Abstract
In this study we analyse eddy-covariance flux measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapour from 18 years at Waldstein–Weidenbrunnen (DE-Bay), a Norway spruce forest site in the Fichtelgebirge, Germany. Standard flux partitioning algorithms have been applied for separation of net ecosystem exchange NEE into gross primary production GPP and ecosystem respiration R eco, as well as gap-filling. The site has always been a carbon sink, and annual net uptake ( − NEE) shows a positive trend with values around 40 g C m−2 a−1 for 1997–1999 up to 615 ± 79 g C m−2 a−1 for 2011–2014. This is related to a strong increase in GPP, while R eco is slightly enhanced. Evapotranspiration increases coherently with NEE, while atmospheric demand, that is, potential evaporation, shows inter-annual variability, but no trend. Comparisons with studies from other warm-temperate coniferous forests show that our NEE estimates are at the upper range of the distribution, but still realistic. Also evapotranspiration estimates, evaluated in the Budyko framework, are in a similar range but with a large inter-annual variability. We identified instrumental problems and variability from different flux partitioning algorithms as a large source of uncertainty, but with only minor influence on the trends found. Warming and rising CO2-concentrations are consistent with the observed trend, but cannot be disentangled from site-specific changes such as the recovery from “Waldsterben” after liming and an increase in heterogeneity after a wind-throw, which likely plays the most important role in the observed dynamics. As such transitions from an “ideal” to a disturbed or heterogeneous site are likely more-often the case at FLUXNET stations built 10–20 years ago, a systematic bias in regional studies can only be avoided by taking each single site history into account.
W. Babel, J. Lüers, J. Hübner, C. Rebmann, B. Wichura, C.K. Thomas, A. Serafimovich, T. Foken: Affiliation during the work at the Waldstein sites: Department of Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
C. Rebmann (up to 2002) Affiliation during the work at the Waldstein sites: Chair of Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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The operation of the site was funded by The Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology (PT BEO-0339476 B, C, D), the European Community (EUROFLUX), the German Science Foundation (FO 226/16-1, FO 226/22-1) and the Oberfranken Foundation (contract 01879). This work was only possible with the enthusiasm and hard work, sometimes under harsh weather conditions, of so many technicians, students, PhD candidates and motivated scientists.
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Babel, W. et al. (2017). Long-Term Carbon and Water Vapour Fluxes. In: Foken, T. (eds) Energy and Matter Fluxes of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem. Ecological Studies, vol 229. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49389-3_4
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