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International Workshop on Foundational and Practical Aspects of Resource Analysis

FOPARA 2015: Foundational and Practical Aspects of Resource Analysis pp 81–100Cite as

Inferring Parametric Energy Consumption Functions at Different Software Levels: ISA vs. LLVM IR

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Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNPSE,volume 9964))

Abstract

The static estimation of the energy consumed by program executions is an important challenge, which has applications in program optimization and verification, and is instrumental in energy-aware software development. Our objective is to estimate such energy consumption in the form of functions on the input data sizes of programs. We have developed a tool for experimentation with static analysis which infers such energy functions at two levels, the instruction set architecture (ISA) and the intermediate code (LLVM IR) levels, and reflects it upwards to the higher source code level. This required the development of a translation from LLVM IR to an intermediate representation and its integration with existing components, a translation from ISA to the same representation, a resource analyzer, an ISA-level energy model, and a mapping from this model to LLVM IR. The approach has been applied to programs written in the XC language running on XCore architectures, but is general enough to be applied to other languages. Experimental results show that our LLVM IR level analysis is reasonably accurate (less than \(6.4\,\%\) average error vs. hardware measurements) and more powerful than analysis at the ISA level. This paper provides insights into the trade-off of precision versus analyzability at these levels.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    \([0 \times i32]\) specifies an arbitrary length array of i32 integer type elements.

  2. 2.

    nJ, \(10^{-9}\) joules.

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Acknowledgements

This research has received funding from the European Union 7th Framework Program agreement no 318337, ENTRA, Spanish MINECO TIN’12-39391 StrongSoft project, and the Madrid M141047003 N-GREENS program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IMDEA Software Institute, Madrid, Spain

    U. Liqat, P. Lopez-Garcia & M. V. Hermenegildo

  2. University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    K. Georgiou, S. Kerrison & K. Eder

  3. Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Madrid, Spain

    P. Lopez-Garcia

  4. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain

    M. V. Hermenegildo

  5. Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

    John P. Gallagher

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  1. U. Liqat
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  2. K. Georgiou
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  3. S. Kerrison
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  4. P. Lopez-Garcia
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  5. John P. Gallagher
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  6. M. V. Hermenegildo
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  7. K. Eder
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Lopez-Garcia .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Radboud University and Open University, The Netherlands, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands

    Marko van Eekelen

  2. Dipartimento di Informatica, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Ugo Dal Lago

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Liqat, U. et al. (2016). Inferring Parametric Energy Consumption Functions at Different Software Levels: ISA vs. LLVM IR. In: van Eekelen, M., Dal Lago, U. (eds) Foundational and Practical Aspects of Resource Analysis. FOPARA 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9964. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46559-3_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46559-3_5

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