Abstract
Platelets are key players in hemostasis, the process that is essential in the prevention of blood loss in response to injury of a blood vessel. When platelets encounter breaches in the vascular wall, they rapidly adhere to the site of injury and aggregate to form a platelet plug. Subsequently coagulation will be initiated resulting in a fibrin network that reinforces the plug. Failure to form an adequate plug leads to a bleeding tendency. On the other hand, excessive platelet reactivity leads to an increased risk of vascular occlusion and thrombosis. In order to better understand how platelets function, it is essential to have insight into their overall morphology and (ultra)structure. This chapter will contribute to this and present our current view of the platelet structure and physiology in health and disease and the recent techniques available to visualize this.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aarts P, Bolhuis P, Sakariassen K et al (1983) Red blood cell size is important for adherence of blood platelets to artery subendothelium. Blood 62:214–217
Akkerman JW, Holmsen H (1981) Interrelationships among platelet responses: studies on the burst in proton liberation, lactate production, and oxygen uptake during platelet aggregation and Ca2+ secretion. Blood 57:956–966
Al Hawas R, Ren Q, Ye S et al (2012) Munc18b/STXBP2 is required for platelet secretion. Blood 120:2493–2500
Albers CA, Cvejic A, Favier R et al (2011) Exome sequencing identifies NBEAL2 as the causative gene for gray platelet syndrome. Nat Genet 43:735–737
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J et al (2002) Molecular biology of the cell, 4th edn. Garland Science, New York
Behnke O (1967a) Electron microscopic observations on the membrane systems of the rat blood platelet. Anat Rec 158:121–137
Behnke O (1967b) Incomplete microtubules observed in mammalian blood platelets during microtubule polymerization. J Cell Biol 34:697–701
Behnke O (1968a) Electron microscopical observations on the surface coating of human blood platelets. J Ultrastruct Res 24:51–69
Behnke O (1968b) An electron microscope study of the megacaryocyte of the rat bone marrow. I. The development of the demarcation membrane system and the platelet surface coat. J Ultrastruct Res 24:412–433
Behnke O (1969) An electron microscope study of the rat megacaryocyte: II. Some aspects of platelet release and microtubules. J Ultrastruct Res 26:111–129
Behnke O (1970) The morphology of blood platelet membrane systems. Ser Haematol 3:3–16
Behnke O (1992) Degrading and non-degrading pathways in fluid-phase (non-adsorptive) endocytosis in human blood platelets. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 24:169–178
Behnke O, Zelander T (1967) Filamentous substructure of microtubules of the marginal bundle of mammalian blood platelets. J Ultrastruct Res 19:147–165
Bentfeld-Barker ME, Bainton DF (1982) Identification of primary lysosomes in human megakaryocytes and platelets. Blood 59:472–481
Beumer S, Heijnen HF, IJsseldijk MJ et al (1995) Platelet adhesion to fibronectin in flow: the importance of von Willebrand factor and glycoprotein Ib. Blood 86:3452–3460
Boilard E, Nigrovic PA, Larabee K et al (2010) Platelets amplify inflammation in arthritis via collagen-dependent microparticle production. Science 327:580–583
Bottega R, Pecci A, De Candia E et al (2013) Correlation between platelet phenotype and NBEAL2 genotype in patients with congenital thrombocytopenia and α-granule deficiency. Haematologica 98:868–874
Breton-Gorius J, Guichard J (1972) Ultrastructural localization of peroxidase activity in human platelets and megakaryocytes. Am J Pathol 66:277–293
Chatterjee M, Huang Z, Zhang W et al (2011) Distinct platelet packaging, release, and surface expression of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors on different platelet stimuli. Blood 117:3907–3911
Chen K, Detwiler TC, Essex DW (1995) Characterization of protein disulphide isomerase released from activated platelets. Br J Haematol 90:425–431
Cho J, Furie BC, Coughlin SR et al (2008) A critical role for extracellular protein disulfide isomerase during thrombus formation in mice. J Clin Invest 118:1123–1131
Cho J, Kennedy DR, Lin L et al (2012) Protein disulfide isomerase capture during thrombus formation in vivo depends on the presence of β3 integrins. Blood 120:647–655
Cramer EM, Meyer D, le Menn R et al (1985) Eccentric localization of von Willebrand factor in an internal structure of platelet alpha-granule resembling that of Weibel-Palade bodies. Blood 66:710–713
Cramer EM, Breton-Gorius J, Beesley JE et al (1988) Ultrastructural demonstration of tubular inclusions coinciding with von Willebrand factor in pig megakaryocytes. Blood 71:1533–1538
Cranmer SL, Ashworth KJ, Yao Y et al (2011) High shear-dependent loss of membrane integrity and defective platelet adhesion following disruption of the GPIbalpha-filamin interaction. Blood 117:2718–2727
De Duve C, Baudhuin P (1966) Peroxisomes (microbodies and related particles). Physiol Rev 46:323–357
Denzer K, Kleijmeer MJ, Heijnen HF et al (2000) Exosome: from internal vesicle of the multivesicular body to intercellular signaling device. J Cell Sci 113(Pt 19):3365–3374
Deuel TF, Senior RM, Chang D et al (1981) Platelet factor 4 is chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78:4584–4587
Diagouraga B, Grichine A, Fertin A et al (2014) Motor-driven marginal band coiling promotes cell shape change during platelet activation. J Cell Biol 204:177–185
Docampo R, de Souza W, Miranda K et al (2005) Acidocalcisomes—conserved from bacteria to man. Nat Rev Microbiol 3:251–261
Dopheide SM, Maxwell MJ, Jackson SP (2002) Shear-dependent tether formation during platelet translocation on von Willebrand factor. Blood 99:159–167
Eckly A, Heijnen HF, Pertuy F et al (2014) Biogenesis of the demarcation membrane system (DMS) in megakaryocytes. Blood 123:921–930
Escola JM, Kleijmeer MJ, Stoorvogel W et al (1998) Selective enrichment of tetraspan proteins on the internal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes and on exosomes secreted by human B-lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 273:20121–20127
Escolar G, Leistikow E, White JG (1989) The fate of the open canalicular system in surface and suspension-activated platelets. Blood 74:1983–1988
Feng W, Chang C, Luo D et al (2014) Dissection of autophagy in human platelets. Autophagy 10:642–651
Flaumenhaft R (2003) Molecular basis of platelet granule secretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:1152–1160
Flaumenhaft R, Dilks JR, Rozenvayn N et al (2005) The actin cytoskeleton differentially regulates platelet α-granule and dense-granule secretion. Blood 105:3879–3887
Fox JE (1985) Identification of actin-binding protein as the protein linking the membrane skeleton to glycoproteins on platelet plasma membranes. J Biol Chem 260:11970–11977
Fox JE, Boyles JK, Berndt MC et al (1988) Identification of a membrane skeleton in platelets. J Cell Biol 106:1525–1538
Franks ZG, Campbell RA, Weyrich AS et al (2010) Platelet–leukocyte interactions link inflammatory and thromboembolic events in ischemic stroke. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1207:11–17
Furie B, Flaumenhaft R (2014) Thiol isomerases in thrombus formation. Circ Res 114:1162–1173
Garcia-Souza LF, Oliveira MF (2014) Mitochondria: biological roles in platelet physiology and pathology. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 50:156–160
Ge S, White JG, Haynes CL (2012) Cytoskeletal F-actin, not the circumferential coil of microtubules, regulates platelet dense-body granule secretion. Platelets 23:259–263
Geuze JJ, Slot JW, Tokuyasu KT (1979) Immunocytochemical localization of amylase and chymotrypsinogen in the exocrine pancreatic cell with special attention to the Golgi complex. J Cell Biol 82:697–707
Gunay-Aygun M, Falik-Zaccai TC, Vilboux T et al (2011) NBEAL2 is mutated in gray platelet syndrome and is required for biogenesis of platelet [alpha]-granules. Nat Genet 43:732–734
Han Y, Nurden A, Combrié R et al (2003) Redistribution of glycoprotein Ib within platelets in response to protease-activated receptors 1 and 4: roles of cytoskeleton and calcium. J Thromb Haemost 1:2206–2215
Harrison P, Savidge GF, Cramer EM (1990) The origin and physiological relevance of alpha-granule adhesive proteins. Br J Haematol 74:125–130
Hartwig JH (1992) Mechanisms of actin rearrangements mediating platelet activation. J Cell Biol 118:1421–1442
Hartwig JH, DeSisto M (1991) The cytoskeleton of the resting human blood platelet: structure of the membrane skeleton and its attachment to actin filaments. J Cell Biol 112:407–425
Hartwig JH, Barkalow K, Azim A et al (1999) The elegant platelet: signals controlling actin assembly. Thromb Haemost 82:392–398
Hashimoto Y, Sasaki H, Togo M et al (1994) Roles of myosin light-chain kinase in platelet shape change and aggregation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1223:163–169
Heijnen HF, Oorschot V, Sixma JJ et al (1997) Thrombin stimulates glucose transport in human platelets via the translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT-3 from alpha-granules to the cell surface. J Cell Biol 138:323–330
Heijnen HF, Debili N, Vainchencker W et al (1998) Multivesicular bodies are an intermediate stage in the formation of platelet alpha-granules. Blood 91:2313–2325
Heijnen HF, Schiel AE, Fijnheer R et al (1999) Activated platelets release two types of membrane vesicles: microvesicles by surface shedding and exosomes derived from exocytosis of multivesicular bodies and alpha-granules. Blood 94:3791–3799
Heijnen HF, Van Lier M, Waaijenborg S et al (2003) Concentration of rafts in platelet filopodia correlates with recruitment of c-Src and CD63 to these domains. J Thromb Haemost 1:1161–1173
Holmsen H, Day HJ (1968) Thrombin-induced platelet release reaction and platelet lysosomes. Nature 219:760–761
Hols H, Sixma JJ, Leunissen-Bijvelt J et al (1985) Freeze-fracture studies of human blood platelets activated by thrombin using rapid freezing. Thromb Haemost 54:574–578
Hourdille P, Heilmann E, Combrie R et al (1990) Thrombin induces a rapid redistribution of glycoprotein Ib-IX complexes within the membrane systems of activated human platelets. Blood 76:1503–1513
Huizing M, Helip-Wooley A, Westbroek W et al (2008) Disorders of lysosome-related organelle biogenesis: clinical and molecular genetics. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 9:359–386
Israels SJ, Gerrard JM, Jacques YV et al (1992) Platelet dense granule membranes contain both granulophysin and P-selectin (GMP-140). Blood 80:143–152
Italiano JE Jr, Lecine P, Shivdasani RA et al (1999) Blood platelets are assembled principally at the ends of proplatelet processes produced by differentiated megakaryocytes. J Cell Biol 147:1299–1312
Italiano JE Jr, Bergmeier W, Tiwari S et al (2003) Mechanisms and implications of platelet discoid shape. Blood 101:4789–4796
Italiano JE Jr, Patel-Hett S, Hartwig JH (2007) Mechanics of proplatelet elaboration. J Thromb Haemost 5(Suppl 1):18–23
Italiano JE Jr, Richardson JL, Patel-Hett S et al (2008) Angiogenesis is regulated by a novel mechanism: pro- and antiangiogenic proteins are organized into separate platelet alpha granules and differentially released. Blood 111:1227–1233
Kahr WH, Hinckley J, Li L et al (2011) Mutations in NBEAL2, encoding a BEACH protein, cause gray platelet syndrome. Nat Genet 43:738–740
Kamykowski J, Carlton P, Sehgal S et al (2011) Quantitative immunofluorescence mapping reveals little functional coclustering of proteins within platelet α-granules. Blood 118:1370–1373
Klement GL, Yip TT, Cassiola F et al (2009) Platelets actively sequester angiogenesis regulators. Blood 113:2835–2842
Kulkarni S, Nesbitt WS, Dopheide S et al (2004) Techniques to examine platelet adhesive interactions under flow. Methods Mol Biol 272:165–186
Labelle M, Begum S, Hynes RO (2014) Platelets guide the formation of early metastatic niches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:E3053–E3061
Lewis JC, Hantgan RR, Stevenson SC et al (1990) Fibrinogen and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa localization during platelet adhesion. Localization to the granulomere and at sites of platelet interaction. Am J Pathol 136:239–252
Lindemann S, Tolley ND, Dixon DA et al (2001) Activated platelets mediate inflammatory signaling by regulated interleukin 1beta synthesis. J Cell Biol 154:485–490
Lopez JJ, Salido GM, Gómez-Arteta E et al (2007) Thrombin induces apoptotic events through the generation of reactive oxygen species in human platelets. J Thromb Haemost 5:1283–1291
Maxwell MJ, Dopheide SM, Turner SJ et al (2006) Shear induces a unique series of morphological changes in translocating platelets: effects of morphology on translocation dynamics. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26:663–669
Maynard DM, Heijnen HF, Horne MK et al (2007) Proteomic analysis of platelet alpha-granules using mass spectrometry. J Thromb Haemost 5:1945–1955
Meng R, Wang Y, Yao Y et al (2012) SLC35D3 delivery from megakaryocyte early endosomes is required for platelet dense granule biogenesis and is differentially defective in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome models. Blood 120:404–414
Metzelaar MJ, Wijngaard PL, Peters PJ et al (1991) CD63 antigen. A novel lysosomal membrane glycoprotein, cloned by a screening procedure for intracellular antigens in eukaryotic cells. J Biol Chem 266:3239–3245
Monteferrario D, Bolar NA, Marneth AE et al (2014) A dominant-negative GFI1B mutation in the gray platelet syndrome. N Engl J Med 370:245–253
Morgenstern E (1980) Ultracytochemistry of human blood platelets. Prog Histochem Cytochem 12:1–82
Morgenstern E (1997) Human platelet morphology/ultrastructure. Handb Exp Pharmacol 126:27–60
Morgenstern E, Korell U, Richter J (1984) Platelets and fibrin strands during clot retraction. Thromb Res 33:617–623
Morgenstern E, Neumann K, Patscheke H (1987) The exocytosis of human blood platelets. A fast freezing and freeze-substitution analysis. Eur J Cell Biol 43:273–282
Morgenstern E, Ruf A, Patscheke H (1990) Ultrastructure of the interaction between human platelets and polymerizing fibrin within the first minutes of clot formation. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1:543–546
Mountford JK, Petitjean C, Putra HW et al (2015) The class II PI 3-kinase, PI3KC2α, links platelet internal membrane structure to shear-dependent adhesive function. Nat Commun 6:6535
Mourik MJ, Faas FG, Zimmermann H et al (2015) Content delivery to newly forming Weibel-Palade bodies is facilitated by multiple connections with the Golgi apparatus. Blood 125:3509–3516
Muallem S, Kwiatkowska K, Xu X et al (1995) Actin filament disassembly is a sufficient final trigger for exocytosis in nonexcitable cells. J Cell Biol 128:589–598
Nesbitt WS, Giuliano S, Kulkarni S et al (2003) Intercellular calcium communication regulates platelet aggregation and thrombus growth. J Cell Biol 160:1151–1161
Nesbitt WS, Tovar-Lopez FJ, Westein E et al (2013) A multimode-TIRFM and microfluidic technique to examine platelet adhesion dynamics. In: Amanda. S. Coutts (ed) Adhesion protein protocols. Humana Press, USA, pp 39–58
Nickel W, Rabouille C (2009) Mechanisms of regulated unconventional protein secretion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10:148–155
Orci L, Gabbay KH, Malaisse WJ (1972) Pancreatic beta-cell web: its possible role in Insulin secretion. Science 175:1128–1130
Ouseph MM, Huang Y, Banerjee M et al (2015) Autophagy is induced upon platelet activation and is essential for hemostasis and thrombosis. Blood 126:1224–1233
Painter RG, Ginsberg MH (1984) Centripetal myosin redistribution in thrombin-stimulated platelets: relationship to platelet factor 4 secretion. Exp Cell Res 155:198–212
Pasquet J-M, Toti F, Nurden AT et al (1996) Procoagulant activity and active calpain in platelet-derived microparticles. Thromb Res 82:509–522
Patel-Hett S, Richardson JL, Schulze H et al (2008) Visualization of microtubule growth in living platelets reveals a dynamic marginal band with multiple microtubules. Blood 111:4605–4616
Patel-Hett S, Wang H, Begonja AJ et al (2011) The spectrin-based membrane skeleton stabilizes mouse megakaryocyte membrane systems and is essential for proplatelet and platelet formation. Blood 118:1641–1652
Peters CG, Michelson AD, Flaumenhaft R (2012) Granule exocytosis is required for platelet spreading: differential sorting of α-granules expressing VAMP-7. Blood 120:199–206
Poulter NS, Pollitt AY, Davies A et al (2015) Platelet actin nodules are podosome-like structures dependent on Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and ARP2/3 complex. Nat Commun 6:7254
Raposo G, Stoorvogel W (2013) Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. J Cell Biol 200:373–383
Reininger AJ, Heijnen HF, Schumann H et al (2006) Mechanism of platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor and microparticle formation under high shear stress. Blood 107:3537–3545
Richards JG, Da Prada M (1977) Uranaffin reaction: a new cytochemical technique for the localization of adenine nucleotides in organelles storing biogenic amines. J Histochem Cytochem 25:1322–1326
Ruiz FA, Lea CR, Oldfield E et al (2004) Human platelet dense granules contain polyphosphate and are similar to acidocalcisomes of bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes. J Biol Chem 279:44250–44257
Sadoul K (2014) New explanations for old observations: marginal band coiling during platelet activation. J Thromb Haemost 13:333–346
Sakariassen KS, de Groot PG, Houdijk WP et al (1983) A perfusion chamber developed to investigate platelet interaction in flowing blood with human vessel wall cells, their extracellular matrix, and purified components. J Lab Clin Med 102:522–535
Sander HJ, Slot JW, Bouma BN et al (1983) Immunocytochemical localization of fibrinogen, platelet factor 4, and beta thromboglobulin in thin frozen sections of human blood platelets. J Clin Invest 72:1277–1287
Schachtner H, Calaminus SD, Sinclair A et al (2013) Megakaryocytes assemble podosomes that degrade matrix and protrude through basement membrane. Blood 121:2542–2552
Schulman S, Bendapudi P, Sharda A et al (2016) Extracellular thiol isomerases and their role in thrombus formation. Antioxid Redox Signal 24:1–15
Schwer HD, Lecine P, Tiwari S et al (2001) A lineage-restricted and divergent beta-tubulin isoform is essential for the biogenesis, structure and function of blood platelets. Curr Biol 11:579–586
Schwertz H, Tolley ND, Foulks JM et al (2006) Signal-dependent splicing of tissue factor pre-mRNA modulates the thrombogenecity of human platelets. J Exp Med 203:2433–2440
Sixma JJ, de Groot PG (1994) Regulation of platelet adhesion to the vessel wall. Ann N Y Acad Sci 714:190–199
Sixma J, van den Berg A, Hasilik A et al (1985) Immuno-electron microscopical demonstration of lysosomes in human blood platelets and megakaryocytes using anti-cathepsin D. Blood 65:1287–1291
Sixma JJ, Nievelstein PF, Zwaginga JJ et al (1987) Adhesion of blood platelets to the extracellular matrix of cultured human endothelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 516:39–51
Sixma JJ, Hindriks G, Van Breugel H et al (1991) Vessel wall proteins adhesive for platelets. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 3:17–26
Tabak HF, Murk JL, Braakman I et al (2003) Peroxisomes start their life in the endoplasmic reticulum. Traffic 4:512–518
Tersteeg C, Heijnen HF, Eckly A et al (2014) FLow-Induced PRotrusions (FLIPRs): A platelet-derived platform for the retrieval of microparticles by monocytes and neutrophils. Circ Res 114:780–791
Thon JN, Italiano JE (2010) Platelet formation. Semin Hematol 47:220–226
Thon JN, Peters CG, Machlus KR et al (2012) T granules in human platelets function in TLR9 organization and signaling. J Cell Biol 198:561–574
Tokuyasu KT (1973) A technique for ultracryotomy of cell suspensions and tissues. J Cell Biol 57:551–565
Trifaró JM, Gasman S, Gutiérrez LM (2008) Cytoskeletal control of vesicle transport and exocytosis in chromaffin cells. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 192:165–172
Urban D, Li L, Christensen H et al (2012) The VPS33B-binding protein VPS16B is required in megakaryocyte and platelet α-granule biogenesis. Blood 120:5032–5040
van Nispen tot Pannerden H, de Haas F, Geerts W et al (2010) The platelet interior revisited: electron tomography reveals tubular alpha-granule subtypes. Blood 116:1147–1156
van Zanten GH, Heijnen HF, Wu Y et al (1998) A fifty percent reduction of platelet surface glycoprotein Ib does not affect platelet adhesion under flow conditions. Blood 91:2353–2359
Wanders RJ, Kos M, Roest B et al (1984) Activity of peroxisomal enzymes and intracellular distribution of catalase in Zellweger syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 123:1054–1061
Wang R, Stone RL, Kaelber JT et al (2015) Electron cryotomography reveals ultrastructure alterations in platelets from patients with ovarian cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:14266–14271
Wencel-Drake JD, Painter RG, Zimmerman TS et al (1985) Ultrastructural localization of human platelet thrombospondin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor in frozen thin section. Blood 65:929–938
Wencel-Drake JD, Dahlback B, White JG et al (1986) Ultrastructural localization of coagulation factor V in human platelets. Blood 68:244–249
Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA (2004) Platelets: signaling cells in the immune continuum. Trends Immunol 25:489–495
White JG (1968) The substructure of human platelet microtubules. Blood 32:638–648
White JG (1969) The dense bodies of human platelets: inherent electron opacity of the serotonin storage particles. Blood 33:598–606
White JG (1972) Interaction of membrane systems in blood platelets. Am J Pathol 66:295–312
White JG (1982) Influence of taxol on the response of platelets to chilling. Am J Pathol 108:184–195
White JG (1987) The secretory pathway of bovine platelets. Blood 69:878–885
White JG, Burris SM (1984) Morphometry of platelet internal contraction. Am J Pathol 115:412–417
White JG, Clawson CC (1980) The surface-connected canalicular system of blood platelets—a fenestrated membrane system. Am J Pathol 101:353–364
White JG, Krumwiede M (2007) Some contributions of electron microscopy to knowledge of human platelets. Thromb Haemost 98:69–72
White JG, Rao GH (1998) Microtubule coils versus the surface membrane cytoskeleton in maintenance and restoration of platelet discoid shape. Am J Pathol 152:597–609
White JG, Burris SM, Tukey D et al (1984) Micropipette aspiration of human platelets: influence of microtubules and actin filaments on deformability. Blood 64:210–214
White JG, Krumwiede MD, Cocking-Johnson D et al (1996) Prelabeled glycoprotein Ib/IX receptors are not cleared from exposed surfaces of thrombin-activated platelets. Am J Pathol 149:629–638
Wiedmer T, Shattil SJ, Cunningham M et al (1990) Role of calcium and calpain in complement-induced vesiculation of the platelet plasma membrane and in the exposure of the platelet factor Va receptor. Biochemistry 29:623–632
Zharikov S, Shiva S (2013) Platelet mitochondrial function: from regulation of thrombosis to biomarker of disease. Biochem Soc Trans 41:118–123
Zimmerman GA, Weyrich AS (2008) Signal-dependent protein synthesis by activated platelets: new pathways to altered phenotype and function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28:s17–24
Zucker-Franklin D (1969) Microfibrils of blood platelets: their relationship to microtubules and the contractile protein. J Clin Invest 48:165–175
Zucker-Franklin D (2003) Megakaryocytes and platelets. In: Atlas of blood cells, vol 2, 3rd edn, pp 810–863
Zucker-Franklin D, Grusky G (1972) The actin and myosin filaments of human and bovine blood platelets. J Clin Invest 51:419–430
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Heijnen, H.F.G., Korporaal, S.J.A. (2017). Platelet Morphology and Ultrastructure. In: Gresele, P., Kleiman, N., Lopez, J., Page, C. (eds) Platelets in Thrombotic and Non-Thrombotic Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47462-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47462-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-47460-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-47462-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)