Skip to main content

Abstract

Electrodermal activity (EDA) is the general term used to define autonomic changes in the electrical properties of the skin. One of the most frequently used measures of EDA is skin conductance (SC), which can be quantified by applying an electrical potential between two points of skin contact, usually the medial or distal phalanxes of the non-dominant hand, and measuring the resulting electric current between them.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  1. Fowles, D., Christie, M., Edelberg, R., Grings, W., Lykken, D., & Venables, P. (1981). Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements, Psychophysiology, 18(3), 232–239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Edelberg, R. (1972). Electrical activity of the skin: Its measurement and uses in psychophysiology. Handbook of psychophysiology (Vol. 12, p. 1011). New York: Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Boucsein, W. (2012). Electrodermal activity (2nd ed). New York: Springer Science & Business Media.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. Benedek, M., & Kaernbach, C. (2010). Decomposition of skin conductance data by means of nonnegative deconvolution. Psychophysiology, 47(4), 647–658.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M., & Filion, D. L. (2007). The electrodermal system. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (Chap. 7). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2000). Electrodermal activity (EDA)–state-of-the-art measurements and techniques for parapsychological purposes. Journal of Parapsychology, 64(2), 139.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Roth, W. T., Dawson, M. E., & Filion, D. L. (2012). Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements. Psychophysiology, 49, 1017–1034.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Greco, A., Lanata, A., Valenza, G., Rota, G., Vanello, N., & Scilingo, E. P. (2012). On the deconvolution analysis of electrodermal activity in bipolar patients. Proceedings of the 34th IEEE EMBS Conference (Vol. 2012, pp. 6691–6694).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Greco, A., Valenza, G., Lanata, A., Rota, G., & Scilingo, E. (2014). Electrodermal activity in bipolar patients during affective elicitation. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 18(6), 1865–1873.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Venables, P., & Christie, M. (1980). Electrodermal activity. Techniques in Psychophysiology, 54(3), 3–67.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Boucsein, W. (1992). Electrodermal activity (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Science & Business Media.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  12. Millington, P., & Wilkinson, R. (1983). Skin. In R. J. Harrison, & R. M. McMinn (Series Eds.) Biological structure and function (Vol. 9, pp. 83–98). Cambridge (Great Britain): Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Quay, W. (1977). Structure and function of skin glands. In Chemical signals in vertebrates (pp. 1–16). Berlin: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  14. Kuno, Y.(1956). Human perspiration (no. 285). Illinois: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Pinkus, H. (1952). Examination of the epidermis by the strip method. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 19(6), 431–447.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Herrmann, F., & Ippen, H. (1973). Biochemie der Haut:: 71 Tab. Thieme. Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Montagna, W. (2012). The structure and function of skin 3E. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Sato, K. (1983). The physiology and pharmacology of the eccrine sweat gland. Biochemistry and Physiology of the Skin, 1, 569–595.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Martin, I. (1980). Techniques in psychophysiology (Vol. 6). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Fowles, D. C. (1986). The eccrine system and electrodermal activity. Psychophysiology: Systems, Processes, and Applications, 1, 51–96.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bagshaw, M. H., Kimble, D. P., & Pribram, K. H. (1965). The gsr of monkeys during orienting and habituation and after ablation of the amygdala, hippocampus and inferotemporal cortex. Neuropsychologia, 3(2), 111–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Montagu, J., & Coles, E. (1966). Mechanism and measurement of the galvanic skin response. Psychological Bulletin, 65(5), 261.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Edelberg, R. (1983). The effects of initial levels of sweat duct filling and skin hydration on electrodermal response amplitude. Psychophysiology, 20(5), 550–557.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Boucsein, W., Schaefer, F., & Neijenhuisen, H. (1989). Continuous recordings of impedance and phase angle during electrodermal reactions and the locus of impedance change. Psychophysiology, 26(3), 369–376.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Martínez-Rodrigo, A., Zangróniz, R., Pastor, J. M., & Fernández-Caballero, A. (2015). Arousal level classification in the ageing adult by measuring electrodermal skin conductivity. In Ambient intelligence for health (pp. 213–223). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  26. Martinsen, Ø., Grimnes, S., & Sveen, O. (1997). Dielectric properties of some keratinised tissues. part 1: Stratum corneum and nail in situ. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 35(3), 172–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hanson, M. A., Powell, Jr. H. C., Barth, A. T., Ringgenberg, K., Calhoun, B. H., Aylor, J. H., et al. (2009). Body area sensor networks: Challenges and opportunities. Computer, 42(1), 58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Garbarino, M., Lai, M., Bender, D., Picard, R. W., & Tognetti, S. (2014). Empatica e3—a wearable wireless multi-sensor device for real-time computerized biofeedback and data acquisition. In 2014 EAI 4th International Conference on Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare (Mobihealth) (pp. 39–42). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Martinsen, O., & Grimnes, S. (1998). On using single frequency electrical measurements for skin hydration assessment. Innovation et Technologie en Biologie et Médecine, 19, 395–400.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Martinsen, Ø. G., Grimnes, S., Nilsen, J. K., Tronstad, C., Jang, W., Kim, H. et al. (2008). Gravimetric method for in vitro calibration of skin hydration measurements. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 55(2), 728–732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Picard, R. (2010). Emotion research by the people, for the people. Emotion Review, 2(3), 250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Marieke van Doorena, J.J.G. (Gert-Jan) de Vriesa, & Janssena, J. H. (2012). Emotional sweating across the body: Comparing 16 different skin conductance measurement locations. Physiology & Behavior, 106(2), 298–304.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Poh, M.-Z., Swenson, N. C., & Picard, R. W. (2010). A wearable sensor for unobtrusive, long-term assessment of electrodermal activity. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 57(5), 1243–1252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Strauss, M., Reynolds, C., Hughes, S., Park, K., McDarby, G., & Picard, R. W. (2005). The handwave bluetooth skin conductance sensor. In International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (pp. 699–706). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Thought Technology Ltd: ProComp Infinity Encoder and amplifiers. http://thoughttechnology.com/index.php/hardware/flexcomp-system-with-biograph-infiniti-software-t7555m.html (2016).

  36. Biopac Systems, Inc. http://www.biopac.com/ (2016).

  37. BioSemi Instrumentation. http://www.biosemi.com/ (2016).

  38. Scheirer, J., & Picard, R. (2001). The Galvactivator: A glove that senses and communicates skin conductivity. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Lanata, A., Valenza, G., & Scilingo, E. (2012). A novel EDA glove based on textile-integrated electrodes for affective computing. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 50, 1163–1172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Brainquiry, B. V. (2005) PET-GSR Wireless. http://www.brainquiry.com/.

  41. Analog Device: AD9833 Low Power, Programmable Waveform Generator. http://www.analog.com/en/products/rf-microwave/direct-digital-synthesis-modulators/ad9833.html (2016).

  42. Texas Instrument: MSP430 ultra-low-power Microcontrollers, http://www.ti.com/lsds/ti/microcontrollers_16-bit_32-bit/msp/overview.page (2016).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Greco, A., Valenza, G., Scilingo, E.P. (2016). Electrodermal Phenomena and Recording Techniques. In: Advances in Electrodermal Activity Processing with Applications for Mental Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46705-4_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics