Skip to main content

Patient Comfort During Colonoscopy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advanced Colonoscopy and Endoluminal Surgery

Abstract

Colonoscopy is a commonly performed procedure for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease of the colon and rectum. Barriers to the procedure include cost, the need to prep and the unpleasantness associated with that process, and fear of pain during the procedure. In order to assist in compliance with recommendations for subsequent exams and to preserve the general reputation of the procedure, it is necessary to provide patients adequate procedural comfort. While there are some enthusiasts for unsedated colonoscopy, most patients will not opt for this. Several sedative and analgesics either used separately or in combination are commonly used to give patients the desired level of comfort during the exam and to facilitate the exam and any therapeutic procedures performed. Additionally, other procedural adjuncts, such as water-aided colonoscopy, carbon dioxide, and varying scope diameters, have been touted as improving patient comfort, thereby allowing for lesser degrees of sedation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cohen LB. Sedation issues in quality colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2010;20:615–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Rex D, Kahlfan H. Sedation and the technical performance of colonoscopy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2005;15:661–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Childers RE, Williams JL, Sonnenberg A. Practice patterns of sedation for colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;82:503–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Cohen LB, Wecsler JS, Gaetoano JN, et al. Endoscopic sedation in the United States: results from a nationwide survey. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:967–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bannert C, Reinhart K, Dunkler D, Trauner M, et al. Sedation in screening colonoscopy: impact on quality indicators and complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:1837–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Radaelli F, Meucci G, Sgroi Minoli G. Technical performance of colonoscopy: the key role of sedation/analgesia and other quality indicators. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1122–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Crispen A, Birkner B, Munte A, Nusko G, Mansmann U. Process quality and incidence of acute complications in a series of more than 230,000 outpatient colonoscopies. Endoscopy. 2009;41:1018–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Paggi S, Radaelli F, Amato A, Meucci G, Spinzi G, Rondonotti E, et al. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75:392–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Petrini JL, Egan JV, Hahn WV. Unsedated colonoscopy: patient characteristics and satisfaction in a community-based endoscopy unit. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69:567–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Aljebreen A, Almadi M, Leung F. Sedated vs. unsedated colonoscopy: a prospective study. World J Gastroienterol. 2014;20:5113–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Continuum of depth of sedation definition of general anesthesia and levels of sedation/analgesia. American Society of Anesthesiologists. http://www.asahqorg/publicationsAndServices/standards/20pdf. Accessed 5 Mar 2016.

  12. Singh H, Poluha W, Cheung M, Choptain N, Baron KI, Taback SP. Propofol for sedation during colonoscopy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;8:CD006268.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cooper GS, Kou TD, Rex DK. Complications following colonoscopy with anesthesia assistance. A population-based analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:551–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. El Chafic AH, Ecker G, Rex DK. Prospective description of coughing, hemodynamic changes and oxygen desaturation during endoscopic sedation. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57:1899–907.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ulmer B, Hansen J, Overly C, Symms M, Chadawada V, Liangpunsakul S, et al. Propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl for outpatient colonoscopy: administration by nurses supervised by endoscopists. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;1:425–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lazaraki G, Kountouras J, Metallidis S, Dokas S, Bakaloudis T, et al. Single use of fentanyl in colonoscopy is safe and effective and significantly shortens recovery time. Surg Endosc. 2007;21:1631–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Manolaraki MM, Theodoropoulou A, Stroumpos C, Vardas E, Oustamanolakis P, Gritzali A, et al. Remifentanil compared with midazolam and pethidine sedation during colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized study. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;53:34–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Usta B, Türkay C, Muslu B. Patient-controlled analgesia and sedation with alfentanyl versus fentanyl for colonoscopy: a randomized double blind study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45:E72–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wu J, Hu B. The role of carbon dioxide insufflation in colonoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endoscopy. 2012;44:128–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Leung FW. Water-aided colonoscopy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2013;42:507–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Leung FW, Amato A, Ell C, Friedland S, Harker J, Hsieh Y, et al. Water-aided colonoscopy: a systematic review. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76:657–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Garborg K, Kaminski MF, Lindenburger W, Wilg H, Audun H, Wronska E, et al. Water exchange versus carbon dioxide insufflation in unsedated colonoscopy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy. 2015;47:192–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang X, Luo H, Leung F, Wang L, Zhang L, Liu Z, et al. Left-colon water exchange preserves the benefits of whole colon water exchange at reduced cecal intubation time conferring significant advantage in diagnostic colonoscopy—a prospective randomized controlled trial. Scan J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:916–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Falt P, Liberda M, Šmajstria V, Kliment M, Bartkova A, Tvrdik J, et al. Combination of water immersion and carbon dioxide insufflation for minimal sedation colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized, single-center trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24:971–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cadoni S, Falt P, Gallittu P, Liggi M, Mura D, Smajstrla V, et al. Water exchange is the least painful colonoscope insertion technique and increases completion of unsedated colonoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:1972–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Chen Y, Duan YT, Xie Q, Qin X, Chen B, Xia L, et al. Magnetic endoscopic imaging vs standard colonoscopy: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:7197–204.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Teshima CW, Zepeda-Gomez S, Al Shankiti SH, Sandha GS. Magnetic imaging-assisted colonoscopy vs conventional colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:13178–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Leung JW, Thai A, Yen A, Ward G, Abramyan O, Lee J, et al. Magnetic endoscope imaging (ScopeGuide) elucidates the mechanism of action of the pain-alleviating impact of water exchange colonoscopy—attenuation of loop formation. J Interv Gastroenterol. 2012;2:142–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Susuki T, Matsushima M, Tsukune Y, Fujisawa T, Yazaki T, Uchida T, et al. Double- balloon endoscopy versus magnet-imaging enhanced colonoscopy for difficult colonoscopies, a randomized study. Endoscopy. 2012;44:38–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Chen PJ, Shi YL, Chu HC, Chang WK, Hsich TY, Chao YC, et al. A prospective trial of variable stiffness colonoscopies with different tip diameters in unsedated patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1365–71, 7197–7204.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Yoshikawa I, Honda H, Nagata K, Kanda K, Yamasaki T, Kume K, et al. Variable stiffness colonoscopies are associated with less pain during colonoscopy in unsedated patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:3052–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ogawa T, Ohda Y, Nagase K, Kono T, Tozawa K, Tomita T, et al. Evaluation of discomfort during colonoscopy with conventional and ultrathin colonoscopies in ulcerative colitis. Dig Endosc. 2015;27:99–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Vergis N, McGrath A, Stoddart C, Hoare J. Right or left in COLonosopy (ROLCOL)? A randomized controlled trial of right—versus left-sided starting position in colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110:1576–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Welchman S, Cochrane S, Minto G, Lewis S. Systematic review: the use of nitrous oxide gas for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32:324–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Aboumarzouk OM, Argawal T, Syed Nong Check SAH, Milewski PJ, Nelson RL. Nitrous oxide for colonoscopy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011:8. Art No. CD008506.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Maslekar S, Gardiner A, Hughes M, Culbert B, Duthie GS. Randomized clinical trial of Entonox versus midazolam-fentanyl sedation for colonoscopy. Br J Surg. 2009;96:361–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Løberg M, Furholm S, Hoff I, Aabakken L, Hoff G, Bretthauer M. Nitrous oxide for analgesia in colonoscopy without sedation. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74:1347–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cutler CS, Rex DK, Hawes RH, Lehman GA. Does routine intravenous glucagon administration facilitate colonoscopy? A randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;42:346–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Tami N, Matsuda K, Sumiyama K, Yoshida Y, Tajiri H. Glucagon facilitates colonoscopy and reduces patient discomfort: a randomized double-blind controlled trial with salivary amylase stress analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;25:575–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Church JM. Warm water irrigation for dealing with spasm during colonoscopy: simple, inexpensive, and effective. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:672–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Yoshikawa I, Yamasaki M, Taguchi M, Kanda K, Tashiro M, Kume K, et al. Comparison of glucagon and scopolamine butylbromide as premedication for colonoscopy in unsedated patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1393–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Chaptini LA, Janec E, Seltzer G, Peikin S, Elfant AB. Sublingual hyoscamine as premedication for colonoscopy: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Am J Surg. 2008;196:51–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charles B. Whitlow M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.S.C.R.S. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Whitlow, C.B. (2017). Patient Comfort During Colonoscopy. In: Lee, S., Ross, H., Rivadeneira, D., Steele, S., Feingold, D. (eds) Advanced Colonoscopy and Endoluminal Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48370-2_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48370-2_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48368-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48370-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics