Abstract
The same fundamental ESD processes unfolding in the Middle East are also happening in Africa, with similar deleterious consequences in aggravating the societal potential for violent conflict. Here we examine two distinctive cases: Nigeria in West Africa, and Egypt in North Africa. In both cases, HSD is occurring in the form of the increasing destabilization of the state. This destabilization is being driven by ESD phenomena comprising interconnected environmental, energy and economic crises.
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Ahmed, N.M. (2017). Biophysical Triggers of Crisis Convergence in Africa. In: Failing States, Collapsing Systems. SpringerBriefs in Energy(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47816-6_8
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