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Brother or Other: The Place of Neanderthals in Human Evolution

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Human Paleontology and Prehistory

Part of the book series: Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology ((VERT))

Abstract

Few have provided insights and thoughtful explanations for Neanderthals that equal what have been a central theme in Yoel Rak’s publications. One of his deep understandings is that Neanderthals are another way of being human: not inferior, not superior, but different. Looking at what we now understand, Rak has been fundamentally correct in this insight, and where new discoveries have been unexpected, they serve to expand its scope and meaning. Unexpected new information about Neanderthal body form, demography , and even breeding behavior support and flesh out Rak’s essential insight about the place of Neanderthals in human evolution. In this paper some of the new discoveries and interpretations of Neanderthals and their evolution are discussed in this context. We examine three aspects of how Neanderthals are another way of being human: body shape (as revealed in the pelvis ), population structure (as revealed in their paleodemography), and breeding behavior (as revealed by paleogenetics, in the pattern of ancient gene flow ). In these ways Neanderthals are like their ancestors, or more broadly are the plesiomorphic condition.

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Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Erella Hovers and Assaf Marom for putting together this volume in honor of Yoel Rak and for inviting us to contribute. We thank Tom Roček for heroic emergency assistance, Jeremy DeSilva for access to unpublished data and Adam Van Arsdale for the use of his figure (our Fig. 19.7). Finally, we thank Yoel Rak who has been an inspiring model of civility in science and who has shown us how mutual respect, affection, humor and decades-long friendship need not be threatened by differences in scientific perspective.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology Anthropology and Social Work, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA

    Rachel Caspari

  2. Department of Anthropology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA

    Karen R. Rosenberg

  3. Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Milford H. Wolpoff

Authors
  1. Rachel Caspari
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  2. Karen R. Rosenberg
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  3. Milford H. Wolpoff
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Correspondence to Rachel Caspari .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy & Anthropolog, Tel-Aviv University Department of Anatomy & Anthropolog, Tel-Aviv, Israel

    Assaf Marom

  2. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of Archaeology, Jerusalem, Israel

    Erella Hovers

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Caspari, R., Rosenberg, K.R., Wolpoff, M.H. (2017). Brother or Other: The Place of Neanderthals in Human Evolution. In: Marom, A., Hovers, E. (eds) Human Paleontology and Prehistory. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46646-0_19

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