Abstract
Replicating loops represent a class of benchmarks, which is commonly studied in relation with cellular automata. Most of the known loops, for which replication rules exist in two-dimensional cellular space, create the copies of themselves using a certain construction algorithm that is common for all the emerging replicas. In such cases, the replication starts from a single instance of the loop (represented as the initial state of the cellular automaton) and is controlled by the transition function of the automaton according to which the copies of the loop are developed. Despite the fact that universal replicators in cellular automata are possible (for example, von Neumann’s Universal Constructor), the process of replication of the loops is usually specific to the shape of the loop and the replication rules given by the transition function. This work presents a method for the automatic evolutionary design of cellular automata, which allows us to design transition functions for various structures that are able to replicate according to a given specification. It will be shown that new replicating loops can be discovered that exhibit some unconventional features in comparison with the known solutions. In particular, several scenarios will be presented which can, in addition to the replication from the initial loop, autonomously develop the given loop from a seed, with the ability of the loop to subsequently produce its replicas according to the given specification. Moreover, a parallel replicator will be shown that is able to develop the replicas to several directions using different replication algorithms.
References
Berlekamp, E.R., Conway, J.H., Guy, R.K.: Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays, vol. 4, 2nd edn. A K Peters/CRC Press, Boca Raton (2004)
Bidlo, M.: Evolving multiplication as emergent behavior in cellular automata using conditionally matching rules. In: 2014 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, pp. 2001–2008. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (2014)
Bidlo, M., Vasicek, Z.: Evolution of cellular automata with conditionally matching rules. In: 2013 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC 2013), pp. 1178–1185. IEEE Computer Society (2013)
Byl, J.: Self-reproduction in small cellular automata. Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom. 34(1–2), 295–299 (1989)
Elmenreich, W., Fehérvári, I.: Evolving self-organizing cellular automata based on neural network genotypes. In: Bettstetter, C., Gershenson, C. (eds.) IWSOS 2011. LNCS, vol. 6557, pp. 16–25. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19167-1_2
Fogel, L.J., Owens, A.J., Walsh, M.J.: Artificial Intelligence Through Simulated Evolution. Wiley, New York (1966)
Holland, J.H.: Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor (1975)
Langton, C.G.: Self-reproduction in cellular automata. Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom. 10(1–2), 135–144 (1984)
Mitchell, M., Hraber, P.T., Crutchfield, J.P.: Revisiting the edge of chaos: evolving cellular automata to perform computations. Complex Syst. 7(2), 89–130 (1993)
Packard, N.H.: Adaptation toward the edge of chaos. In: Kelso, J.A.S., Mandell, A.J., Shlesinger, M.F. (eds.) Dynamic Patterns in Complex Systems, pp. 293–301. World Scientific, Singapore (1988)
Perrier, J.-Y., Sipper, M., Zahnd, J.: Toward a viable, self-reproducing universal computer. Phys. D 97, 335–352 (1996)
Reggia, J.A., Armentrout, S.L., Chou, H.-H., Peng, Y.: Simple systems that exhibit self-directed replication. Science 259(5099), 1282–1287 (1993)
Sapin, E., Adamatzky, A., Collet, P., Bull, L.: Stochastic automated search methods in cellular automata: the discovery of tens of thousands of glider guns. Natural Comput. 9(3), 513–543 (2010)
Sapin, E., Bull, L.: Searching for glider guns in cellular automata: exploring evolutionary and other techniques. In: Monmarché, N., Talbi, E.-G., Collet, P., Schoenauer, M., Lutton, E. (eds.) EA 2007. LNCS, vol. 4926, pp. 255–265. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79305-2_22
Sipper, M.: Quasi-uniform computation-universal cellular automata. In: Morán, F., Moreno, A., Merelo, J.J., Chacón, P. (eds.) ECAL 1995. LNCS, vol. 929, pp. 544–554. Springer, Heidelberg (1995). doi:10.1007/3-540-59496-5_324
Sipper, M. (ed.): Evolution of Parallel Cellular Machines. LNCS, vol. 1194. Springer, Heidelberg (1997)
Sipper, M., Goeke, M., Mange, D., Stauffer, A., Sanchez, E., Tomassini, M.: Online evolware. In: IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, pp. 181–186 (1997)
Stefano, G., Navarra, A.: Scintillae: how to approach computing systems by means of cellular automata. In: Sirakoulis, G.C., Bandini, S. (eds.) ACRI 2012. LNCS, vol. 7495, pp. 534–543. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33350-7_55
Tempesti, G.: A new self-reproducing cellular automaton capable of construction and computation. In: Morán, F., Moreno, A., Merelo, J.J., Chacón, P. (eds.) ECAL 1995. LNCS, vol. 929, pp. 555–563. Springer, Heidelberg (1995). doi:10.1007/3-540-59496-5_325
von Neumann, J.: Theory of self-reproducing automata. In: Burks, A.W. (ed.) Essays on Cellular Automata. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and London (1966)
Yunès, J.-B.: Achieving universal computations on one-dimensional cellular automata. In: Bandini, S., Manzoni, S., Umeo, H., Vizzari, G. (eds.) ACRI 2010. LNCS, vol. 6350, pp. 660–669. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15979-4_74
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic from the National Programme of Sustainability (NPU II); project IT4Innovations excellence in science - LQ1602.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bidlo, M. (2017). Evolution of Cellular Automata-Based Replicating Structures Exhibiting Unconventional Features. In: Merelo, J.J., et al. Computational Intelligence. IJCCI 2015. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 669. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48506-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48506-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48504-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48506-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)