Abstract
Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is an attractive renewable resource material which is available in abundance (44,50,000 tonnes worldwide and 7,53,000 tonnes in India in 2013) at low cost (around 0.27 $/kg in 2015) and is mainly composed of anacardic acid, cardanol, cardol and 2-methyl cardol. Cardanol is obtained as a major product during hot oil extraction or roasting process of CNSL. Cardanol possesses interesting structural features. The aromatic ring of cardanol can undergo electrophilic substitution reactions; the unsaturated side chain can undergo epoxidation, hydrogenation, metathesis, etc., while the phenolic hydroxyl group can undergo various reactions such as esterification and alkylation. Such opportunities of chemical modifications offered by cardanol have been extensively explored to synthesise a range of interesting aromatic difunctional monomers that have subsequently been utilised to prepare a host of step-growth polymers. Summarised herein are research efforts that have contributed towards the synthesis of step-growth polymers based on aromatic difunctional monomers derived from cardanol. The properties of high-performance polymers, with a particular focus on processability and thermal characteristics, are highlighted.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Munoz-Guerra S, Lavilla C, Japu C, Martinez de Ilarduya A (2014) Renewable terephthalate polyesters from carbohydrate-based bicyclic monomers. Green Chem 16:1716
Meier M (2014)Â Sustainable polymers: reduced environmental impact, renewable raw materials and catalysis. Green Chem 16:1672
Xu Y, Hanna MA, Isom L (2008)Â âGreenâ Chemicals from Renewable Agricultural BiomassâA Mini Review. Open Agric J 2:54
Big Chemical Encyclopedia (2015) http://chempedia.info/info/151307/. Accessed 13 July 2016
Berner RA (2003)Â The long-term carbon cycle, fossil fuels and atmospheric composition. Nature (London) 426:323
Brooks JD, Smith JW (1969)Â The diagenesis of plant lipids during the formation of coal, petroleum and natural gasâII. Coalification and the formation of oil and gas in the Gippsland Basin. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 33:1183
Tissot BP, Welte DH (1984) Petroleum formation and occurrence. Springer, Berlin
Mango FD (1997)Â The light hydrocarbons in petroleum: a critical review. Org Geochem 26:417
Crocker M, Crofcheck C (2006)Â Biomass conversion to liquid fuels and chemicals. Energeia 17:1
Okkerse C, van Bekkum H (1999)Â From fossil to green. Green Chem 1:107
U.S. Biobased Products: Market Potential and Projections Through 2025 (2008). In: United States Department of Agriculture, Office of the Chief Economist. Available via http://www.usda.gov/oce/reports/energy/BiobasedReport2008.pdf. Accessed 13 July 2016
de Jong Ed, Jungmeier G (2015) Industrial biorefineries and white biotechnology, Chap 1, p 3
Cherubini F (2010)Â The biorefinery concept: using biomass instead of oil for producing energy and chemicals. Energy Convers Manage 51:1412
FitzPatrick M, Champagne P, Cunningham MF, Whitney RA (2010)Â A biorefinery processing perspective: treatment of lignocellulosic materials for the production of value-added products. Bioresour Technol 101:8915
Naik SN, Goud VV, Rout PK, Dalai AK (2010)Â Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 14:578
Stocker M (2008)Â Biofuels and biomass-to-liquid fuels in the biorefinery: catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass using porous materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 47:9200
Belgacem MN, Gandini A (eds) (2008) Monomers, polymers and composites from renewable resources. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Fache M, Darroman E, Besse V, Auvergne R, Caillol S, Boutevin B (2014)Â Vanillin, a promising biobased building-block for monomer synthesis. Green Chem 16:1987
Lochab B, Shukla S, Varma IK (2014)Â Naturally occurring phenolic sources: monomers and polymers. RSC Adv 4:21712
CatchBio. http://www.catchbio.com/. Accessed 13 July 2016
BIO-TIC. http://www.industrialbiotech-europe.eu/. Accessed 13 July 2016
ARENA. http://arena.gov.au/. Accessed 13 July 2016
Delft Advanced Biorenewables. http://delftab.com/. Accessed 13 July 2016
Gandini A, Lacerda TM (2015)Â From monomers to polymers from renewable resources: recent advances. Prog Polym Sci 48:1
Vilela C, Sousa AF, Fonseca AC, Serra AC, Coelho JFJ, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD (2014)Â The quest for sustainable polyestersâinsights into the future. Polym Chem 5:3119
Gandini A, Lacerda TM, Carvalho AJF, Trovatti E (2016)Â Progress of polymers from renewable resources: furans, vegetable oils, and polysaccharides. Chem Rev 116:1637
Sousa AF, Vitela C, Fonseca AC, Matos M, Freire CSR, Gruter G-JM, Coelho JFJ, Silvestre AJD (2015)Â Biobased polyesters and other polymers from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: a tribute to furan excellency. Polym Chem 6:5961
Tschan MJ-L, Brule E, Haquette P, Thomas CM (2012)Â Synthesis of biodegradable polymers from renewable resources. Polym Chem 3:836
Zhang L, Liu Z, Cui G, Chen L (2015)Â Biomass-derived materials for electrochemical energy storages. Prog Polym Sci 43:136
Datta J, Wloch M (2014)Â Selected biotrends in development of epoxy resins and their composites. Polym Bull 71:3035
Wilbon PA, Chu F, Tang C (2013)Â Progress in renewable polymers from natural terpenes, terpenoids, and rosin. Macromol Rapid Commun 34:8
Llevot A, Grau E, Carlotti S, Grelier S, Cramail H (2016)Â From lignin-derived aromatic compounds to novel biobased polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 37:9
Upton BM, Kasko AM (2016)Â Strategies for the conversion of lignin to high-value polymeric materials: review and perspective. Chem Rev 116:2275
Galbis JA, Garcia-Martin MG, de Paz MV, Galbis E (2016)Â Synthetic polymers from sugar-based monomers. Chem Rev 116:1600
Arbenz A, Averous L (2015)Â Chemical modification of tannins to elaborate aromatic biobased macromolecular architectures. Green Chem 17:2626
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) (2013). http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E. Accessed 13 July 2016
Tyman JHP (1996) Synthetic and natural phenols. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Attanasi OA (1983)Â Chemistry and industrial utilization of polyketide natural long chain phenols. Chim Oggi 8:11
Harvey MT, Caplan S (1940)Â Cashew nut shell liquid. Ind Eng Chem 32:1306
Paramashivappa R, Phani Kumar P, Vithayathil PJ, Srinivasa Rao A (2001)Â Novel method for isolation of major phenolic constituents from cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut shell liquid. J Agric Food Chem 49:2548
Manjula S, Pillai CKS, Kumar VG (1990)Â Thermal characterization of cardanol-formaldehyde resins and cardanol-formaldehyde/poly(methyl methacrylate) semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. Thermochim Acta 159:255
Tyman JHP, Johnson RA, Muir RA, Rokhgar R (1989)Â The Extraction of natural cashew nut-shell liquid From the cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale). J Am Oil Chem Soc 66:553
Jain RK, Kumar S (1997)Â Development of a cashew nut sheller. J Food Eng 32:339
Patel RN, Bandyopadhyay S, Ganesh A (2011)Â Extraction of cardanol and phenol from bio-oils obtained through vacuum pyrolysis of biomass using supercritical fluid extraction. Energy 36:1535
Gandhi T, Patel M, Dholakiya BK (2012)Â Studies on effect of various solvents on extraction of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and isolation of major phenolic constituents from extracted CNSL. J Nat Prod Plant Resour 2:135
Lubi MC, Thachil ET (2000)Â Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)âa versatile monomer for polymer synthesis. Des Monomers Polym 3:123
Gedam PH, Sampathkumaran PS (1986)Â Cashew nut shell liquid: extraction, chemistry and applications. Prog Org Coat 14:115
Bladzell P (2000)Â The mighty cashew. Interdisciplinary Sci Rev 25:220
Mele G, Vasapollo G (2008)Â Fine chemicals and new hybrid materials from cardanol. Mini-Rev Org Chem 5:243
Balachandran VS, Jadhav SR, Vemula PK, John G (2013)Â Recent advances in cardanol chemistry in a nutshell: from a nut to nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 42:427
Voirin C, Caillol S, Sadavarte NV, Tawade BV, Boutevin B, Wadgaonkar PP (2014)Â Functionalization of cardanol: towards biobased polymers and additives. Polym Chem 5:3142
Tyman JHP, Wilczynski D, Kashani MA (1978)Â Compositional studies on technical cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) by Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy. J Am Oil Chem Soc 55:663
Trevisan MTS, Pfundstein B, Haubner R, Wurtele G, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H, Owen RW (2006)Â Characterization of alkyl phenols in cashew (Anacardium occidentale) products and assay of their antioxidant capacity. Food Chem Toxicol 44:188
Cardolite. https://www.cardolite.com/. Accessed 13 July 2016
Varma AJ, Sivaram S (2002) U.S. Patent US6451957B1
Sadavarte NV (2012) Ph.D. thesis, University of Pune, India
Tawade BV, Salunke JK, Sane PS, Wadgaonkar PP (2014)Â Processable aromatic polyesters based on bisphenol derived from cashew nut shell liquid: synthesis and characterization. J Polym Res 21:617
Tawade BV, Shaligram SV, Valsange NG, Kharul UK, Wadgaonkar PP (2016)Â Synthesis and properties of poly(arylene ether)s based on 3-pentadecyl 4,4'-biphenol. Polym Int 65:567
Tawade BV (2015) Ph.D. thesis, Savitribhai Phule Pune University, India
Bhunia HP, Jana RN, Basak A, Lenka S, Nando GB (1998)Â Synthesis of polyurethane from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a renewable resource. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 36:391
Bhunia HP, Nando GB, Chaki TK, Basak A, Lenka S, Nayak PL (1999)Â Synthesis and characterization of polymers from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a renewable resource II. Synthesis of polyurethanes. Eur Polym J 35:1381
Shingte RD (2006) Ph.D. thesis, University of Pune, India
Avadhani CV, Wadgaonkar PP, Sivaram S (2001) U. S. US6255439B1
More AS, Pasale SK, Honkhambe PN, Wadgaonkar PP (2011)Â Synthesis and characterization of organo-soluble poly(ether ether ketone)s and poly(ether ether ketone ketone)s containing pendant pentadecyl chains. J Appl Polym Sci 121:3689
More AS, Naik PV, Kumbhar KP, Wadgaonkar PP (2010)Â Synthesis and characterization of polyesters based on 1,1,1-[bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4â²-pentadecylphenyl]ethane. Polym Int 59:1408
More AS, Wadgaonkar PP (2008) U.S. US7446234B2
More AS (2009) Ph.D. thesis, University of Pune, India
Bhavsar GA, Asha SK (2011)Â Pentadecyl Phenol- and Cardanol-Functionalized Fluorescent, Room-Temperature Liquid-Crystalline Perylene Bisimides: effect of pendant chain unsaturation on self-assembly. Chem Eur J 17:12646
Ramasri M, Srinivasa Rao GS, Sampatkumaran PS, Shirsalkar MM (1987)Â Synthesis & Identification of 1,8-Bis(hydroxyphenyl)pentadecane from 3-Î8-Pentadecenylphenol. Ind J Chem 26B:683
Sadavarte NV, Halhali MR, Avadhani CV, Wadgaonkar PP (2009)Â Synthesis and characterization of new polyimides containing pendent pentadecyl chains. Eur Polym J 45:582
Sadavarte NV, Avadhani CV, Wadgaonkar PP (2011)Â Synthesis and characterization of new organosoluble aromatic polyamides and polyazomethines containing pendent pentadecyl chains. High Perform Polym 23:494
Ghatge ND, Maldar NN (1984)Â Polyimides from dianhydride and diamine: structure property relations by thermogravimetric analysis (t.g.a.). Polymer 25:1353
Mathew JS, Vernekar SP, Mercier R, Kerboua R (2002) U.S. Patent US6500913B2
Mathew JS (2001) Ph.D. thesis, University of Pune, India
More AS, Sane PS, Patil AS, Wadgaonkar PP (2010)Â Synthesis and characterization of aromatic polyazomethines bearing pendant pentadecyl chains. Polym Degrad Stab 95:1727
Shingte RD, Wadgaonkar PP (2004) U.S. US6790993B1
Sadavarte NV, Avadhani CV, Naik PV, Wadgaonkar PP (2010)Â Regularly alternating poly(amideimide)s containing pendent pentadecyl chains: synthesis and characterization. Eur Polym J 46:1307
Tawade BV, Kulkarni AD, Wadgaonkar PP (2015)Â Synthesis and characterization of polyetherimides containing multiple ether linkages and pendent pentadecyl chains. Polym Int 64:1770
Jadhav AS, Vernekar SP, Maldar NN (1993)Â Synthesis and characterization of new aromatic sulfone ether polyamides containing pendant pentadecyl groups. Polym Int 32:5
More AS, Pasale SK, Wadgaonkar PP (2010)Â Synthesis and characterization of polyamides containing pendant pentadecyl chains. Eur Polym J 46:557
Sadavarte NV, Patil SS, Avadhani CV, Wadgaonkar PP (2013)Â New organosoluble aromatic poly(esterimide)s containing pendent pentadecyl chains Synthesis and characterization. High Perform Polym 25:735
More AS, Patil AS, Wadgaonkar PP (2010)Â Poly(amideimide)s containing pendant pentadecyl chains: synthesis and characterization. Polym Degrad Stab 95:837
More AS, Menon SK, Wadgaonkar PP (2012)Â New poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s bearing pentadecyl side chains: synthesis and characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 124:1281
Seo S, Kim Y, You J, Sarwade BD, Wadgaonkar PP, Menon SK, More AS, Kim E (2011)Â Electrochemical fluorescence switching from a patternable poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole) thin film. Macromol Rapid Comm 32:637
Cyriac A, Amrutha SR, Jayakannan M (2008)Â Renewable resource-based poly (m-phenylenevinylene)s and their statistical copolymers: synthesis, characterization, and probing of molecular aggregation and forster energy transfer processes. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 46:3241
Pillai CKS, Sherrington DC, Sneddon A (1992)Â Thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester based on 8-(3-hydroxyphenyl) octanoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Polymer 33:3968
Abraham S, Prasad VS, Pillai CKS, Ravindranathan M (2002)Â Copolyesters of hydroxyphenylalkanoic acids: synthesis and thermal properties of poly{(4-oxybenzoate)-co-[8-(3-oxyphenyl)octanoate]} and poly{(3-bromo-4-oxybenzoate)-co-[8-(3-oxyphenyl)octanoate]}. Polym Int 51:475
Lee DG, Chang VS (1978)Â Oxidation of hydrocarbons. 8. Use of dimethyl polyethylene glycol as a phase transfer agent for the oxidation of alkenes by potassium permanganate. J Org Chem 43:1532
Grubbs RH (2004)Â Olefin metathesis. Tetrahedron 60:7117
Astruc D (2005)Â The metathesis reactions: from a historical perspective to recent developments. New J Chem 29:42
Grubbs RH (2006)Â Olefin-metathesis catalysts for the preparation of molecules and materials (Nobel lecture). Angew Chem Int Ed 45:3760
Martina F (2008) Ph.D. thesis, University of Salento, Italy
Vasapollo G, Mele G, Sole RD (2011)Â Cardanol-based materials as natural precursors for olefin metathesis. Molecules 16:6871
Bloise E, Carbone L, Colafemmina G, DâAccoltil L, Mazzetto SE, Vasapollo G, Mele G (2012) First example of a lipophilic porphyrin-cardanol hybrid embedded in a cardanol-based micellar nanodispersion. Molecules 17:12252
Attanasi OA, Ciccarella G, Filippone P, Mele G, Spadavecchia J, Vasapollo G (2003)Â Novel phthalocyanines containing cardanol derivatives. J Porphyrins Phthalocyanins 7:52
Mgaya JE, Bartlett SA, Mubofu EB, Mgani QA, Slawin AMZ, Porgorzelec PJ, Cole-Hamilton DJ (2016)Â Synthesis of bifunctional monomers by the palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of cardanol and its derivatives. Chem Cat Chem 8:751
Cassidy PE (1980) Thermally stable polymers: synthesis and properties. Mercel Dekker Inc, New York
Hergenrother PM (2003)Â The use, design, synthesis, and properties of high performance/high temperature polymers: an overview. High Perform Polym 15:3
Dautel OJ, Wantz G, Flot D, Lere-Porte J-P, Moreau JJE, Parneix J-P, Serein-Spirau F, Vignau L (2005)Â Confined photoactive substructures on a chiral scaffold: the design of an electroluminescent polyimide as material for PLED. J Mater Chem 15:4446
Jung M-S, Lee T-W, Hyeon-Lee J, Sohn BH, Jung I-S (2006)Â Synthesis and characterizations of a polyimide containing a triphenylamine derivative as an interlayer in polymer light-emitting diode. Polymer 47:2670
Kausar AS, Zulfiqar S, Ahmad Z, Sarwar MI (2010)Â Novel processable and heat resistant poly(phenylthiourea azomethine imide)s: Synthesis and characterization. Polym Degrad Stab 95:1826
Rubal M, Jr Wilkins CW, Cassidy PE, Lansford C, Yamada Y (2008) Fluorinated polyimide nanocomposites for CO2/CH4separation. Polym Adv Technol 19:1033
Zhang B, Li W, Yang J, Fu Y, Xie Z, Zhang S, Wang L (2009)Â Performance enhancement of polymer light-emitting diodes by using ultrathin fluorinated polyimide modifying the surface of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate). J Phys Chem C 113:7898
Ulmer II CW, Smith DA, Sumpter BG, Noid DI (1998) Computational neural networks and the rational design of polymeric materials: the next generation polycarbonates. Comput Theor Polym Sci 8:311
Dove AP, Meier MAR (2014)Â Step-growth polymerization in the 21st century. Macromol Chem Phys 215:2135
Mittal KL (ed) (2001) Polyimides and other high temperature polymers: synthesis, characterisation and applications. VSP, Boston
Volksen W (1994)Â Condensation polyimides: synthesis, solution behavior, and imidization characteristics. Adv Polym Sci 117:111
Wallace JS, Arnold FE, Tan LS (1987)Â In situ rigid-rod aromatic polyimides. Am Chem Soc Polym Prepr 28:316
St. Clair TL, Wilson D, Stenzenberger HD, Hergenrother PM (eds) (1990) Polyimides. Chapman and Hall, New York
Sato M (1997)Â Polyimides. In: Olabisi O (ed) Handbook of thermoplastics. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 665
Yeganeh H, Tamami B, Ghazi I (2004)Â A novel direct method for preparation of aromatic polyimides via microwave-assisted polycondensation of aromatic dianhydrides and diisocyanates. Eur Polym J 40:2059
Imai Y, Kojima K (1972)Â Preparation of polyimides from pyromellitic dithioanhydride and aromatic diamines. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 10:2091
Bella SD, Consiglio G, Leonardi N, Failla S, Finocchiaro P, Fragala I (2004)Â Film polymerizationâa new route to the synthesis of insoluble polyimides containing functional nickel(II) schiff base units in the main chain. Eur J Inorg Chem 2004:2701
Gheneim R, Perez-Berumen C, Gandini A (2002)Â DielsâAlder reactions with novel polymeric dienes and dienophiles: sâynthesis of reversibly cross-linked elastomers. Macromolecules 35:7246
Chi JH, Shin GJ, Kim YS, Jung JC (2007)Â Synthesis of new alicyclic polyimides by Diels-Alder polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 106:3823
Munoz DM, de la Campa JG, de Abajo J, Lozano AE (2007)Â Experimental and theoretical study of an improved activated polycondensation method for aromatic polyimides. Macromolecules 40:8225
Yang HH (1989) Aromatic high-strength fibers. Wiley Interscience, New York
Fink JK (2008) High performance polymers. William Andrew Inc, Burlington
Volbracht L (1989) Aromatic Polyimides In: Allen G, Bevington B, Eastmond GV, Ledwith-A, Russo S, Sigwald P (eds) Comprehensive polymer science, vol 5. Pergamon Press, Oxford, p 373
Shockravi A, Abouzari-Lotf E, Javadi A, Atabaki F (2009) Preparation and properties of new ortho-linked polyamide-imides bearing ether, sulfur, and trifluoromethyl linkages. Eur Polym J 45:1599
Sarkar A, More AS, Wadgaonkar PP, Shin GJ, Jung JC (2007) Synthesis and liquid-crystal-aligning properties of novel aromatic poly(amide imide)s bearing n-alkyloxy side chains. J Appl Polym Sci 105:1793
Behniafar H, Haghighat S (2006) Preparation and properties of aromatic poly(amide-imide)s derived from N-[3,5-bis(3,4-dicarboxybenzamido)phenyl]phthalimide dianhydride. Eur Polym J 42:3236
Yang C-P, Chen Y-P, Woo EM (2004)Â Thermal behavior of 1,4-bis(4-trimellitimido-2-trifluoromethyl phenoxy)benzene (DIDA) solvated with polar organic solvents and properties of DIDA-based poly(amide-imide)s. Polymer 45:5279
Liaw D-J, Chen W-H (2003)Â Synthesis and characterization of new soluble cardo poly(amideâimide)s derived from 2,2-bis[4-(4-trimellitimidophenoxy)phenyl]norbornane. Polymer 44:3865
Lee C, Iyer NP, Min K, Pak H, Han H (2004)Â Synthesis and characterization of novel poly(amide-imide)s containing 1,3-diamino mesitylene moieties. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 42:137
Behniafar H, Banihashemi A (2004) Synthesis and characterization of new soluble and thermally stable aromatic poly(amide-imide)s based on N-[3,5-bis(N-trimellitoyl)phenyl]phthalimide. Eur Polym J 40:1409
Abid S, Gharbi RE, Gandini A (2004)Â Polyamide-imides bearing furan moieties. 1. Solution polycondensation of aromatic dianhydrydes with 2-furoic acid dihydrazides. Polymer 45:6469
Sarkar A, Honkhambe PN, Avadhani CV, Wadgaonkar PP (2007)Â Synthesis and characterization of poly(amideimide)s containing pendent flexible alkoxy chains. Eur Polym J 43:3646
Privalko VP, Mudrak CV, Privalko EG, Usenko AA, Karpova IL (2001)Â Structure-property relationships for film-forming poly(amide imide)s. Macromol Symp 175:403
Tussot CM, Sagnier C, Pham Q-T (2001) Tolylene diisocyanate-based poly(imido-amide)s, 2. Distributions of amide and imide groups in ternary poly(imido-amide)s containing terephthalic acid studied by 1H and 13C NMR. Macromol Chem Phys 202:1071
Hong Y-T, Jin MY, Suh DM, Lee J-H, Choi K-Y (1997) New preparation method of poly(amide-imide)s using direct polycondensation with thionyl chloride and their characterization. Angew Makromol Chem 248 :105
Kakimoto M-A, Akiyama R, Negi YS, Imai Y (1988)Â Synthesis and characterization of aromatic polyimide and polyamide-imide from 2,5-bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)-3,4-diphenylthiophene and aromatic tetra- and tricarboxylic acids. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 26:99
Imai Y, Maldar NN, Kakimoto M-A (1985)Â Synthesis and characterization of aromatic polyamide-imides from 2,5-bis(4-aminophenyl)-3,4-diphenylthiophene and 4-chloroformylphthalic anhydride. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 23:2077
Grigoras M, Catanescu CO, Simionescu CI (2001)Â Poly(azomethine)s. Rev Roum Chim 46:927
Grigoras M, Catanescu CO (2004)Â Imine oligomers and polymers. J Macromol Sci C Polym Rev C44:131
Grigoras M, Cianga I, Farcas A, Nastase G, Ivanoiu M (2000)Â Fully conjugated and soluble polyazomethines containing 1,1â²-binaphtyl groups. Rev Roum Chim 45:703
Bagheri M, Entezami A (2002)Â Synthesis of polymers containing donorâacceptor Schiff base in side chain for nonlinear optics. Eur Polym J 38:317
Dutta PK, Jain P, Sen P, Trivedi R, Sen PK, Dutta J (2003)Â Synthesis and characterization of a novel polyazomethine ether for NLO application. Eur Polym J 39:1007
Suh SC, Shim SC (2000)Â Synthesis and properties of a novel polyazomethine, the polymer with high photoconductivity and second-order optical nonlinearity. Synth Metals 114:91
Iwan A, Sek D (2008)Â Processible polyazomethines and polyketanils: from aerospace to light-emitting diodes and other advanced applications. Prog Polym Sci 33:289
Morgan PW, Kwolek SL, Pletcher TC (1987)Â Aromatic azomethine polymers and fibers. Macromolecules 20:729
Rudzinski WE, Guthrie SR, Cassidy PE (1988)Â Poly(Schiff base) polymers based on substituted biphenyl. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 26:1677
Banerjee S, Gutch PK, Saxena C (1995)Â Polyether azomethines. I. Synthesis and characterization. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 33:1719
Park KH, Tani T, Kakimoto M, Imai Y (1998)Â Synthesis and characterization of new diphenylfluorene-based aromatic polyazomethines. Macromol Chem Phys 199:1029
Chen Y, Yang Y, Su J, Tan L, Wang Y (2007)Â Preparation and characterization of aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters based on bisphenol-A terephthalate, hexylene terephthalate and lactide mioties. React Funct Polym 67:396
Chern Y-T, Huang C-M (1998)Â Synthesis and characterization of new polyesters derived from 1,6- or 4,9-diamantanedicarboxylic acyl chlorides with aryl ether diols. Polymer 39:2325
Bertini F, Zuev VV (2006)Â Investigation of the thermal degradation of fully aromatic regular polyesters: Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-fumaroyl-bis-4-oxybenzoate). Polym Degrad Stab 91:3214
Mallakpour S, Meratian S (2008)Â Synthesis and characterization of organosoluble optically active poly(ester-imide)s derived from trimellitic anhydride, L-methionine and bisphenols. High Perform Polym 20:3
Maiti S, Das S (1980)Â Synthesis and properties of a new polyesterimide. Angew Makromol Chem 86:181
Lienert KW (1999)Â Poly(ester-imide)s for Industrial Use. Adv Polym Sci 141:45
Yang C-P, Chiang H-C, Chen R-S (2003)Â Synthesis and characterization of organosoluble poly(arylate-imide)s prepared from direct polycondensation of bis(trimellitimide)-diacids and various bisphenols. J Appl Polym Sci 89:3818
Mulvaney JE, Figueroa FR, Wu SJ (1986)Â Polymers from 4,4â²-sulfonyldiphenol. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 24:613
Yang J-W, Wang C-S (1999)Â Novel perfluorononenyloxy group-containing polyimides. Polymer 40:1411
Schmidt K, Wille D (1971) U.S. Patent US3562219A
Shen DC (1982) U.S. Patent US4362861
Dolui SK, Pal D, Maiti S (1985)Â Synthesis of a novel polyesterimide. J Appl Polym Sci 30:3867
Maiti S, Das S (1981)Â Synthesis and properties of polyesterimides and their isomers. J Appl Polym Sci 26:957
Li C-H, Chen C-C, Chen K-M (1994)Â Studies on the synthesis and properties of copolyesterimide. J Appl Polym Sci 52:1751
Li C-H, Chen C-C, Chen K-M, Chang T-C (1995)Â Studies on the synthesis and properties of soluble homo- and copolyesterâimide derived from imideâdiacid. J Appl Polym Sci 55:747
Kurita K, Koyama Y, Mikawa N, Kaneda K, Murakoshi H (1989) Polymers based on p-aminophenol. 5. New synthetic route to wholly aromatic polyimide-ester. J Polym Sci C Polym Lett 27:115
Kurita K, Mikawa N, Koyama Y, Nishimura S (1990)Â Polymers based on p-aminophenol. 6. Facile synthesis of the simplest wholly aromatic poly(imide-ester) by pyrolytic polymerization of monomers containing preformed ester linkages. Macromolecules 23:2605
Li C-H, Jung A, Liang A-L, Chang T-C (1995)Â Studies on the synthesis and properties of thermotropic liquid crystalline copoly(amideâesterâimide) derived fromN-(hydroxyphenyl)phthalimide-4-carboxylic acid with amino acid. J Appl Polym Sci 56:1661
Johnson RN, Farnham AG (1967)Â Poly(aryl ethers) by nucleophilic aromatic substitution. III. Hydrolytic side reactions. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 5:2415
Mandal BK, Maiti S (1986)Â Displacement polymerizationâV. Synthesis and characterization of polyarylethers containing furoxan and furazan units. Eur Polym J 22:447
Cotter RJ (1995) Engineering thermoplastics, a handbook of poly(aryleneether)s. Gordon and Breach, Postfach
Chen M, Gibson HW (1996)Â Large-sized macrocyclic monomeric precursors of poly(ether ether ketone): Synthesis and Polymerization. Macromolecules 29:5502
Xie D, Gibson HW (1996)Â A 40-membered cyclic arylene ether sulfone from bisphenol-A: improved synthesis and properties. Macromol Chem Phys 197:2133
Kricheldorf HR, Delius U, Tonnes KU (1988)Â New polymer syntheses. 14. Â New crystalline and amorphous aromatic poly(ether ketone)âs. New Polym Mater 1:127
Colon I, Kwiatkowski GT (1990)Â High molecular weight aromatic polymers by nickel coupling of aryl polychlorides. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 28:367
Frazer AH, Wallenberger FT (1964)Â Poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole) fibers: new fibers with superior high temperature resistance. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 2:1171
Frazer AH, Sarasohn IM (1966)Â Thermal behavior of polyhydrazides and poly-1,3,4-oxadiazoles. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 4:1649
Frazer AH, Wallenberger FT (1964)Â Poly(1,3,4-oxadiazolidine). J Polym Sci A General Papers 2:1181
Sava I, Schulz B, Zhu S, Bruma M (1995)Â Synthesis and characterization of new silicon-containing poly(arylene-1,3,4-oxadiazole)s. High Perform Polym 7:493
Iwakura Y, Uno K, Hara S (1965)Â Poly-l,3,4-oxad.iazoles.I.Polyphenylene-1,3,4-oxadiazoles. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 3:45
Hensema ER, Boom JP, Mulder MHV, Smolders CA (1994)Â Two reaction routes for the preparation of aromatic polyoxadiazoles and polytriazoles: Syntheses and properties. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 32:513
Schulz B, Leibnitz E (1992)Â Aromatic poly(oxadiazole)sânew aspects of their synthesis, structures and properties. Acta Polym 43:343
Mythili CV, Retna AM, Gopalakrishnan S (2004)Â Synthesis, mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of polyurethanes based on cardanol. Bull Mater Sci 27:235
Ionescu M, Wan X, Bilic N, Petrovic ZS (2012)Â Polyols and rigid polyurethane foams from cashew nut shell liquid. J Polym Environ 20:647
Suresh KI (2013) Â Rigid polyurethane foams from cardanol: synthesis, structural characterization, and evaluation of polyol and foam properties.ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 1:232
Kathalewar M, Sabnis A (2014) Preparation of novel CNSL-based urethane polyol via nonisocyanate route: curing with melamine-formaldehyde resin and structureâproperty relationship. J Appl Polym Sci 131:41391
Suresh KI, Kishanprasad VS (2005) Â Synthesis, structure, and properties of novel polyols from cardanol and developed polyurethanes. Ind Eng Chem Res 44:4504
Mohapatra S, Mohanty N, Guru BN, Pal NC (2014)Â The synthesis and FTIR, kinetics and TG/DTG/dta study of biopolymers derived from polyurethanes of glycerol modified linseed oil and cardanol based dyes. J Chem Pharm Res 6:1493
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Âİ 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chatterjee, D. et al. (2017). Step-Growth Polymers from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)-Based Aromatic Difunctional Monomers. In: Anilkumar, P. (eds) Cashew Nut Shell Liquid. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47455-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47455-7_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-47454-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-47455-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)