    SEK (April 1977). He also expressed a wish that the partner was blond, in his 20s, and “no beard, no glasses” (GBBS, a common abbreviation in Dutch personal ads).

  126. 126.

    Eos (March/April 1971).

  127. 127.

    Sec (April 1971).

  128. 128.

    Though in conversation with Kees Waaldijk, Professor of Comparative Sexual Orientation Law at Leiden University, he mentioned that some rights extended to bi-national, same-sex couples in the Netherlands as early as 1979. More research needs to be conducted on those who legislated and benefitted from these rights.

  129. 129.

    Pan 1 (1972) [in French, 1972]: “LEBANON:…Having completed the hotelier school in Lausanne…I returned to Lebanon to take several jobs, and finally I opened a night club, ‘Flying Cocotte’ in Beyrouth, the most selective and with the highest reputation in the Middle East.… I would love to be able to make contact with young men who are interested in coming to Lebanon in order to choose someone who is apt to collaborate and live with me.”

  130. 130.

    SEK (May 1977).

  131. 131.

    Klaas Breunissen, “Weg uit Marokko voel ik mij hier nu een vreemde” [“Far from Morocco, I Feel a Stranger Here”] SEK (August 1983), 28–29.

  132. 132.

    Ibid .

  133. 133.

    De Gay Krant was a Dutch monthly newspaper for gays/lesbians that was unrelated to the COC. It was printed from 1980–2013, and led by Henk Krol.

  134. 134.

    While at least one man desired a “monogamous” relationship in 1982—De Gay Krant (August 1982)—the terms became more popular from 1986–89.

  135. 135.

    Gay Amsterdam (November 1986).

  136. 136.

    To be precise: of the fifty-nine men-for-men ads in February 1989, thirteen (22%) mentioned safer sex practices (i.e. nine with “safe,” one with “condom,” two with “sucking” only, and one with “no sex”), and eleven (18%) mentioned durable relationships (i.e. seven with “monogamous”—a rare term in the 1970s—and three with “serious,” and one with “steady,” though both of these were also used in the 1970s). Aside from these men-for-men ads, there were also the ads (mentioned in text) for the AIDS speaker, Amsterdam Jacks party, and massages on this same page. The only woman-for-woman ad this month did not refer to safer sex or monogamy (but rather, to cats and conversation). De Gay Krant (February 1989).

  137. 137.

    De Gay Krant (February 1989).

  138. 138.

    De Gay Krant (August 1982), De Gay Krant (September 1982), De Gay Krant (July 1989).

  139. 139.

    De Gay Krant (February 1985) or De Gay Krant (November 1986).

  140. 140.

    De Gay Krant (February 1985). In Dutch.

  141. 141.

    De Gay Krant (February 1985).

  142. 142.

    De Gay Krant (January 1987).

  143. 143.

    De Gay Krant (June 1982).

  144. 144.

    De Gay Krant (November 1986).

  145. 145.

    De Gay Krant (January 1987).

  146. 146.

    De Gay Krant (January 1987).

  147. 147.

    De Gay Krant (February 1984).

  148. 148.

    e.g. a Chinese man in ‘s-Gravenhage, De Gay Krant (July 1989).

  149. 149.

    De Gay Krant (February 1983). VWO is one of the three forms of secondary education (from ages twelve through to eighteen) and prepares students for a university track.

  150. 150.

    The first three examples were all posted in De Gay Krant (February 1985). See also De Gay Krant (June 1982), De Gay Krant (August 1982). References to disability were uncommon, but can be found from time to time (cited earlier).

  151. 151.

    De Gay Krant (May 1982).

  152. 152.

    De Gay Krant (February 1984).

  153. 153.

    De Gay Krant (February 1989).

  154. 154.

    De Gay Krant (January 1987).

  155. 155.

    De Gay Krant (February 1985).

  156. 156.

    De Gay Krant (February 1983).

  157. 157.

    De Gay Krant (February 1985).

  158. 158.

    De Gay Krant (February 1985).

  159. 159.

    De Gay Krant (January 1987).

  160. 160.

    De Gay Krant (November 1986).

  161. 161.

    De Gay Krant (January 1987).

  162. 162.

    Three ads in De Gay Krant (February 1985).

  163. 163.

    De Gay Krant (September 1982).

  164. 164.

    De Gay Krant (February 1983): “Neger.”

  165. 165.

    “Colored” used as kleurling(en) in De Gay Krant (February 1984) or gekleurde in De Gay Krant (February 1983).

  166. 166.

    Gay Amsterdam (Jan/Feb 1986).

  167. 167.

    See post from a man in Hungary in Gay Amsterdam (Jan/Feb 1986) who sought “writing and maybe holidays” together, and a man in Poland—in Gay Amsterdam (6: 1987)—who invited “active” Dutch men to visit; he even provided his full name: Andrew [last name removed], Warszawska. Other ads from Poland: SEK (April 1974) and SEK (September 1977).

  168. 168.

    See three ads in De Gay Krant (February 1989).

  169. 169.

    “Mijn Mooiste Modellen pik ik zo op van straat,” De Gay Krant (June 1982), 5–6.

  170. 170.

    A handful of journals did have photo inserts, and otherwise, I only saw one or two posts in these publications that managed to include a photograph.

  171. 171.

    FS: The Gay Health and Life Mag, 148 (June/July 2015). Available for free download; last accessed June 2015 via issuu.com/gmfa/docs/fs148. This U.K.-based gay magazine released an issue on the theme “Racism and the Gay Scene”; in one article, they report that of the 400 white men surveyed on their website, 23% thought it was okay to list “No Blacks, No Asians” as a sexual “preference” on online dating profiles.

  172. 172.

    For more on current practices of sexual-racial exclusions in Denmark, see Andrew DJ Shield, “New in Town: Gay Immigrants and Geosocial Dating Apps,” in LGBTQs, Media, and Culture in Europe, eds. Alexander Dhoest, Lukasz Szulc and Bart Eeckhout (London: Routledge, 2017).

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    Andrew D J Shield

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Shield, A.D.J. (2017). “Help me, an Indonesian boy living in Holland…flee my parents”: Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities in European Gay/Lesbian Contact Ads, 1960s–1980s. In: Immigrants in the Sexual Revolution. Genders and Sexualities in History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49613-9_7

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