Skip to main content

Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks Safe Practice and Management

Keywords

  • Peripheral nerve block
  • Continuous peripheral nerve block
  • Catheter
  • Local anesthetic
  • Systemic toxicity
  • Infection
  • Anticoagulation
  • Needle/catheter assembly
  • Neurologic injury
  • Falls

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lako SJ, Steegers MA, van EJ, Gardeniers J, Staals LM, van Geffen GJ. Incisional continuous fascia iliaca block provides more effective pain relief and fewer side effects than opioids after pelvic osteotomy in children. Anesth Analg. 2009;109:1799–803.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Reinhardt KR, Duggal S, Umunna BP, Reinhardt GA, Nam D, Alexiades M, Cornell CN. Intraarticular analgesia versus epidural plus femoral nerve block after TKA: a randomized, double-blind trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:1400–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gupta A, Favaios S, Perniola A, Magnuson A, Berggren L. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of wound catheters for post-operative pain management. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011;55:785–96.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ansbro FP. A method of continuous brachial plexus block. Am J Surg. 1946;71:716–22.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. DeKrey JA, Schroeder CF, Buechel DR. Continuous brachial plexus block. Anesthesiology. 1969;30:332.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bingham AE, Fu R, Horn JL, Abrahams MS. Continuous peripheral nerve block compared with single-injection peripheral nerve block: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37:583–94.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Greengrass RA, Feinglass NG, Murray PM, Trigg SD. Continuous regional anesthesia before surgical peripheral sympathectomy in a patient with severe digital necrosis associated with Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:354–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Berger A, Tizian C, Zenz M. Continuous plexus blockade for improved circulation in microvascular surgery. Ann Plast Surg. 1985;14:16–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Loland VJ, Ilfeld BM, Abrams RA, Mariano ER. Ultrasound-guided perineural catheter and local anesthetic infusion in the perioperative management of pediatric limb salvage: a case report. Paediatr Anaesth. 2009;19:905–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kurt E, Ozturk S, Isik S, Zor F. Continuous brachial plexus blockade for digital replantations and toe-to-hand transfers. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;54:24–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Renes SH, van Geffen GJ, Rettig HC, Gielen MJ, Scheffer GJ. Ultrasound-guided continuous phrenic nerve block for persistent hiccups. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35:455–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Manriquez RG, Pallares V. Continuous brachial plexus block for prolonged sympathectomy and control of pain. Anesth Analg. 1978;57:128–30.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Schreiber T, Ullrich K, Paplow B, Gaser E, Lemmen HJ, Meissner W. The use of the infraclavicular plexus catheter for treatment of perioperative and chronic pain. Anaesthesist. 2002;51:16–22.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Linares del Rio F, Moniche Garcia Pumarino M, Herruezo Perez A. Therapeutic application of anesthetic blocks in weever-fish stings. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 1989;36:57–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Gemayel MC, Chidiac JE, Chidiac EJ. Ambulatory continuous interscalene blocks for cancer pain. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2015;29:34–6.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Borghi B, D’Addabbo M, White PF, Gallerani P, Toccaceli L, Raffaeli W, Tognu A, Fabbri N, Mercuri M. The use of prolonged peripheral neural blockade after lower extremity amputation: the effect on symptoms associated with phantom limb syndrome. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:1308–15.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hunter JG. Managing pain on the battlefield: an introduction to continuous peripheral nerve blocks. J R Army Med Corps. 2010;156:230–2.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Capdevila X, Barthelet Y, Biboulet P, Ryckwaert Y, Rubenovitch J, d'Athis F. Effects of perioperative analgesic technique on the surgical outcome and duration of rehabilitation after major knee surgery. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:8–15.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. De Ruyter ML, Brueilly KE, Harrison BA, Greengrass RA, Putzke JD, Brodersen MP. A pilot study on continuous femoral perineural catheter for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: the effect on physical rehabilitation and outcomes. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21:1111–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ilfeld BM, Vandenborne K, Duncan PW, Sessler DI, Enneking FK, Shuster JJ, Theriaque DW, Chmielewski TL, Spadoni EH, Wright TW. Ambulatory continuous interscalene nerve blocks decrease the time to discharge readiness after total shoulder arthroplasty: a randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:999–1007.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ilfeld BM. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks: a review of the published evidence. Anesth Analg. 2011;113:904–25.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Popping DM, Zahn PK, Van Aken HK, Dasch B, Boche R, Pogatzki-Zahn EM. Effectiveness and safety of postoperative pain management: a survey of 18 925 consecutive patients between 1998 and 2006 (2nd revision): a database analysis of prospectively raised data. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101:832–40.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Richman JM, Liu SS, Courpas G, Wong R, Rowlingson AJ, McGready J, Cohen SR, Wu CL. Does continuous peripheral nerve block provide superior pain control to opioids? A meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:248–57.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Stevens MF, Werdehausen R, Golla E, Braun S, Hermanns H, Ilg A, Willers R, Lipfert P. Does interscalene catheter placement with stimulating catheters improve postoperative pain or functional outcome after shoulder surgery? A prospective, randomized and double-blinded trial. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:442–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Dadure C, Macq C, Sola C, Raux O. Regional anesthesia for postoperative analgesia at home in children. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2013;32:e17–20.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Enneking FK, Ilfeld BM. Major surgery in the ambulatory environment: continuous catheters and home infusions. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2002;16:285–94.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ludot H, Berger J, Pichenot V, Belouadah M, Madi K, Malinovsky JM. Continuous peripheral nerve block for postoperative pain control at home: a prospective feasibility study in children. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:52–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Visoiu M, Joy LN, Grudziak JS, Chelly JE. The effectiveness of ambulatory continuous peripheral nerve blocks for postoperative pain management in children and adolescents. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014;24:1141–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Infectious Complications Associated with Neuraxial Techniques. Practice advisory for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of infectious complications associated with neuraxial techniques: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on infectious complications associated with neuraxial techniques. Anesthesiology. 2010;112:530–45.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  30. Hebl JR, Neal JM. Infectious complications: a new practice advisory. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:289–90.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Jochum D, Iohom G, Bouaziz H. Asepsis in regional anesthesia. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2010;48:35–44.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hebl JR. The importance and implications of aseptic techniques during regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:311–23.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Reisig F, Neuburger M, Zausig YA, Graf BM, Buttner J. Successful infection control in regional anesthesia procedures: observational survey after introduction of the DGAI hygiene recommendations. Anaesthesist. 2013;62:105–12.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Schulz-Stubner S, Pottinger JM, Coffin SA, Herwaldt LA. Nosocomial infections and infection control in regional anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52:1144–57.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Rodriguez J, Taboada M, Blanco M, Oliveira J, Barcena M, Alvarez J. Intraneural catheterization of the sciatic nerve in humans: a pilot study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:285–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Steinfeldt T, Nimphius W, Wurps M, Eberhart L, Vassiliou T, Kill C, Wulf H, Graf J. Nerve perforation with pencil point or short bevelled needles: histological outcome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54:993–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Steinfeldt T, Werner T, Nimphius W, Wiesmann T, Kill C, Muller HH, Wulf H, Graf J. Histological analysis after peripheral nerve puncture with pencil-point or Tuohy needletip. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:465–70.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kick O, Blanche E, Pham-Dang C, Pinaud M, Estebe JP. A new stimulating stylet for immediate control of catheter tip position in continuous peripheral nerve blocks. Anesth Analg. 1999;89:533–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Buckenmaier III CC, Auton AA, Flournoy WS. Continuous peripheral nerve block catheter tip adhesion in a rat model. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006;50:694–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Fredrickson MJ. Randomised comparison of an end-hole, triple-hole and novel six-hole catheter for continuous interscalene analgesia. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2014;42:37–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Luyet C, Seiler R, Herrmann G, Hatch GM, Ross S, Eichenberger U. Newly designed, self-coiling catheters for regional anesthesia--an imaging study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011;36:171–6.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lanigan CJ. Safer epidural and spinal connectors. Anaesthesia. 2002;57:567–71.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Orser BA, Hyland S, U D, Sheppard I, Wilson CR. Review article: improving drug safety for patients undergoing anesthesia and surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2013;60:127–35.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Ip V, Tsui B. The safety of an interscalene catheter-over-needle technique. Anaesthesia. 2013;68:774–5.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Spencer AO, Tsui BC. Intermittent bolus via infraclavicular nerve catheter using a catheter-over-needle technique in a pediatric patient. Can J Anaesth. 2014;61:684–5.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rothe C, Steen-Hansen C, Madsen MH, Lundstrom LH, Heimburger R, Jensen KE, Lange KH. A novel suture method to place and adjust peripheral nerve catheters. Anaesthesia. 2015;70:791–6.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Tsui BC, Ip VH. Catheter-over-needle method reduces risk of perineural catheter dislocation. Br J Anaesth. 2014;112:759–60.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Moore DC. “No paresthesias-no anesthesia,” the nerve stimulator or neither? Reg Anesth. 1997;22:388–90.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Selander D. Catheter technique in axillary plexus block. Presentation of a new method. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1977;21:324–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Selander D, Edshage S, Wolff T. Paresthesiae or no paresthesiae? Nerve lesions after axillary blocks. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1979;23:27–33.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Perlas A, Niazi A, McCartney C, Chan V, Xu D, Abbas S. The sensitivity of motor response to nerve stimulation and paresthesia for nerve localization as evaluated by ultrasound. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:445–50.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Selander D. Peripheral nerve damage and regional anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1995;75:116–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Brull R, Wijayatilake DS, Perlas A, Chan VW, Abbas S, Liguori GA, Hargett MJ, El-Beheiry H. Practice patterns related to block selection, nerve localization and risk disclosure: a survey of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:395–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Rafi AN. Abdominal field block: a new approach via the lumbar triangle. Anaesthesia. 2001;56:1024–6.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Isyanov A, Suresh S. Continuous ilioinguinal nerve catheter infusions for iliac bone graft: postoperative pain control without adverse effects! Paediatr Anaesthesia. 2009;19:282–3.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  56. Dalens B, Vanneuville G, Tanguy A. Comparison of the fascia iliaca compartment block with the 3-in-1 block in children. Anesth Analg. 1989;69:705–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ang ET, Lassale B, Goldfarb G. Continuous axillary brachial plexus block--a clinical and anatomical study. Anesth Analg. 1984;63:680–4.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Shido A, Imamachi N, Doi K, Sakura S, Saito Y. Continuous local anesthetic infusion through ultrasound-guided rectus sheath catheters. Can J Anaesth. 2010;57:1046–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Greenblatt GM, Denson JS. Needle nerve stimulatorlocator: nerve blocks with a new instrument for locating nerves. Anesth Analg. 1962;41:599–602.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Klein SM, Melton MS, Grill WM, Nielsen KC. Peripheral nerve stimulation in regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37:383–92.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Salinas FV. Location, location, location: Continuous peripheral nerve blocks and stimulating catheters. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:79–82.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ahsan ZS, Carvalho B, Yao J. Incidence of failure of continuous peripheral nerve catheters for postoperative analgesia in upper extremity surgery. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2014;39:324–9.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  63. Grant SA, Nielsen KC, Greengrass RA, Steele SM, Klein SM. Continuous peripheral nerve block for ambulatory surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2001;26:209–14.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Capdevila X, Biboulet P, Morau D, Bernard N, Deschodt J, Lopez S, d’Athis F. Continuous three-in-one block for postoperative pain after lower limb orthopedic surgery: where do the catheters go? Anesth Analg. 2002;94:1001–6. table

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Luyet C, Herrmann G, Ross S, Vogt A, Greif R, Moriggl B, Eichenberger U. Ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral puncture and placement of catheters in human cadavers: where do catheters go? Br J Anaesth. 2011;106:246–54.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Pham Dang C, Difalco C, Guilley J, Venet G, Hauet P, Lejus C. Various possible positions of conventional catheters around the femoral nerve revealed by neurostimulation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:285–9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Boezaart AP, de Beer JF, du TC, van RK. A new technique of continuous interscalene nerve block. Can J Anaesth. 1999;46:275–81.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Sutherland ID. Continuous sciatic nerve infusion: expanded case report describing a new approach. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1998;23:496–501.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ip VH, Tsui BC. Injection of injectates is more than just for “opening the perineural space”. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011;36:89–90.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Pham Dang C, Lelong A, Guilley J, Nguyen JM, Volteau C, Venet G, Perrier C, Lejus C, Blanloeil Y. Effect on neurostimulation of injectates used for perineural space expansion before placement of a stimulating catheter: normal saline versus dextrose 5 % in water. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:398–403.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Tsui BC, Kropelin B. The electrophysiological effect of dextrose 5 % in water on single-shot peripheral nerve stimulation. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:1837–9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Hayek SM, Ritchey RM, Sessler D, Helfand R, Samuel S, Xu M, Beven M, Bourdakos D, Barsoum W, Brooks P. Continuous femoral nerve analgesia after unilateral total knee arthroplasty: stimulating versus nonstimulating catheters. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:1565–70.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Tran DQ, Taam J, De La Cuadra-Fontaine JC. Minimal threshold for stimulating catheters. J Clin Anesth. 2008;20:45–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Wehling MJ, Koorn R, Leddell C, Boezaart AP. Electrical nerve stimulation using a stimulating catheter: what is the lower limit? Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:230–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Altermatt FR, Corvetto MA, Venegas C, Echevarria G, Bravo P, De la Cuadra JC, Irribarra LA. Brief report: The sensitivity of motor responses for detecting catheter-nerve contact during ultrasound-guided femoral nerve blocks with stimulating catheters. Anesth Analg. 2011;113:1276–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Schoenmakers KP, Heesterbeek PJ, Jack NT, Stienstra R. No correlation between minimal electrical charge at the tip of the stimulating catheter and the efficacy of the peripheral nerve block catheter for brachial plexus block: a prospective blinded cohort study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2014;14:26.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Birnbaum J, Kip M, Spies CD, Hein OV, Labs K, Moeckel G, Volk T. The effect of stimulating versus nonstimulating catheters for continuous interscalene plexus blocks in short-term pain management. J Clin Anesth. 2007;19:434–9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Casati A, Fanelli G, Koscielniak-Nielsen Z, Cappelleri G, Aldegheri G, Danelli G, Fuzier R, Singelyn F. Using stimulating catheters for continuous sciatic nerve block shortens onset time of surgical block and minimizes postoperative consumption of pain medication after halux valgus repair as compared with conventional nonstimulating catheters. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1192–7. table

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Casati A, Fanelli G, Danelli G, Baciarello M, Ghisi D, Nobili F, Chelly JE. Stimulating or conventional perineural catheters after hallux valgus repair: a double-blind, pharmaco-economic evaluation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006;50:1284–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Dhir S, Ganapathy S. Comparative evaluation of ultrasound-guided continuous infraclavicular brachial plexus block with stimulating catheter and traditional technique: a prospective-randomized trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52:1158–66.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Morin AM, Kranke P, Wulf H, Stienstra R, Eberhart LH. The effect of stimulating versus nonstimulating catheter techniques for continuous regional anesthesia: a semiquantitative systematic review. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35:194–9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Paqueron X, Narchi P, Mazoit JX, Singelyn F, Benichou A, Macaire P. A randomized, observer-blinded determination of the median effective volume of local anesthetic required to anesthetize the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa for stimulating and nonstimulating perineural catheters. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:290–5.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Rodriguez J, Taboada M, Carceller J, Lagunilla J, Barcena M, Alvarez J. Stimulating popliteal catheters for postoperative analgesia after hallux valgus repair. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:258–62.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Barrington MJ, Olive DJ, McCutcheon CA, Scarff C, Said S, Kluger R, Gillett N, Choong P. Stimulating catheters for continuous femoral nerve blockade after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:1316–21. table

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Capdevila X, Ponrouch M, Choquet O. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks in clinical practice. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008;21:619–23.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Dauri M, Sidiropoulou T, Fabbi E, Giannelli M, Faria S, Mariani P, Sabato AF. Efficacy of continuous femoral nerve block with stimulating catheters versus nonstimulating catheters for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:282–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Salinas FV, Neal JM, Sueda LA, Kopacz DJ, Liu SS. Prospective comparison of continuous femoral nerve block with nonstimulating catheter placement versus stimulating catheter-guided perineural placement in volunteers. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:212–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Choi S, McCartney CJ. Evidence base for the use of ultrasound for upper extremity blocks: 2014 update. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016;41(2):242–50.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Fredrickson MJ. The sensitivity of motor response to needle nerve stimulation during ultrasound guided interscalene catheter placement. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:291–6.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Ilfeld BM, Fredrickson MJ, Mariano ER. Ultrasound-guided perineural catheter insertion: three approaches but few illuminating data. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35:123–6.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Gray AT. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: current state of the art. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:368–73. discussion

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Sandhu NS, Capan LM. Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth. 2002;89:254–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Ilfeld BM, Sandhu NS, Loland VJ, Madison SJ, Suresh PJ, Mariano ER, Bishop ML, Schwartz AK, Lee DK. Ultrasound-guided (needle-in-plane) perineural catheter insertion: the effect of catheter-insertion distance on postoperative analgesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011;36:261–5.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Antonakakis JG, Sites BD, Shiffrin J. Ultrasound-guided posterior approach for the placement of a continuous interscalene catheter. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:64–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Francis J, Egeler C. Factors affecting perineural catheter dislocation rates. Br J Anaesth. 2014;112:758.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Ahn WS, Bahk JH, Lim YJ, Kim YC. The effect of introducer gauge, design and bevel direction on the deflection of spinal needles. Anaesthesia. 2002;57:1007–11.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Chin KJ, Perlas A, Chan VW, Brull R. Needle visualization in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: challenges and solutions. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:532–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Bloc S, Ecoffey C, Dhonneur G. Controlling needle tip progression during ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia using the hydrolocalization technique. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:382–3.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Marhofer D, Marhofer P, Triffterer L, Leonhardt M, Weber M, Zeitlinger M. Dislocation rates of perineural catheters: a volunteer study. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111:800–6.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Rasmussen H, Hesselbjerg L. Long-axis ultrasound imaging of the nerves and advancement of perineural catheters under direct vision: a preliminary report of four cases. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:477–82.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Wang AZ, Gu L, Zhou QH, Ni WZ, Jiang W. Ultrasound-guided continuous femoral nerve block for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: catheter perpendicular to the nerve versus catheter parallel to the nerve. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35:127–31.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Guerci P, Novy E, Guibert J, Vial F, Malinovsky JM, Bouaziz H. Inadvertent peripheral nerve catheter shearing occurring during ultrasound guidance. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2013;32:364–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Dhir S, Ganapathy S. Use of ultrasound guidance and contrast enhancement: a study of continuous infraclavicular brachial plexus approach. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52:338–42.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Swenson JD, Davis JJ, DeCou JA. A novel approach for assessing catheter position after ultrasound-guided placement of continuous interscalene block. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:1015–6. table

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Elsharkawy H, Salmasi V, Abd-Elsayed A, Turan A. Identification of location of nerve catheters using pumping maneuver and M-Mode-a novel technique. J Clin Anesth. 2015;27:325–30.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Kan JM, Harrison TK, Kim TE, Howard SK, Kou A, Mariano ER. An in vitro study to evaluate the utility of the “air test” to infer perineural catheter tip location. J Ultrasound Med. 2013;32:529–33.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Jeng CL, Torrillo TM, Rosenblatt MA. Complications of peripheral nerve blocks. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105(Suppl 1):i97–107.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Fredrickson M, Harrop-Griffiths W. Death by regional block: can the analgesic benefits ever outweigh the risks? Anaesthesia. 2012;67:1071–5.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Levine M, Latmore M, Vandepitte C, Gadsden J, Hadzic A. It is 3 a.m....do you know where your catheter tip is? Br J Anaesth. 2014;112:757–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Cook LB. Unsuspected extradural catheterization in an interscalene block. Br J Anaesth. 1991;67:473–5.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Faust A, Fournier R, Hagon O, Hoffmeyer P, Gamulin Z. Partial sensory and motor deficit of ipsilateral lower limb after continuous interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:288–90.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Lekhak B, Bartley C, Conacher ID, Nouraei SM. Total spinal anaesthesia in association with insertion of a paravertebral catheter. Br J Anaesth. 2001;86:280–2.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Litz RJ, Vicent O, Wiessner D, Heller AR. Misplacement of a psoas compartment catheter in the subarachnoid space. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:60–4.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Mahoudeau G, Gaertner E, Launoy A, Ocquidant P, Loewenthal A. Interscalenic block: accidental catheterization of the epidural space. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 1995;14:438–41.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Pousman RM, Mansoor Z, Sciard D. Total spinal anesthetic after continuous posterior lumbar plexus block. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:1281–2.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Souron V, Reiland Y, De TA, Delaunay L, Lafosse L. Interpleural migration of an interscalene catheter. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1200–1.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Tuominen MK, Pere P, Rosenberg PH. Unintentional arterial catheterization and bupivacaine toxicity associated with continuous interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesthesiology. 1991;75:356–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Yanovski B, Gaitini L, Volodarski D, Ben-David B. Catastrophic complication of an interscalene catheter for continuous peripheral nerve block analgesia. Anaesthesia. 2012;67:1166–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Capdevila X, Pirat P, Bringuier S, Gaertner E, Singelyn F, Bernard N, Choquet O, Bouaziz H, Bonnet F. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks in hospital wards after orthopedic surgery: a multicenter prospective analysis of the quality of postoperative analgesia and complications in 1,416 patients. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:1035–45.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Compere V, Rey N, Baert O, Ouennich A, Fourdrinier V, Roussignol X, Beccari R, Dureuil B. Major complications after 400 continuous popliteal sciatic nerve blocks for post-operative analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009;53:339–45.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Fredrickson MJ, Ball CM, Dalgleish AJ. Successful continuous interscalene analgesia for ambulatory shoulder surgery in a private practice setting. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:122–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Poulton B, Young P. A novel method for epidural catheter fixation. Anaesthesia. 2000;55:1141–2.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G, Kalberer F, Benz C. Acute and nonacute complications associated with interscalene block and shoulder surgery: a prospective study. Anesthesiology. 2001;95:875–80.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. de Jose MB, Banus E, Navarro-Egea M, Banchs RJ. Tips and tricks to facilitate ultrasound-guided placement of peripheral nerve catheters in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011;21:974–9.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  125. Rose GL, McLarney JT. Retained continuous lumbar plexus block catheter. J Clin Anesth. 2009;21:464–5.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Clark MX, O'Hare K, Gorringe J, Oh T. The effect of the Lockit epidural catheter clamp on epidural migration: a controlled trial. Anaesthesia. 2001;56:865–70.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Kindler CH. Another use for the LOCKIT epidural catheter clamp. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:836.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Mariano ER, Afra R, Loland VJ, Sandhu NS, Bellars RH, Bishop ML, Cheng GS, Choy LP, Maldonado RC, Ilfeld BM. Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block via an ultrasound-guided posterior approach: a randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2009;108:1688–94.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  129. Klein SM, Nielsen KC, Buckenmaier III CC, Kamal AS, Rubin Y, Steele SM. 2-octyl cyanoacrylate glue for the fixation of continuous peripheral nerve catheters. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:590–1.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Bloc S, Garnier T, Mercadal L, Roy M, Dhonneur G. Evaluation of synthetic glue for the fixation of continuous peripheral nerve catheters. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2008;27:103–5.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Singer AJ, Quinn JV, Hollander JE. The cyanoacrylate topical skin adhesives. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26:490–6.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Bookland MJ, Sukul V, Connolly PJ. Use of a cyanoacrylate skin adhesive to reduce external ventricular drain infection rates. J Neurosurg. 2014;121:189–94.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Kerwat K, Eberhart L, Kerwat M, Horth D, Wulf H, Steinfeldt T, Wiesmann T. Chlorhexidine gluconate dressings reduce bacterial colonization rates in epidural and peripheral regional catheters. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:149785.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Capdevila X, Bringuier S, Borgeat A. Infectious risk of continuous peripheral nerve blocks. Anesthesiology. 2009;110:182–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Reichel M, Heisig P, Kampf G. Identification of variables for aerobic bacterial density at clinically relevant skin sites. J Hosp Infect. 2011;78:5–10.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Cuvillon P, Ripart J, Lalourcey L, Veyrat E, L'Hermite J, Boisson C, Thouabtia E, Eledjam JJ. The continuous femoral nerve block catheter for postoperative analgesia: bacterial colonization, infectious rate and adverse effects. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:1045–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Timsit JF, Bruneel F, Cheval C, Mamzer MF, Garrouste-Org WM, Misset B, Chevret S, Regnier B, Carlet J. Use of tunneled femoral catheters to prevent catheter-related infection. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:729–35.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Compere V, Legrand JF, Guitard PG, Azougagh K, Baert O, Ouennich A, Fourdrinier V, Frebourg N, Dureuil B. Bacterial colonization after tunneling in 402 perineural catheters: a prospective study. Anesth Analg. 2009;108:1326–30.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Lai NM, Chaiyakunapruk N, Lai NA, O'Riordan E, Pau WS, Saint S. Catheter impregnation, coating or bonding for reducing central venous catheter-related infections in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;6:CD007878.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Bergman BD, Hebl JR, Kent J, Horlocker TT. Neurologic complications of 405 consecutive continuous axillary catheters. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:247–52. table

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Neuburger M, Breitbarth J, Reisig F, Lang D, Buttner J. Complications and adverse events in continuous peripheral regional anesthesia Results of investigations on 3,491 catheters. Anaesthesist. 2006;55:33–40.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Adam F, Jaziri S, Chauvin M. Psoas abscess complicating femoral nerve block catheter. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:230–1.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Compere V, Cornet C, Fourdrinier V, Maitre AM, Mazirt N, Biga N, Dureuil B. Thigh abscess as a complication of continuous popliteal sciatic nerve block. Br J Anaesth. 2005;95:255–6.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Capdevila X, Jaber S, Pesonen P, Borgeat A, Eledjam JJ. Acute neck cellulitis and mediastinitis complicating a continuous interscalene block. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:1419–21.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Morin AM, Kerwat K, Buttner J, Litz RJ, Koch T, Mutters R. Hygieneempfehlungen für die Anlage und weiterführende Versorgung von Regionalanästhesie-Verfahren. Anästh Intensivmed. 2006;47:1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Bomberg H, Kubulus C, List F, Albert N, Schmitt K, Graber S, Kessler P, Steinfeldt T, Standl T, Gottschalk A, Wirtz SP, Burgard G, Geiger P, Spies CD, Volk T. Diabetes: a risk factor for catheter-associated infections. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015;40:16–21.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Morin AM, Kerwat KM, Klotz M, Niestolik R, Ruf VE, Wulf H, Zimmermann S, Eberhart LH. Risk factors for bacterial catheter colonization in regional anaesthesia. BMC Anesthesiol. 2005;5:1.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  148. Batai I, Bogar L, Juhasz V, Batai R, Kerenyi M. A comparison of the antimicrobial property of lidocaine/prilocaine cream (EMLA) and an alcohol-based disinfectant on intact human skin flora. Anesth Analg. 2009;108:666–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Bures E, Rivet P, Estebe JP. Difficulty of regional anaesthesia catheter withdrawing due to a knot: three case reports. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2009;28:493–5.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Hubner T, Gerber H. Knotting of a catheter in the plexus brachialis. A rare complication. Anaesthesist. 2003;52:606–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Motamed C, Bouaziz H, Mercier FJ, Benhamou D. Knotting of a femoral catheter. Reg Anesth. 1997;22:486–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Burgher AH, Hebl JR. Minimally invasive retrieval of knotted nonstimulating peripheral nerve catheters. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:162–6.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Brenier G, Salces A, Magues JP, Fuzier R. Peripheral nerve catheter entrapment is not always related to knotting. Can J Anaesth. 2010;57:183–4.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Tran QD, Gordon A, Asenjo JF, De La Cuadra-Fontaine JC. Retained and cut stimulating infraclavicular catheter. Can J Anaesth. 2005;52:998–9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Lee BH, Goucke CR. Shearing of a peripheral nerve catheter. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:760–1. table

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Schroeder KM, Jacobs RX, Amlong CA, Rogers WK. Dangers associated with cutting and entrapment of stimulating peripheral nerve catheters. J Clin Anesth. 2013;25:83–4.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Clendenen SR, Robards CB, Wang RD, Greengrass RA. Case report: continuous interscalene block associated with neck hematoma and postoperative sepsis. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:1236–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Byrne KP, Freeman VY. Force of removal for untunnelled, tunnelled and double-tunnelled peripheral nerve catheters. Anaesthesia. 2014;69:245–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Arnaoutoglou HM, Tzimas PG, Papadopoulos GS. Knotting of an epidural catheter: a rare complication. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 2007;58:55–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Hobaika AB. Breakage of epidural catheters: etiology, prevention, and management. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2008;58:227–33.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Mitra R, Fleischmann K. Management of the sheared epidural catheter: is surgical extraction really necessary? J Clin Anesth. 2007;19:310–4.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Owens S, Erturk MA, Ouanes JP, Murphy JD, Wu CL, Bottomley PA. Evaluation of epidural and peripheral nerve catheter heating during magnetic resonance imaging. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014;39:534–9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Kendall MC, Nader A, Maniker RB, McCarthy RJ. Removal of a knotted stimulating femoral nerve catheter using a saline bolus injection. Local Reg Anesth. 2010;3:31–4.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  164. Offerdahl MR, Lennon RL, Horlocker TT. Successful removal of a knotted fascia iliaca catheter: principles of patient positioning for peripheral nerve catheter extraction. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:1550–2.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Fredrickson MJ, Kilfoyle DH. Neurological complication analysis of 1000 ultrasound guided peripheral nerve blocks for elective orthopaedic surgery: a prospective study. Anaesthesia. 2009;64:836–44.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Barrington MJ, Watts SA, Gledhill SR, Thomas RD, Said SA, Snyder GL, Tay VS, Jamrozik K. Preliminary results of the Australasian Regional Anaesthesia Collaboration: a prospective audit of more than 7000 peripheral nerve and plexus blocks for neurologic and other complications. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:534–41.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Borgeat A, Dullenkopf A, Ekatodramis G, Nagy L. Evaluation of the lateral modified approach for continuous interscalene block after shoulder surgery. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:436–42.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Watts SA, Sharma DJ. Long-term neurological complications associated with surgery and peripheral nerve blockade: outcomes after 1065 consecutive blocks. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007;35:24–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Wiegel M, Gottschaldt U, Hennebach R, Hirschberg T, Reske A. Complications and adverse effects associated with continuous peripheral nerve blocks in orthopedic patients. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:1578–82. table

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Brull R, McCartney CJ, Chan VW, El-Beheiry H. Neurological complications after regional anesthesia: contemporary estimates of risk. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:965–74.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Moayeri N, Groen GJ. Differences in quantitative architecture of sciatic nerve may explain differences in potential vulnerability to nerve injury, onset time, and minimum effective anesthetic volume. Anesthesiology. 2009;111:1128–34.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Reina MA, Lopez A, De Andres JA, Maches F. Possibility of nerve lesions related to peripheral nerve blocks. A study of the human sciatic nerve using different needles. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2003;50:274–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Sala-Blanch X, Pomes J, Matute P, Valls-Sole J, Carrera A, Tomas X, Garcia-Diez AI. Intraneural injection during anterior approach for sciatic nerve block. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:1027–30.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Gadsden J, McCally C, Hadzic A. Monitoring during peripheral nerve blockade. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23:656–61.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Moayeri N, Krediet AC, Welleweerd JC, Bleys RL, Groen GJ. Early ultrasonographic detection of low-volume intraneural injection. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109:432–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Bickler P, Brandes J, Lee M, Bozic K, Chesbro B, Claassen J. Bleeding complications from femoral and sciatic nerve catheters in patients receiving low molecular weight heparin. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:1036–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Abrahams MS, Aziz MF, Fu RF, Horn JL. Ultrasound guidance compared with electrical neurostimulation for peripheral nerve block: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102:408–17.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Weller RS, Gerancher JC, Crews JC, Wade KL. Extensive retroperitoneal hematoma without neurologic deficit in two patients who underwent lumbar plexus block and were later anticoagulated. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:581–5.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Chelly JE, Szczodry DM, Neumann KJ. International normalized ratio and prothrombin time values before the removal of a lumbar plexus catheter in patients receiving warfarin after total hip replacement. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101:250–4.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Chelly JE, Schilling D. Thromboprophylaxis and peripheral nerve blocks in patients undergoing joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23:350–4.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Buckenmaier III CC, Shields CH, Auton AA, Evans SL, Croll SM, Bleckner LL, Brown DS, Stojadinovic A. Continuous peripheral nerve block in combat casualties receiving low-molecular weight heparin. Br J Anaesth. 2006;97:874–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Idestrup C, Sawhney M, Nix C, Kiss A. The incidence of hematoma formation in patients with continuous femoral catheters following total knee arthroplasty while receiving rivaroxaban as thromboprophylaxis: an observational study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014;39:414–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Gogarten W, Vandermeulen E, Van AH, Kozek S, Llau JV, Samama CM. Regional anaesthesia and antithrombotic agents: recommendations of the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010;27:999–1015.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Barrington MJ, Kluger R. Ultrasound guidance reduces the risk of local anesthetic systemic toxicity following peripheral nerve blockade. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2013;38:289–99.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Mather LE, Copeland SE, Ladd LA. Acute toxicity of local anesthetics: underlying pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic concepts. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30:553–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Neal JM. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and patient safety: An evidence-based analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35:S59–67.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Auroy Y, Narchi P, Messiah A, Litt L, Rouvier B, Samii K. Serious complications related to regional anesthesia: results of a prospective survey in France. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:479–86.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Nye ZB, Horn JL, Crittenden W, Abrahams MS, Aziz MF. Ambulatory continuous posterior lumbar plexus blocks following hip arthroscopy: a review of 213 cases. J Clin Anesth. 2013;25:268–74.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Harvey EJ, Sanders DW, Shuler MS, Lawendy AR, Cole AL, Alqahtani SM, Schmidt AH. What's new in acute compartment syndrome? J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26:699–702.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Davis ET, Harris A, Keene D, Porter K, Manji M. The use of regional anaesthesia in patients at risk of acute compartment syndrome. Injury. 2006;37:128–33.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Hyder N, Kessler S, Jennings AG, De Boer PG. Compartment syndrome in tibial shaft fracture missed because of a local nerve block. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996;78:499–500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Mannion S, Capdevila X. Acute compartment syndrome and the role of regional anesthesia. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2010;48:85–105.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Mar GJ, Barrington MJ, McGuirk BR. Acute compartment syndrome of the lower limb and the effect of postoperative analgesia on diagnosis. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102:3–11.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Munk-Andersen H, Laustrup TK. Compartment syndrome diagnosed in due time by breakthrough pain despite continuous peripheral nerve block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2013;57:1328–30.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Walker BJ, Noonan KJ, Bosenberg AT. Evolving compartment syndrome not masked by a continuous peripheral nerve block: evidence-based case management. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37:393–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Hocking G. Re: The use of regional anaesthesia in patients at risk of acute compartment syndrome. Injury. 2007;38:872–3.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Urmey WF, Talts KH, Sharrock NE. One hundred percent incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis associated with interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia as diagnosed by ultrasonography. Anesth Analg. 1991;72:498–503.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Urmey WF, McDonald M. Hemidiaphragmatic paresis during interscalene brachial plexus block: effects on pulmonary function and chest wall mechanics. Anesth Analg. 1992;74:352–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Renes SH, Rettig HC, Gielen MJ, Wilder-Smith OH, van Geffen GJ. Ultrasound-guided low-dose interscalene brachial plexus block reduces the incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:498–502.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Borgeat A, Perschak H, Bird P, Hodler J, Gerber C. Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine 0.2 % versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after major shoulder surgery: effects on diaphragmatic and respiratory function. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:102–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Pere P, Pitkanen M, Rosenberg PH, Bjorkenheim JM, Linden H, Salorinne Y, Tuominen M. Effect of continuous interscalene brachial plexus block on diaphragm motion and on ventilatory function. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1992;36:53–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Renes SH, van Geffen GJ, Rettig HC, Gielen MJ, Scheffer GJ. Minimum effective volume of local anesthetic for shoulder analgesia by ultrasound-guided block at root C7 with assessment of pulmonary function. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35:529–34.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Tuominen M, Tarkkila P. Diaphragmatic motion during continuous interscalene brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth. 1995;20:543–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Tsui BC, Dillane D. Reducing and washing off local anesthetic for continuous interscalene block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014;39:175–6.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Ip VH, Tsui BC. Continuous interscalene block: the good, the bad and the refined spread. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012;56:526–30.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Souron V, Reiland Y, Delaunay L. Pleural effusion and chest pain after continuous interscalene brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:535–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Yang CW, Jung SM, Cho CK, Kwon HU, Kang PS, Lim YS, Oh JY, Yi JW. Pleural effusion and atelectasis during continuous interscalene brachial plexus block—A case report. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2010;58:95–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  208. Sardesai AM, Chakrabarti AJ, Denny NM. Lower lobe collapse during continuous interscalene brachial plexus local anesthesia at home. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:65–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Church S, Robinson TN, Angles EM, Tran ZV, Wallace JI. Postoperative falls in the acute hospital setting: characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes in males. Am J Surg. 2011;201:197–202.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Ackerman DB, Trousdale RT, Bieber P, Henely J, Pagnano MW, Berry DJ. Postoperative patient falls on an orthopedic inpatient unit. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25:10–4.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Oliver D, Daly F, Martin FC, McMurdo ME. Risk factors and risk assessment tools for falls in hospital in-patients: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2004;33:122–30.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Johnson RL, Kopp SL, Hebl JR, Erwin PJ, Mantilla CB. Falls and major orthopaedic surgery with peripheral nerve blockade: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110:518–28.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  213. Kandasami M, Kinninmonth AW, Sarungi M, Baines J, Scott NB. Femoral nerve block for total knee replacement—a word of caution. Knee. 2009;16:98–100.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Wasserstein D, Farlinger C, Brull R, Mahomed N, Gandhi R. Advanced age, obesity and continuous femoral nerve blockade are independent risk factors for inpatient falls after primary total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:1121–4.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Chelly JE, Ghisi D, Fanelli A. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks in acute pain management. Br. J Anaesth. 2010;105(Suppl 1):i86–96.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Stevens JE, Mizner RL, Snyder-Mackler L. Quadriceps strength and volitional activation before and after total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2003;21:775–9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Johnson RL, Duncan CM, Ahn KS, Schroeder DR, Horlocker TT, Kopp SL. Fall-prevention strategies and patient characteristics that impact fall rates after total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg. 2014;119:1113–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Pelt CE, Anderson AW, Anderson MB, Van DC, Peters CL. Postoperative falls after total knee arthroplasty in patients with a femoral nerve catheter: can we reduce the incidence? J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:1154–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Saporito A, Sturini E, Petri J, Borgeat A, Aguirre JA. Case report: unusual complication during outpatient continuous regional popliteal analgesia. Can J Anaesth. 2012;59:958–62.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Clarke HD, Timm VL, Goldberg BR, Hattrup SJ. Preoperative patient education reduces in-hospital falls after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:244–9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Bauer M, Wang L, Onibonoje OK, Parrett C, Sessler DI, Mounir-Soliman L, Zaky S, Krebs V, Buller LT, Donohue MC, Stevens-Lapsley JE, Ilfeld BM. Continuous femoral nerve blocks: decreasing local anesthetic concentration to minimize quadriceps femoris weakness. Anesthesiology. 2012;116:665–72.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  222. Ilfeld BM, Moeller LK, Mariano ER, Loland VJ, Stevens-Lapsley JE, Fleisher AS, Girard PJ, Donohue MC, Ferguson EJ, Ball ST. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks: is local anesthetic dose the only factor, or do concentration and volume influence infusion effects as well? Anesthesiology. 2010;112:347–54.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Madison SJ, Monahan AM, Agarwal RR, Furnish TJ, Mascha EJ, Xu Z, Donohue MC, Morgan AC, Ilfeld BM. A randomized, triple-masked, active-controlled investigation of the relative effects of dose, concentration, and infusion rate for continuous popliteal-sciatic nerve blocks in volunteers. Br J Anaesth. 2015;114:121–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Brodner G, Buerkle H, Van AH, Lambert R, Schweppe-Hartenauer ML, Wempe C, Gogarten W. Postoperative analgesia after knee surgery: a comparison of three different concentrations of ropivacaine for continuous femoral nerve blockade. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:256–62.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Head S, Enneking FK. Infusate contamination in regional anesthesia: what every anesthesiologist should know. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:1412–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Hebl JR, Niesen AD. Infectious complications of regional anesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2011;24:573–80.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Ilfeld BM, Le LT, Ramjohn J, Loland VJ, Wadhwa AN, Gerancher JC, Renehan EM, Sessler DI, Shuster JJ, Theriaque DW, Maldonado RC, Mariano ER. The effects of local anesthetic concentration and dose on continuous infraclavicular nerve blocks: a multicenter, randomized, observer-masked, controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2009;108:345–50.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  228. Le LT, Loland VJ, Mariano ER, Gerancher JC, Wadhwa AN, Renehan EM, Sessler DI, Shuster JJ, Theriaque DW, Maldonado RC, Ilfeld BM. Effects of local anesthetic concentration and dose on continuous interscalene nerve blocks: a dual-center, randomized, observer-masked, controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:518–25.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  229. Bleckner LL, Bina S, Kwon KH, McKnight G, Dragovich A, Buckenmaier III CC. Serum ropivacaine concentrations and systemic local anesthetic toxicity in trauma patients receiving long-term continuous peripheral nerve block catheters. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:630–4.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Geert-Jan van Geffen MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

van Geffen, GJ., Bruhn, J. (2017). Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks Safe Practice and Management. In: Finucane, B., Tsui, B. (eds) Complications of Regional Anesthesia. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49386-2_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49386-2_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-49384-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-49386-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)