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Modern Approaches to Hydrotreating Catalysis

  • Chapter
Springer Handbook of Petroleum Technology

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Hydrotreating plays an important role in petroleum refining . Crude oil contains contaminants  – sulfur, nitrogen , oxygen and trace elements – which must be removed to meet product specifications. Most refineries include at least three hydrotreating units for upgrading naphtha, middle distillates , gas oils, intermediate process streams, and/or residue. Hydrotreating catalysts are the core of the process.

This chapter reviews current progress in tackling the issues found in upgrading distillates and residues by hydrotreating and focuses on the chemistry of hydrodesulfurization (GlossaryTerm

HDS

), hydrodenitrogenation (GlossaryTerm

HDN

), hydrodeoxygenation (GlossaryTerm

HDO

) and hydrolytic demetalization (GlossaryTerm

HDM

). We discuss the composition and functions of hydrotreating catalysts, and we highlight areas for further improvement. The distillate molecules are accessed by gas chromatography-atomic emission detection (GlossaryTerm

GC-AED

) and gas chromatography-time of flight (GlossaryTerm

GC-TOF

) to identify and quantify all molecules in the feeds and hydrotreated products. Enhancement of reactivity and suppression of inhibition are discussed based on the molecular structure versus reactivity/inhibition correlations. A molecular approach towards the residue is progressed by applying ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (GlossaryTerm

FT-ICR

) mass spectroscopy. Nevertheless, target molecules in resid HDS and HDN are not defined yet due to the polymeric and agglomerated nature of the molecules. Molecular images of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing species are still major targets of hydrotreating. However, porphyrinic metal compounds in the resid, even the asphaltene, can now be detected by GC-AED, gas chromatography-iconductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (GlossaryTerm

GC-ICP-MS

) as well as FT-ICR, indicating that the porphyrinic metal compounds can be isolated for observation from the resid and asphaltene matrix under the analytical conditions. The carbon deposit on the catalyst in the HDM is reviewed to show its important influence on capacity and distribution of metal on the catalyst. The carbon deposit is the major issue in hydrotreating. The reactivity of feed molecules for the carbon deposit includes the condensation and adsorption phase separation, which depend on reactivity and dissolution/antidissolution properties of surrounding species as well as the properties of particular molecules concerned. Further challenges in hydrotreating are also discussed concerning the issues picked up in the molecular structure reactivity/inhibition of distillates and residues.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Japan Cooperation Center, Petroleum (JCCP) for funding our research project on the refining of Kuwait Crudes through the support of Japan Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), through which this chapter has been prepared. The authors would like to express gratitude to Dr. M. Marafi, ED/PRC at the Petroleum Research Center for her continued managerial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Petroleum Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 13109, Safat, Kuwait

    Joo-Il Park

  2. Kyushu Environmental Evaluation Association, 1-10-1, Matsukadai, Higashi-ku, 831-0004, Fukuoka, Japan

    Isao Mochida

  3. Petroleum Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 13109, Safat, Kuwait

    Abdulazeem M. J. Marafi & Adel Al-Mutairi

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  1. Joo-Il Park
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  2. Isao Mochida
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  3. Abdulazeem M. J. Marafi
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  4. Adel Al-Mutairi
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Correspondence to Joo-Il Park .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University/Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer St., FL 32310, Tallahassee, USA

    Chang Samuel Hsu   (許強)

  2. China University of Petroleum - Beijing College of Chemical Engineering, Changping, China

    Chang Samuel Hsu   (許強)

  3. Petro Bio Consulting LLC, Tallahassee, USA

    Chang Samuel Hsu   (許強)

  4. Katy Institute for Sustainable Energy, 3418 Clear Water Park Dr., TX 77450, Katy, USA

    Paul R. Robinson

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Park, JI., Mochida, I., Marafi, A.M.J., Al-Mutairi, A. (2017). Modern Approaches to Hydrotreating Catalysis. In: Hsu, C.S., Robinson, P.R. (eds) Springer Handbook of Petroleum Technology. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

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