Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Border Within: Immigration Policymaking in Europe and the Role of Science

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Border Politics

  • 1063 Accesses

Abstract

While European countries differ in terms of migration histories, patterns and regimes, this chapter shows a common trend to link migration control with integration. The introduction of compulsory integration courses for newcomers before and after entry marks a clear shift from principally territorial control to more complex forms of regulating access to, and participation in, society. This establishment of ‘a border within’ is accompanied by the re-definition of European territory along cultural-social lines (Europeanism), which translates into exclusionary mechanisms for specific groups of migrants, i.e. family migrants (women), particularly from Arab/Islamic countries. Analysing the role of science and knowledge in integration policymaking in Austria, the chapter illustrates how migrants are exempted from dialogues structures even in migration matters, highlighting mechanisms of exclusion in the European knowledge society. In this chapter, I argue that the area of ‘integration’ can be seen as Europe’s new frontier in which related policies function as lines of demarcation and separation for what is deemed Europe’s distinct ‘spiritual-religious and moral heritage’ (EU Charter of fundamental rights 2007). Evidence is based on two European comparative research projects conducted subsequently from 2009 to 2013.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Both projects engaged with a wide range of research methods including the analysis of key documents, quantitative and qualitative media analysis, network analysis and well over 100 expert interviews. For Austria alone 30 expert interviews were conducted within the DIAMINT project. For more information on the PROSINT project please see: http://research.icmpd.org/1429.html. For more information on the DIAMINT project please visit: www.diamint.eu

  2. 2.

    The Advisory Committee on Integration involves representatives from several federal ministries (e.g. the Ministry of Interior; Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Consumer Protection; Ministry of Science and Research), all federal state governments, the Austrian Association of Towns, the Austrian Association of Municipalities, the Austrian Chamber of Labour, the Austrian Chamber of Agriculture, the Austrian Chamber of Commerce, the Federation of Austrian Industries and the largest relief organizations in Austria (Caritas, Diakonie, Hilfswerk, Red Cross and Volkshilfe).

  3. 3.

    The Expert Council on Integration involves established experts in the field of migration and integration from the sciences such as Heinz Fassmann, Ruth Wodak, Gudrun Biffl and Rainer Münz, and less well known journalists like Hans Winkler or businessmen such as Thomas Oliva from the Austrian Association of Branded Goods Industry.

  4. 4.

    The Integration Report, published since 2001, provides statistical information on integration in Austria.

  5. 5.

    Fore more information see Heinz Fassmann & Rainer Münz (1992), Einwanderungsland Österreich? Gastarbeiter, Flüchtlinge, Immigranten, Jugend & Volk: Vienna.

References

  • Adam, B., Beck, U., & Van Loon, J. (Eds.). (2000). The risk society and beyond: Critical issues for social theory. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babická, K. (2011). The national policy frame for the integration of newcomers in the Czech Republic, PROSINT country report WP2. ICMPD. Retrieved from http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Project_material/PROSINT/Reports/CZ_WP2_Final.pdf

  • Bade, K. J., Emmer, P., Lucassen, L., & Oltmer, J. (Eds.). (2007). Enzyklopädie Migration in Europa vom 17. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart. Paderborn/München: Wilhelm Fink/Ferdinand-Schöningh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauböck, R. (2004). Migration und innere Sicherheit: Komplexe Zusammenhänge, paradoxe Effekte und politische Simplifizierungen. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft (ÖZP), 33(1), 49–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauböck, R., & Perchinig, B. (2003). Migrations- und Integrationsforschung in Österreich—Ansätze, Schnittstellen, Kooperationen: Ergebnisse des Workshops der Arbeitsgruppe EMIS vom 4. und 5. Juli 2003 (Kommission für Migrations- und Integrationsforschung Working Paper 1, 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1986). Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1991). Politik in der Risikogesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bendel, P. (2009). Europäische Migrationspolitik. Bestandsaufnahme und Trends. Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, WISO-Diskurs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigo, D. (1998). Europe passoire, Europe fortresse. La sécurisation et humanitarisation de l’immigration. In A. Rea (Ed.), Immigration et racisme en Europe (pp. 203–241). Brussels: Complexe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bommes, M. (2006). Integration durch Sprache als politisches Konzept. In U. Davy & A. Weber (Eds.), Paradigmenwechsel in Einwanderungsfragen? Überlegungen zum neuen Zuwanderungsgesetz. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. Retrieved from http://www.fes.de/GPI-NRW/forum/Bommes_IntegrationdurchSprachealspolitischesKonzept.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Bommes, M., & Morawska, E. (2005). International migration research: Constructions, omissions and the promises of interdisciplinarity. Farnham, England: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkert, M. (2012). The national policy frame for the integration of newcomers in Switzerland. PROSINT country report WP2. ICMPD. Retrieved from http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Project_material/PROSINT/Reports/CH_WP2_Final.pdf

  • Borkert, M. (2015). Research-policy dialogues in Austria. In P. Scholten, H. Entzinger, R. Penninx, & S. Verbeek (Eds.), Integrating immigrants in Europe: Research-policy dialogues (pp. 161–186). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkert, M., & Bosswick, W. (2011). The case of Germany. In G. Zincone et al. (Eds.), Migration policymaking in Europe: The dynamics of actors and contexts in past and present (IMISCOE research series, pp. 95–128). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkert, M., & Penninx, R. (2011). Policymaking in the field of migration and integration in Europe: An introduction. In G. Zincone et al. (Eds.), Migration policymaking in Europe: The dynamics of actors and contexts in past and present (IMISCOE research series, pp. 7–17). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boswell, C. (2009). The political uses of expert knowledge. Immigration policy and social research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Caponio, T., & Zincone, G. (2011). The national policy frame for the integration of newcomers in Italy, PROSINT country report WP2. ICMPD. Retrieved from http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Project_material/PROSINT/Reports/IT_WP2_Final.pdf

  • Cornelius, W. A., Martin, P., & Hollifield, J. (1994). Controlling immigration: A global perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutscher Bundestag. (2007a, March 28). Plenarprotokoll 16/90. Stenographischer Bericht. 90. Sitzung. Berlin. Retrieved from http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/16/16090.pdf

  • Deutscher Bundestag. (2007b, April 23). Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Umsetzung aufenthalts- und asylrechtlicher Richtlinien der Europäischen Union (BT-DS 5065, 173). Retrieved from http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/16/050/1605065.pdf

  • Deutscher Bundestag. (2009). Schriftliche Fragen mit den in der Woche vom 16. März 2009 eingegangenen Antworten der Bundesregierung (Bundestags-Drucksache 16/12356). Berlin. Retrieved from http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/16/123/1612356.pdf

  • Entzinger, H., Saharso, S., & Scholten, P. (2011). Shaping immigration for integration? The Dutch migration-integration nexus in perspective. Consolidated PROSINT country report for WP2. ICMPD. Retrieved from http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Project_material/PROSINT/Reports/NL_WP2-3-4_Final.pdf

  • Evans, J. (1998). Economic globalisation: The need for a social dimension. In D. Foden & P. Morris (Eds.), The search for equity: Welfare and security in the global economy. London: Lawrence & Wishart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fassmann, H., Sievers, W., Buchl, S., & Kraus, V. (2009). Migrations- und Integrationsforschung in Österreich: Institutionelle Verankerungen, Fragestellungen und Finanzierungen (KMI-Working Paper No. 15. Kommission für Migrations- und Integrationsforschung). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, A. (2003). Still beyond fortress Europe? Patterns and pathways in EU migration policy (Queen’s Papers on Europeanisation No. 4/2003). London: Transnational Press London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, A. (2005). The politics of migration and immigration in Europe. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, A., & Lazarou, E. (2008). Europeanization of migration policy and narratives of migration management: The case of Greece. ESRC project Multi-Level Governance in South-East Europe (SEE)—Institutional Innovation and Adaptation in Croatia, Greece, Macedonia and Slovenia. Centre for International Policy Research (CIPR) and South East European Research Centre (SEERC), University of Sheffield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gieryn, T. (1999). Cultural boundaries of science: Credibility on the line. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, J., & Keohane, R. (1993). Ideas and foreign policy: Ideas and foreign policy: Beliefs, institutions, and political change. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guiraudon, V. (2000). European integration and migration policy: Vertical policy-making as venue shopping. Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(2), 251–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, R. (2000). Immigration and citizenship in Post-war Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollomey, C., Wöger, A., & Kraler, A. (2011). The national policy frame for the integration of newcomers in Austria. PROSINT country report WP2. ICMP. Retrieved from http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Project_material/PROSINT/Reports/AT_WP2_Final.pdf

  • Home Office. (2000). Full and equal citizens. A strategy for the integration of refugees into the United Kingdom. London: HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Home Office. (2005). Integration matters: A national strategy for refugee integration. London: IND Corporate Communications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoppe, R. (2005). Rethinking the science-policy dialogue structure: From knowledge utilization and science technology studies to types of boundary arrangements. Poiesis & Praxis: International Journal of Technology Assessment and Ethics of Science, 3(3), 199–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huysmans, J. (2000). The European Union and the securitization of migration. Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(5), 751–777.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ireland, P. (1991). Facing the true ‘Fortress Europe’: Immigrants and politics in the EC. Journal of Common Market Studies, 29(5), 457–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, D. (1996). Rights across borders: Immigration and the decline of citizenship. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzenstein, P. (1996). The culture of national security: Norms and identity in world politics. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keohane, R., & Milner, H. (Eds.). (1996). Internationalization and domestic politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kofman, E., Vacchelli, E., D’Angelo, A., & Lewis, H. (2012). National frame for the integration of newcomers in the United Kingdom, PROSINT country report WP2. ICMPD. Retrieved from http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Project_material/PROSINT/Reports/UK_WP2_Policy_Analysis_Final.pdf

  • Lavenex, S. (2005). Politics of exclusion and inclusion in the wider Europe. In J. de Bardeleben (Ed.), Soft or hard borders? Managing the divide in an enlarged Europe (pp. 123–144). Aldershot, England: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupton, D. (1999). Risk. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moch, L. P. (1992). Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (Ed.). (2001). Programme for international student assessment (PISA), knowledge and skills for life: First results from PISA 2000. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (Ed.). (2004). Programme for international student assessment (PISA), learning for tomorrow’s world: First results from PISA 2003. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (Ed.). (2007). Programme for international student assessment (PISA), science competencies for tomorrow’s world: First results from PISA 2006. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perchinig, B. (2005). Migration studies in Austria—Research at the margins (KMI Working Paper 4/2005. Kommission für Migrations- und Integrationsforschung). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perchinig, B. (2012). The national policy frame for the integration of newcomers. Comparative Report. Available online at www.icmpd.org

  • Perchinig, B., Hollomey, C., Kraler, A., Wöger, A., Babická, K., Güell, B., et al. (2012). The national policy frames for the integration of newcomers. Comparative report, PROSINT Comparative Reports WP2. ICMPD. Retrieved from http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Project_material/PROSINT/Reports/WP2_CompRep_Final03052012.pdf

  • Prodolliet, S. (2009). Welche Integrationskultur? Zum gegenwärtigen Diskurs der Integrationsförderung. In E. Piñeiro, B. Isabelle, & K. Georg (Eds.), Fördern und Fordern im Fokus (Leerstellen des schweizerischen Integrationsdiskurses, pp. 48–60). Zürich und Genf: Seismo Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raphael, L. (1996). Die Verwissenschaftlichung des Sozialen als methodische und konzeptionelle Herausforderung für eine Sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 22(2), 165–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassen, S. (1996). Losing control? Sovereignty in an age of globalization. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassen, S. (1999). Beyond sovereignty: De-facto transnationalism in immigration policy. European Journal of Migration and Law, 1(2), 177–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scholten, P. (2011). Constructing Dutch immigrant policy. Research-policy relations and immigrant integration in the Netherlands. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 13 (1), 75–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schütz, A. (1972). Der gut informierte Bürger. In A. Schütz (Ed.), Gesammelte Aufsätze (Vol. 2, pp. 85–101). Den Haag: Nijhoff.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Soysal, Y. (1994). Limits of citizenship: Migrants and postnational membership in Europe. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacher, I., Demel, K., & Dostal, E. (1997). Machbarkeitsstudie für ein österreichisches Forum für Migrationsstudien und Entwurf für die Organisation eines Forums für Migrationsstudien. Vienna: Schlussbericht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strik, T., Böcker, A., Luiten, M., & van Oers, R. (2010). The INTEC Project: Draft synthesis report, integration and naturalisation tests: The new way to European citizenship. A comparative study in nine member states on the national policies concerning integration and naturalisation tests and their effects on integration. Nijmegen: Centre for Migration Law, Radboud University Nijmegen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Süssmuth, R., Vogel, H.-J., Eylmann, H., Fücks, R., Hailbronner, K., Henkel, H.-O., et al. (2001). “Zuwanderung gestalten, Integration fördern”, Bericht der unabhängigen Kommission “Zuwanderung”. Bundesministerium des Innern. Retrieved from http://www.bmi.bund.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/123148/publicationFile/9076/Zuwanderungsbericht_pdf.pdf

  • Taylor-Gooby, P., & Zinn, J. O. (Eds.). (2006). Risk in social science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thränhardt, D., & Bommes, M. (Eds.). (2010). National paradigms of migration research. Göttingen: V&R Unipress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weingart, P. (1983). Verwissenschaftlichung der Gesellschaft—Politisierung der Wissenschaft. Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 12, 225–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weingart, P. (1999). Scientific expertise and political accountability: Paradoxes of science in politics. Science and Public Policy, 26(3), 151–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wildavsky, A. (1979). Speaking truth to power: The art and craft of policy analysis. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zincone, G., Penninx, R., & Borkert, M. (Eds.). (2011). Migration policymaking in Europe. The dynamics of actors and contexts in past and present (IMISCOE research series). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Entrepreneurship, School of Economics and Management, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Maren Borkert

Authors
  1. Maren Borkert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maren Borkert .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. oiip Austrian Institute of International Affairs, Vienna, Austria

    Cengiz Günay

  2. Munich Center for Technology in Society, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Nina Witjes

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Borkert, M. (2017). The Border Within: Immigration Policymaking in Europe and the Role of Science. In: Günay, C., Witjes, N. (eds) Border Politics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46855-6_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation