Abstract
Most of the Australia’s sheep (90 %) and cattle (55 %) are reared on rainfed pastures in the agricultural belt, also known as the Intensive Landuse Zone (ILZ). Sheep numbers have declined by 55 % since 1990, and cattle numbers have increased by 5–10 %. The total area of grazing land in the ILZ has declined from an estimated 74 to ~ 60 Mha, of which 20 Mha are sown pastures and 40 Mha are modified native grasslands or grassy woodlands. Better returns from dryland crops than pastures have reduced the inputs to pastures on mixed farms and increased cropping in higher rainfall zones. Two national pasture audits (1994 and 2011) found that one-third of pastures is in poor condition. Less than 20 % of pastures have received adequate fertiliser, lime or reseeding in the past two decades. Soil nutrient imbalance or deficiency is common. Estimates of carrying capacities are the same or lower today than in the 1990s except on exotic grass and legume swards in temperate, higher rainfall regions. Much of the grazing land in the ILZ is underused representing poor asset utilization, but current and emerging technologies exist for improving productivity if markets provide the needed stimulus. Rationalisation of the red-meat value chain and market expansion offer potential for significant on-farm productivity gain when combined with new farm business systems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Index of annual rainfall variability defined as [90p-–10p]/50p > 0.5-–0.75; p = 90th, 50th and 10th percentiles: http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/climate_averages/rainfall-variability/index.jsp
- 2.
NDVI = Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, the ratio of near infra-red to visible wavelength reflectance spectra for green vegetation received by satellite sensors.
- 3.
such as Microlaena stipoides Labil (stipa), Themeda australis .(kangaroo grass) and Austrodanthonia bipartita (Link) H.P. Linder (wallaby grass).
- 4.
A test for the amount of P available to plants in soils where soil pH in water <7.4, suitable for most Australian pasture soils. Soils require a Colwell P kg−1 >30 mg P to reach their equivalent ‘critical value’ (CV ) that provides 90–95 % of maximum plant production.
References
ABARE-BRS (2010) Australian collaborative land use and management program– national land use mapping. Land use Australia, Version 4. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Bureau of Resource Sciences. Canberra. Available at: http://apps.daff.gov.au/AGSURF/. Last checked 20-03-16
ABARES (2014) Australian farm surveys: all broadacre industries selected physical and financial estimates, 1990–2014. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Department of Primary Industries. Commonwealth of Australia. Available at: http://apps.daff.gov.au/AGSURF/ last checked 20-10-15
Accad A, Neldner VJ, Wilson BA, Niehus RE (2013) Remnant vegetation in Queensland. Analysis of remnant vegetation 1997–2011, including regional ecosystem information. Queensland Department of Science Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts, Brisbane
AMPC (2013) AMPC Strategic Plan 2013–2017. Australian Meat Processing Corporation, St Leonards, NSW, p 48
Angus JF, Peoples MB (2012) Nitrogen from Australian dryland pastures. Crop Pasture Sci 63:746–758
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (1982–1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011) Agricultural census records concorded, consistent sets, courtesy of ABARES
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2013) Agricultural Resource Management Practices, Australia 2011–2012, Catalogue No. 4630.0. Issued 28/06/2013
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2014) Land management and farming in Australia 2012–13, Catalogue number 4627.0 (46270DO001_2007-13). Data collected from the rural environment and agricultural commodities survey 2013. Commonwealth of Australia Available at http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/7121.0 last checked 14-03-16
Australian State of the Environment Committee (2011) The state of the environment report 2011. Chapter 5, Land. pp. 287–293, and Figures 10a and 10b. Department of Environment, Sport, Arts and Communities. Commonwealth of Australia
Barson M, Mewett J, Paplinska J (2012) Land management practice trends in Australia's grazing (beef cattle/sheep) industries. Caring for our Country Sustainable Practices, fact sheet 2. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra
Behrendt K, Eppleston J (2011) Threats, realities and opportunities of grassland farming in the Central Highlands. In: Proceedings of the 26th annual conference of the Grassland Society, New South Wales
Bell AK, Allan CJ (2000) PROGRAZE – an extension package in grazing and pasture management. Aus J Exp Agric 40:325–330
Bell LW, Moore AD (2012) Integrated crop-livestock systems in Australian agriculture: trends, drivers and implications. Agric Syst 111:–12
Bell MJ, Eckard RJ, Harrison MT, Neal JS, Cullen BR (2013) Effect of warming on the productivity of perennial ryegrass and kikuyu pastures in south eastern Australia. Crop Pasture Sci 64(1):61–70
Bell LW, Hayes RC, Pembleton KG, Waters CM (2014) Opportunities and challenges in Australian grasslands: pathways to achieve future sustainability and productivity imperatives. Crop Pasture Sci 65:489–507
Benson J (1996) What is a native grassland? In: Proceedings of the 11th annual conference of the Grassland Society New South Wales, 1996, pp 92–96
Blair G. (2008) SSP: single superphosphate, a scenario slowly passing. In: Unkovich M (ed) Global issues. Paddock Action. Proceedings of the 14th Australian Agron conference 21–25 September 2008. Adelaide, South Australia. Available at: http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2008/concurrent/plant-nutrition/5950_blairg.htm last checked 20-01-16
Bureau of Meteorology (2014) State of the Climate 2014. Full Report. Commonwealth of Australia, p 16. Available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/state-of-the-climate/documents /state-of-the-climate/2014/ last checked 2-02-16
Burns H, Norton M (2015) Constraints to greater use of pulses and forage legumes on acid soils of the high rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia- focus groups and a farmer survey. In: Proceedings of the 17th Australian Society Agron conference 20–24 September, Hobart. Australia
Clark SG, Donnelly JR, Moore AD (2000) The GrassGro decision support tool: its effectiveness in simulating pasture and animal production and value in determining research priorities. Aus J Exp Agric 40:247–256
Cook GD, Dias L (2003) It was no accident: deliberate plant introductions by Australian government agencies during the twentieth century. Aus J Bot 54:601–625
Curtis K (2009) Recent changes in the Australian sheep industry (the disappearing flock). Issue No. 012. Department of Agriculture and Food. Government of Western Australia
Dahl A, Martin P, Gray E (2014) Australian lamb: financial performance of slaughter lamb producing farms 2011–12 to 2013–14. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences Res Rep, 14.9. Meat and Livestock Australia, Canberra, August
Descheemaeker K, Llewellyn R, Moore A, Whitbread A (2013) Experimental trials and simulation modelling indicate that summer-growing perennial grasses are a potential new feed source in the Mallee region of southern Australia. In: Michalk DL, Millar GD, Badgery WB, Broadfoot KM (eds) Proceedings of the 22nd international Grasslands Congress 15–19 Sept 2013, pp 479–482
Dolling PJ, Latta RA, Ward PR, Robertson MJ, Asseng S (2005) Soil water extraction and biomass production by lucerne in the south of Western Australia. Aus J Agric Res 56:389–404
Donald G (2012) Final Report: analysis of feed-base audit. Project number: B.PAS 0297. Meat and Livestock Australia, North Sydney
Donald GE, Gherardi ASG, Edirisinghe BEA, Gittins CSP, Henry D, Mata G (2010) Using MODIS imagery, climate and soil data to estimate pasture growth rates on farms in the south-west of Western Australia. Anim Prod Sci 50:611–615
Doole GJ, Bathgate AD, Robertson MJ (2009) Labour scarcity restricts the potential scale of grazed perennial plants in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Anim Prod Sci 46:860–893
Doyle PT, Grimm M, Thompson AN (1993) Grazing for pasture and sheep management in the annual pasture zone. In: Kemp DR, Michalk DL (eds) Pasture management technology for the 21st century. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 71–90
Eaves C (2010) NSW rural land performance: 1990–2008. Aust Agribus Rev 18:85–102
Ellington A (1986) Nitrogen inputs and utilisation in leguminous pasture: a review of recent Australian literature. Tech Rep No. 128. Victorian Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Melbourne
Evergraze (2014) More livestock from perennials. Available at: http://www.wool.com/on-farm-research-and-development/production-systems-eco/whole-farm-systems/evergraze/ last checked 7-03-16
Gazey C, Gartner D (2009) Survey of West Australian agricultural lime sources. Bulletin 4760, Department of Agriculture and Food. Government of Western Australia
Graetz RD, Wilson MA, Campbell SK (1995) Landcover disturbance over the Australian continent: a contemporary assessment. Biodiversity series paper 7. Department of Environment, Sports and Territories, Commonwealth of Australia. Canberra
Grains Research and Development Corporation (2007). The value of pastures. Available at: http://www.grdc.com.au/Research-andDevelopment/Major-Initiatives/ last checked 22-02-16
Hacker RB, Robertson MJ, Price RJ, Bowman AM (2009) Evolution of mixed farming systems for delivery of triple bottom line outcomes; a synthesis of the Grain and Graze program. Anim Prod Sci 49:966–974
Harries M, Anderson GC, Hüberli D (2015) Crop sequences in Western Australia: what are they and are they sustainable? Findings of a four-year survey. Crop Pas Sci 66:634–647
Helyar KR (1976) Nitrogen cycling and soil acidification. J Aus Inst Sci 42:217–221
Heng LK, White RE, Helyar KR, Fisher R, Chen D (2001) Seasonal differences in the soil water balance under perennial and annual pastures on an acid sodosol in south eastern Australia. Eur J Soil Sci 52:227–236
Hill MJ (1996) Potential adaptation zones for temperate pasture species as constrained by climate: a knowledge-based logical modelling approach. Aust J Agric Res 47:1095–1117
Hill MJ, Donald GE (1998) Australian Temperate Pastures Database [electronic resource]. Compiled for National Pastures Improvement Coordinating Committee, Hill MJ, Donald GE. CSIRO Animal Production Division 1998, Perth, Western Australia
Hill MJ, Vickery PJ, Furnival EP, Donald GE (1999) Pasture land cover in eastern Australia from NOAA-AVHRR NDVI and classified Landsat TM. Remote Sens Environ 67:32–50
Hill MJ, Donald GE, Hyder MW, Smith RCG (2004) Estimation of pasture growth rate in the south west of Western Australia from AVHRR NDVI and climate data. Remote Sens Environ 93:528–545
Hooper S, Levantis C (2011) Physical and financial performance benchmarks for grain producing farms for the six Southern agro-ecological regions, and seven Western and Northern agro-ecological regions. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences reports prepared for the Grains Research and Development Corporation, February 2011
Howieson JG, O’Hara GW, Carr SJ (2000) Changing role for legumes in Mediterranean agriculture; developments from an Australian perspective. Field Crop Res 65:107–122
Hutchings TR, Nordblom TL (2011) A financial analysis of the effect of the mix of cropping and sheep enterprises on the risk profile of dryland farms in south-east Australia. Aus Agric Res Econ Soc 55th Ann Conf, Melbourne, Victoria
International Panel on Climate Change (2007) Fourth assessment report 2007. The physical science basis. Section 11.7 Australia and New Zealand. 11.7–11.7.3.6. Working Group 1
Jie F, Parton K A (2009). Analysing beef supply chain strategy in Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom. In: Proceedings of the Australian NZ Marketing Academy conference, Melbourne, pp 1–6
Johnson IR (2013) DairyMod and the SGS Pasture Model: a mathematical description of the biophysical model structure. IMJ Consultants, Dorrigo
Johnson IR, Lodge GM, White RE (2003) The sustainable grazing systems pasture model: description, philosophy and application to the SGS national experiment. Aus J Exp Agric 43:711–728
Kemp DR, Dowling PM (2000) Towards sustainable temperate perennial pastures. Aust J Exp Agric 40:135–132
Kingwell R (2011) Managing complexity in modern farming. Aus J Agric Econ 55:12–34
Kingwell R (2005) Future broadacre farming systems in Australia: a personal view Available at http://www.agrifood.info/Agrifood/connections/autumn_2005/Kingwell.htm last checked 16-03-16
Kirkegaard JA, Sprague SJ, Dove H, Kelman WM, Marcroft SJ, Lieschke A (2008) Dual-purpose canola, a new opportunity in mixed farming systems. Aus J Agric Res 59:291–302
Lake A (2012) Australia’s declining crop yield trends: II. The role of nitrogen nutrition. 16th Australian Agronomy Society conference, Armidale, New South Wales
Lefroy EC (2002) Forage trees and shrubs in Australia; their current use and future potential. A report for the Joint Venture Agroforestry Program. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Publication 02/039. Available at: https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/items/02-039 last checked 27-02-16
Linehan V, Thorpe T, Andrews N, Kim Y, Beaini F (2012) Food Demand to 2050: opportunities for Australian agriculture. 42nd Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences Outlook conference, 6–7 March 2012, Canberra
Llewellyn R, D’Emden FH (2010) Adoption of no-till cropping practices in Australian grain growing regions. Grains Research and Development Corporation and CSIRO, Kingston, p. 31
Martin P (2015) Australian beef. Financial performance of beef cattle producing farms 2012–3 to 2014–5. Australian Bureau of Agricultural Economics and Sciences Res Rep 15.5, Department of Agriculture, Canberra.
Massey C (2011) Breaking the sheep’s back. pp. 436. University of Queensland Press.
Meat and Livestock Australia (2012a) Cattle numbers as at June 2011- natural resource management region. Published by Meat and Livestock Australia Ltd
Meat and Livestock Australia (2012b) Sheep numbers as at June 2011- natural resource management region Published by Meat and Livestock Australia Ltd
Mewett J, Paplinska J, Kelly G, Lesslie R, Pritchard P, Atyeo C (2013) Towards national reporting on agricultural landuse in Australia. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences Technical report 13.06
Moore AD (2014) Integrated farming systems for a sustainable future-what is the role of mixed farming in sustainable agriculture? Available at: http://www.grdc.com.au /Research-and-Development/GRDC-Update-Papers/2014/09/Integrated-farming-systems-for-a-sustainable-future last checked 4-03-16
Moore AD, Bell LW, Revell DK (2009) Feed gaps in mixed-farming systems: insights from the Grain and Graze program. Anim Prod Sci 49:736–748
National Land and Water Resources Audit (2001) Australian agricultural assessment volume 2. Natural Heritage Trust, Canberra
Nichols PGH, Revell CK, Humphries AW, Howie JH, Hall EJ, Sandral GA, Ghamkhar K, Harris CA (2012) Temperate pasture legumes in Australia- their history, current use and future prospects. Crop Pasture Sci 63:691–725
Nichols PGH, Loi A, Nutt BJ, Evans PM, Craig AD, Pengelly BC, Dear BS, Lloyd DL, Revell CK, Nair RM, Ewing MA, Howieson JG, Auricht GA, Howie JH, Sandral GA, Carr SJ, de Koning CT, Hackney BF, Crocer GJ, Snowball R, Hughes SJ, Hall EJ, Foster KJ, Skinner PW, Barbetti MJ, You MP (2006). New annual and short-lived perennial pasture legumes for Australian agriculture – 15 years of revolution. Field Crops Res 104: 10-23
Norris P (2009) ‘No till’, no sheep and ‘knowledge’ farming system. pp. 36–38. Aus Grain, May–June 2009
Nossal K, Sheng Y (2010) Productivity growth; trends, drivers and opportunities for broadacre and dairy industries. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Commodities 17: 217–229 Australian Government, Canberra
Nossal K, Gooday P (2009) Raising productivity growth in Australian agriculture. Technical report 09.7, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Government, Canberra
Pearson CJ, Brown R, Collins WJ, Archer KA, Wood MS, Petersen C, Booth B (1997) An Australian temperate pasture database. Aus J Agric Res 48:453–465
Peoples MB, Bowman AM, Gault RR, Herridge DF, McCallum MH, McCormick KM, Norton RM, Rochester IJ, Scammell GJ, Schwenke GD (2001) Factors regulating the contributions of fixed nitrogen by pasture and crop legumes to different farming systems in eastern Australia. Plant Soil 228:29–41
Porter WA, McLay CDA, Dolling PJ (1995) Rates and sources of acidification in agricultural systems in southern Australia. In: Date RA, Grundon NJ, Rayment GE (eds) Plant soil interactions at low pH. Kluwer, Amsterdam, pp. 75–83
Powles SB, Preston C, Jutsum AR, Bryan IB (1997) Herbicide resistance: impact and management. Adv Agron 58:5–93
Price RJ, Hacker RB (2008) Grain and graze: an innovative triple bottom line approach to collaborative and multi-disciplinary mixed-farming systems research, development and extension. Anim Prod Sci 49:729–735
QTLC (Queensland Transport and Logistics Council) (2014) Supply chain perspective; livestock/meat. Available at: http://www.qtlc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/QTLC-Supply-Chain-Perspective_Livestock.pdf last checked 03/04/16
Robertson M, Bathgate N, Reynolds M, Hayes R, McCormick J, Li G, Casburn G (2014) EverCrop uniform rainfall zone – assessing the impact of input costs on enterprise mix on crop-livestock farms in southern NSW. Technical report no. 11. Future Farms Cooperative Research Centre
Robertson M (2010) Australian productivity in Australia and New Zealand; constraints and opportunities. Plenary paper, 15th Australian Society Agron conference, Lincoln, New Zealand
Rose G, Kingwell R (2009) Seasonal labour is the most profitable use of labour in broadacre crop dominant farms. Final report, Land and Water Australia, Australian Government
Ryan T (2010) The Australian fertiliser industry—values and issues. Australian Fertilizer Industry conference, Fertiliser Industry Federation of Australia. Available at: http://www.iama.org.au/sites/default/files/Australian%20Fertilizer%20Industry%20Value%20and%20Issues%20August%202010.pdf. Last checked 12-02-16
Scanlan JC (1991) Woody overstorey and herbaceous understorey biomass in Acacia harpophylla (brigalow) woodlands. Aus J Ecol 16:521–529
Seymour M, Kirkegaard JA, Peoples MB, White PF, French RJ (2012) Break crop benefits –insights from three decades of research. Crop Pas Sci 63:1–16
Singh DK, Bird PR, Saul GR (2001) Maximising the use of soil water by herbaceous species in the high rainfall zone of southern Australia: a review. Aus J Agric Res 54:677–691
Spiers SD, Reuter DJ, Peverell KI, Brennan RF (2013) Making better fertiliser decisions for cropping systems in Australia: an overview. Crop Pas Sci 64:412–423
Thompson T, Martin P (2014) Australian beef. Financial performance of beef production farms 2011–12 to 2013–14. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences Res Rep 14.7. Australian Government, Department of Agriculture.
Umstatter C (2011) The evolution of virtual fences; a review. Comput Electron Agric 75:10–22
Unkovich M, Baldock G, Peoples M (2010) Prospects and problems of simple linear models for estimating symbiotic N2 fixation by crop and pasture legumes. Plant Soil 329:75–89
van Rees H,White B, Laidlaw J, McKinley D (2011) Farming during a period of extreme climate variability: consequences and lessons. Final Report December 2011, prepared for the Birchip Cropping Group
Virgona JM, Gummer FAL, Angus JF (2006) Effects of grazing on wheat growth, yield, development, water use and nitrogen use. Aus J Agric Res 57:1307–1309
Walcott JJ, Zuo H, Loch AD, Smart RV (2013) Patterns and trends in Australian agriculture: a consistent set of agricultural statistics at small areas for analysing regional changes. J Land Use Sci 9:453–473
Weaver DW, Wong MTF (2011) Scope to improve phosphorus (P) management and balance efficiency of crop and pasture soils with contrasting P status and buffering indices. Plant Soil 349:37–54
Webb Ware J (2014) Opportunities to maximise livestock profit in mixed-farming enterprises. Mackinnon Project, University of Melbourne. Grains and Development Research Corporation. Australian Government. Available at: https://www.grdc.com.au/Research-and-Development/GRDC-Update-Papers/2014/03/Opportunities-to-maximise-livestock-profit-in-mixed-farming-enterprises. Last checked 13-13-16
Whitbread AM, Pengelly BC, Smith BR (2005) An evaluation of three tropical legumes for use in mixed farming systems on clay soils in southern inland Queensland. Australia Trop Grass 39:9–21
White S, Cordell D, Moore D (2010) Securing a sustainable phosphorus future for Australia; implications of global phosphorus scarcity and possible solutions. Prepared for CSIRO Sustainable Agriculture Flagship. Available at: http://cfsites1.uts.edu.au/find/isf/publications/whitecordellmoore2010phosphorusfuture.pdf. Last checked 11-01-16
Wilkinson R, Barr N, Hollier C (2011) Segmenting Victoria’s farmers. Department of Primary Industries, State Government of Victoria, p 63
Wolfe E (2009) Country pasture/forage resource profiles. Australia. Food and Agriculture Organisation, p 45. www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/PDF%20files/Australia.pdf. Last checked 05-02-16
Wolfe E, Dear BS (2001) The population dynamics of pastures with particular reference to southern Australia. In: Tow PG, Lazenby A (eds) Competition and succession in pastures. CABI, Wallingford, pp. 119–148
Wong MTF, Grundy M, Barson M, Walcott J (2012) A strategic framework to improve phosphorus management in the Australian Grains industry. CSIRO, Canberra
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hamblin, A. (2016). Pastures in Australia’s Dryland Agriculture Regions. In: Farooq, M., Siddique, K. (eds) Innovations in Dryland Agriculture. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47928-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47928-6_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-47927-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-47928-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)