Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neuro-Urology in Spinal Cord Injury

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Neurological Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury

  • 2098 Accesses

Abstract

Storage and evacuation of urine is regulated by a neural control system that precisely coordinates the reciprocal activity of these two functional phases of the lower urinary tract (LUT) to achieve continence and to ensure a periodic, controlled voiding. This complex control system includes the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nervous system, with close interaction of cortical, subcortical, spinal cord neural networks and peripheral nerves. Damage to spinal cord structures results in a dysfunction of storage and evacuation, which can lead to incontinence, incomplete bladder drainage, and deterioration of the upper urinary tract. A straightforward categorization of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) is almost impossible due to the heterogeneity of spinal cord injuries (SCI) in terms of segmental levels of injury and completeness. An individual diagnostic and therapeutic approach is mandatory for successful treatment of NLUTD. This chapter summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological aspects of a SCI and the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in different phases after the SCI. The diagnostic assessment includes noninvasive procedures like clinical examinations and determination of post-voiding residual volume by ultrasound and invasive procedures such as urodynamic investigation and cystoscopy. The therapeutic interventions contain conservative therapies like drugs and percutaneous electrical stimulation and minimal invasive therapies such as injections of onabotulinumtoxin in the detrusor and sacral neuromodulation. In cases of failure of conservative treatment, invasive treatments among them bladder augmentation and implantation of an artificial sphincter might be necessary. A lifelong surveillance of the neuro-urological function of individuals with SCI is highly recommended to avoid complications and irreversible alterations of the lower urinary tract.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abrams P, Amarenco G, Bakke A, Buczyński A, Castro-Diaz D, Harrison S, Kramer G, Marsik R, Prajsner A, Stöhrer M, Van Kerrebroeck P, Wyndaele JJ, European Tamsulosin Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Study Group (2003) Tamsulosin: efficacy and safety in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction due to suprasacral spinal cord injury. J Urol 170:1242–1251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Amend B, Hennenlotter J, Schäfer T, Horstmann M, Stenzl A, Sievert KD (2008) Effective treatment of neurogenic detrusor dysfunction by combined high-dosed antimuscarinics without increased side-effects. Eur Urol 53:1021–1028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson KD (2004) Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. J Neurotrauma 10:1371–1383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Apostolidis A, Dasgupta P, Fowler CJ (2006) Proposed mechanism for the efficacy of injected botulinum toxin in the treatment of human detrusor overactivity. Eur Urol 49:644–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Austen M, Kalble T (2004) Secondary malignancies in different forms of urinary diversion using isolated gut. J Urol 172:831–838

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Aydin A, Ahmed K, Zaman I, Khan MS, Dasgupta P (2015) Recurrent urinary tract infections in women. Int Urogynecol J 26(6):795–804

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Barendrecht MM, Oelke M, Laguna MP, Michel MC (2007) Is the use of parasympathomimetics for treating an underactive urinary bladder evidence based? BJU Int 99:749–752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bartel P, Krebs J, Wöllner J, Göcking K, Pannek J (2014) Bladder stones in patients with spinal cord injury: a long-term study. Spinal Cord 52:295–297

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Benner JS, Nichol MB, Rovner ES, Jumadilova Z, Alvir J, Hussein M, Fanning K, Trocio JN, Brubaker L (2010) Patient-reported reasons for discontinuing overactive bladder medication. BJU Int 105:1276–1282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bennett CJ, Young MN, Adkins RH, Diaz F (1995) Comparison of bladder management complication outcomes in female spinal cord injury patients. J Urol 153:1458–1460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bersch U, Göcking K, Pannek J (2009) The artificial urinary sphincter in patients with spinal cord lesion: description of a modified technique and clinical results. Eur Urol 55:687–693

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Biering-Sorensen F, Nielans HM, Dorflinger T, Sorensen B (1999) Urological situation five years after spinal cord injury. Scand J Urol Nephrol 33:157–161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Biering-Sørensen F, Bagi P, Høiby N (2001) Urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord lesions: treatment and prevention. Drugs 61:1275–1287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Biers SM, Venn SN, Greenwell TJ (2012) The past, present and future of augmentation cystoplasty. BJU Int 109:1280–1293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Birkhäuser FD, Zehnder P, Roth B, Schürch L, Ochsner K, Willener R, Thalmann GN, Burkhard FC, Studer UE (2011) Irrigation of continent catheterizable ileal pouches: tap water can replace sterile solutions because it is safe, easy, and economical. Eur Urol 59:518–523

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Blaivas JG, Weiss JP, Desai P, Flisser AJ, Stember DS, Stahl PJ (2005) Long-term followup of augmentation enterocystoplasty and continent diversion in patients with benign disease. J Urol 173:1631–1634

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Blok BF, Holstege G (1998) The central nervous system control of micturition in cats and humans. Behav Brain Res 92:119–125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bodner DR, Haas CA, Krueger B, Seftel AD (1999) Intraurethral alprostadil for treatment of erectile dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury. Urology 53:199–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Brackett NL (2012) Infertility in men with spinal cord injury: research and treatment. Scientifica 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  20. Brackett NL, Lynne CM, Weizman MS, Bloch WE, Padron OF (1994) Scrotal and oral temperatures are not related to semen quality of serum gonadotropin levels in spinal cord-injured men. J Androl 15:614–619

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Brackett NL, Lynne CM, Ibrahim E, Ohl DA, Sonksen J (2010) Treatment of infertility in men with spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Urol 7:162–172

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bragg R, Hebel D, Vouri SM, Pitlick JM (2014) Mirabegron: a Beta-3 agonist for overactive bladder. Consult Pharm 29:823–837

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Brindley GS (1982) Deep scrotal temperature and the effect on it of clothing, air temperature, activity, posture and paraplegia. Br J Urol 54:49–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Brindley GS, Polkey CE, Rushton DN, Cardozo L (1986) Sacral anterior root stimulators for bladder control in paraplegia: the first 50 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49:1104–1114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Burns AS, Rivas DA, Ditunno JF (2001) The management of neurogenic bladder and sexual dysfunction after spinal cord injury. Spine 26:S129–S136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cardenas DD, Hoffman JM (2009) Hydrophilic catheters versus noncoated catheters for reducing the incidence of urinary tract infections: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 90:1668–1671

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Chaabane W, Guillotreau J, Castel-Lacanal E, Abu-Anz S, De Boissezon X, Malavaud B, Marque P, Sarramon JP, Rischmann P, Game X (2011) Sacral neuromodulation for treating neurogenic bladder dysfunction: clinical and urodynamic study. Neurourol Urodyn 30:547–550

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Chancellor MB, Bennett C, Simoneau AR, Finocchiaro MV, Kline C, Bennett JK, Foote JE, Green BG, Martin SH, Killoran RW, Crewalk JA, Rivas DA (1999) Sphincteric stent versus external sphincterotomy in spinal cord injured men: prospective randomized multicenter trial. J Urol 161:1893–1898

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Curt A, Rodic B, Schurch B, Dietz V (1997) Recovery of bladder function in patients with acute spinal cord injury: significance of ASIA scores and somatosensory evoked potentials. Spinal Cord 35:368–373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Darouiche RO, Green BG, Donovan WH, Chen D, Schwartz M, Merritt J, Mendez M, Hull RA (2011) Multicenter randomized controlled trial of bacterial interference for prevention of urinary tract infection in patients with neurogenic bladder. Urology 78:341–346

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Das S, Soni BM, Sharma SD, Gazvani R, Lewis-Jones DI (2006) A case of rapid deterioration in sperm quality following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 44:56–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. DeForge D, Blackmer J, Garritty C, Yazdi F, Cronin V, Barrowman N, Fang M, Mamaladze V, Zhang L, Sampson M, Moher D (2005) Fertility following spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord 43:693–703

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Del Popolo G, Marzi VL, Mondaini N, Lombardi G (2004) Time/duration effectiveness of sildenafil versus tadalafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in male spinal cord injured patients. Spinal Cord 42:644–648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. de Seze M, Petit H, Gallien P, de Seze MP, Joseph PA, Mazaux JM, Barat M (2002) Botulinum a toxin and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia: a double-blind lidocaine-controlled study in 13 patients with spinal cord disease. Eur Urol 42:56–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Devillé WL, Yzermans JC, van Duijn NP, Bezemer PD, van der Windt DA, Bouter LM (2004) The urine dipstick test useful to rule out infections. A meta-analysis of the accuracy. BMC Urol 4:4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. D’Hondt F, Everaert K (2011) Urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injuries. Curr Infect Dis Rep 13:544–551

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Divanoglou A, Westgren N, Bjelak S, Levi R (2010) Medical conditions and outcomes at 1 year after acute traumatic spinal cord injury in a Greek and a Swedish region: a prospective, population-based study. Spinal Cord 48:470–476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. El Masri y WS, Patil S, Prasanna KV, Chowdhury JR (2014) To cystoscope or not to cystoscope patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries managed with indwelling urethral or suprapubic catheters? That is the question! Spinal Cord 52:49–53

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Erlandsen EJ, Hansen RM, Randers E, Petersen LE, Abrahamsen J, Johannesen IL (2012) Estimating the glomerular filtration rate using serum cystatin C levels in patients with spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord 50:778–783

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Esclarin De Ruz A, Garcia Leoni E, Herruzo Cabrera R (2000) Epidemiology and risk factors for urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injury. J Urol 164:1285–1289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ethans KD, Nance PW, Bard RJ, Casey AR, Schryvers OI (2004) Efficacy and safety of tolterodine in people with neurogenic detrusor overactivity. J Spinal Cord Med 27:214–218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Everaert K, Lumen N, Kerckhaert W, Willaert P, van Driel M (2009) Urinary tract infections in spinal cord injury: prevention and treatment guidelines. Acta Clin Belg 64:335–340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Fowler CJ, Griffiths D, de Groat WC (2008) The neural control of micturition. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:453–466

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Frankel HL, Coll JR, Charlifue SW, Whiteneck GG, Gardner BP, Jamous MA, Krishnan KR, Nuseibeh I, Savic G, Sett P (1998) Long-term survival in spinal cord injury: a fifty year investigation. Spinal Cord 36:266–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Fulford SC, Sutton C, Bales G, Hickling M, Stephenson TP (1997) The fate of the ‘modern’ artificial urinary sphincter with a follow-up of more than 10 years. Br J Urol 79:713–716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Galiart E, Baumberger M, Pannek J (2013) [Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to autonomic dysreflexia: rare consequence of sexual stimulation in a paraplegic]. Article in German: Subarachnoidalblutung durch autonome Dysreflexie. Seltene Folge einer sexuellen Stimulation bei Paraplegie. Urologe A 52:1579–1581

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Gamé X, Chartier-Kastler E, Ayoub N, Even-Schneider A, Richard F, Denys P (2008) Outcome after treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia by temporary stent. Spinal Cord 46:74–77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Garlick PJ (2006) Toxicity of methionine in humans. J Nutr 136(6 Suppl):1722S–1725S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Gerridzen RG, Thijssen AM, Dehoux E (1992) Risk factors for upper tract deterioration in chronic spinal cord injured patients. J Urol 147:416–418

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Godbole P, Bryant R, MacKinnon AE, Roberts JP (2003) Endourethral injection of bulking agents for urinary incontinence in children. BJU Int 91:536–539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Goetz LL, Cardenas DD, Kennelly M, Bonne Lee BS, Linsenmeyer T, Moser C, Pannek J, Wyndaele JJ, Biering-Sorensen F (2013) International spinal cord injury urinary tract infection basic data set. Spinal Cord 51:700–704

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Goos KH, Albrecht U, Schneider B (2006) [Efficacy and safety profile of a herbal drug containing nasturtium herb and horseradish root in acute sinusitis, acute bronchitis and acute urinary tract infection in comparison with other treatments in the daily practice/results of a prospective cohort study].Article in German: Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit eines pflanzlichen Arzneimittels mit Kapuzinerkressenkraut und Meerrettich bei akuter Sinusitis, akuter Bronchitis und akuter Blasenentzündung im Vergleich zu anderen Therapien unter den Bedingungen der täglichen Praxis. Arzneimittelforschung 56:249–257

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Greenwell TJ, Venn SN, Mundy AR (2001) Augmentation cystoplasty. BJU Int 88:511–525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Groen J, Pannek J, Castro Diaz D, Del Popolo G, Gross T, Hamid R, Karsenty G, Kessler TM, Schneider M, ‘t Hoen L, Blok B (2016) Summary of European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines on neuro-urology. Eur Urol 69(2):324–333.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Groen LA, Spinoit AF, Hoebeke P, Van Laecke E, De Troyer B, Everaert K (2012) The AdVance male sling as a minimally invasive treatment for intrinsic sphincter deficiency in patients with neurogenic bladder sphincter dysfunction: a pilot study. Neurourol Urodyn 31:1284–1287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Günther M, Löchner-Ernst D, Kramer G, Stöhrer M (2001) Auswirkungen des aseptischen intermittierenden Katheterismus auf die männliche Harnröhre. Urologe B 41:359–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Günther M, Noll F, Nützel R, Gläser E, Kramer E, Stöhrer M (2002) Harnwegsinfektprophylaxe. Urinansäuerung mittels L-Methionin bei neurogener Blasenfunktionsstörung. Urologe B 42:218–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Gurung PM, Attar KH, Abdul-Rahman A, Morris T, Hamid R, Shah PJ (2012) Long-term outcomes of augmentation ileocystoplasty in patients with spinal cord injury: a minimum of 10 years of follow-up. BJU Int 109:1236–1242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Hachen HJ (1980) Clinical and urodynamic assessment of alpha-adrenolytic therapy in patients with neurogenic bladder function. Paraplegia 18:229–240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hachen HJ (1990) Oral immunotherapy in paraplegic patients with chronic urinary tract infections: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Urol 143:759–762

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hadiji N, Previnaire JG, Benbouzid R, Robain G, Leblond C, Mieusset R, Enjalbert M, Soler JM (2014) Are oxybutynin and trospium efficacious in the treatment of detrusor overactivity in spinal cord injury patients? Spinal Cord 52:701–705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hamid R, Khastgir J, Arya M, Patel HR, Shah PJ (2003) Experience of tension-free vaginal tape for the treatment of stress incontinence in females with neuropathic bladders. Spinal Cord 41:118–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hamid R, Arya M, Wood S, Patel HR, Shah PJ (2003) The use of the Memokath stent in the treatment of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in spinal cord injury patients: a single-centre seven-year experience. Eur Urol 43:539–543

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Higuchi TT, Fox JA, Husmann DA (2011) Annual endoscopy and urine cytology for the surveillance of bladder tumors after enterocystoplasty for congenital bladder anomalies. J Urol 186:1791–1795

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Hoffman JM, Wadhwani R, Kelly E, Dixit B, Cardenas DD (2004) Nitrite and leukocyte dipstick testing for urinary tract infection in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 27:128–132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Holstege G, Mouton LJ (2003) Central nervous system control of micturition. Int Rev Neurobiol 56:123–145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Horstmann M, Schaefer T, Aguilar Y, Stenzl A, Sievert KD (2006) Neurogenic bladder treatment by doubling the recommended antimuscarinic dosage. Neurourol Urodyn 25:441–445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Horvath EE, Yoo PB, Amundsen CL, Webster GD, Grill WM (2010) Conditional and continuous electrical stimulation increase cystometric capacity in persons with spinal cord injury. Neurourol Urodyn 29:401–407

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Hussain M, Greenwell TJ, Venn SN, Mundy AR (2005) The current role of the artificial urinary sphincter for the treatment of urinary incontinence. J Urol 174:418–424

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Jia C, Liao LM, Chen G, Sui Y (2013) Detrusor botulinum toxin A injection significantly decreased urinary tract infection in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 51:487–490

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kafetsoulis A, Brackett NL, Ibrahim E, Attia GR, Lynne CM (2006) Current trends in the treatment of infertility in men with spinal cord injury. Fertil Steril 86:781–789

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Katsumi HK, Kalisvaart JF, Ronningen LD, Hovey RM (2010) Urethral versus suprapubic catheter: choosing the best bladder management for male spinal cord injury patients with indwelling catheters. Spinal Cord 48:325–329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kessler TM, La Framboise D, Trelle S, Fowler CJ, Kiss G, Pannek J, Schurch B, Sievert KD, Engeler DS (2010) Sacral neuromodulation for neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol 58:865–874

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kessler TM, Bachmann LM, Minder C, Löhrer D, Umbehr M, Schünemann HJ, Kessels AG et al (2011) Adverse event assessment of antimuscarinics for treating overactive bladder: a network meta-analytic approach. PLoS One 6, e16718

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Khastgir J, Hamid R, Arya M, Shah N, Shah PJ (2003) Surgical and patient reported outcomes of ‘clam’ augmentation ileocystoplasty in spinal cord injured patients. Eur Urol 43:263–269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Khawaldeh A, Morales S, Dillon B, Alavidze Z, Ginn AN, Thomas L, Chapman SJ, Dublanchet A, Smithyman A, Iredell JR (2011) Bacteriophage therapy for refractory Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infection. J Med Microbiol 60:1697–1700

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Kranjčec B, Papeš D, Altarac S (2014) D-mannose powder for prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: a randomized clinical trial. World J Urol 32:79–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Krasmik D, Krebs J, von Ophoven A, Pannek J (2014) Urodynamic results, clinical efficacy, and complication rates of sacral intradural deafferentation and sacral anterior root stimulation in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction resulting from complete spinal cord injury. Neurourol Urodyn 33:1202–1206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Krebs J, Pannek J (2013) Effects of solifenacin in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity as a result of spinal cord lesion. Spinal Cord 51:306–309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Krebs J, Bartel P, Pannek J (2014) Functional outcome of supratrigonal cystectomy and augmentation ileocystoplasty in adult patients with refractory neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. doi:10.1002/nau.22709 [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  81. Krebs J, Bartel P, Pannek J (2014) Chronic bacterial prostatitis in men with spinal cord injury. World J Urol 32:1579–1585

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Krebs J, Bartel P, Pannek J (2014) Bacterial persistence in the prostate after antibiotic treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis in men with spinal cord injury. Urology 83:515–520

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Krebs J, Göcking K, Pannek J (2014) Testicular resistive index determined by Doppler ultrasonography in men with spinal cord injury - a case series. Andrologia. doi:10.1111/and.12334 [Epub ahead of print]

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Krebs J, Wöllner J, Pannek J (2015) Urethral strictures in men with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction using intermittent catheterization for bladder evacuation. Spinal Cord 53:310–313

    Google Scholar 

  85. Krebs J, Göcking K, Kissling-Niggli M, Pannek J (2015) Cross-sectional study of the sperm quality in semen samples from spinal cord injured men after long-term cryopreservation. Andrology. doi:10.1111/andr.12017 [Epub ahead of print]

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Kuo HC (2008) Therapeutic satisfaction and dissatisfaction in patients with spinal cord lesions and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia who received detrusor botulinum toxin a injection. Urology 72:1056–1060

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kutzenberger J (2007) Surgical therapy of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (hyperreflexia) in paraplegic patients by sacral deafferentation and implant driven micturition by sacral anterior root stimulation: methods, indications, results, complications, and future prospects. Acta Neurochir Suppl 97:333–339

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Lee BB, Haran MJ, Hunt LM, Simpson JM, Marial O, Rutkowski SB, Middleton JW, Kotsiou G, Tudehope M, Cameron ID et al (2007) Spinal-injured neuropathic bladder antisepsis (SINBA) trial. Spinal Cord 45:542–550

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Lee BS, Bhuta T, Simpson JM, Craig JC (2012) Methenamine hippurate for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10, CD003265

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Light JK, Scott FB (1982) Bethanechol chloride and the traumatic cord bladder. J Urol 128:85–87

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Lin CS, Lue TF (2012) Stem cell therapy for stress urinary incontinence: a critical review. Stem Cells Dev 21:834–843

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Linsenmeyer TA (2009) Treatment of erectile dysfunction following spinal cord injury. Curr Urol Rep 10:478–484

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Linsenmeyer TA, Horton J, Benevento J (2002) Impact of alpha1-blockers in men with spinal cord injury and upper tract stasis. J Spinal Cord Med 25:124–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Linsenmeyer TA (2013) Use of botulinum toxin in individuals with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: state of the art review. J Spinal Cord Med 36:402–419

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Lombardi G, Del Popolo G (2009) Clinical outcome of sacral neuromodulation in incomplete spinal cord injured patients suffering from neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms. Spinal Cord 47:486–491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Low AI, McRae PJ (1998) Use of the Memokath for detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia after spinal cord injury--a cautionary tale. Spinal Cord 36:39–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Madersbacher H, Mürtz G, Stöhrer M (2013) Neurogenic detrusor overactivity in adults: a review on efficacy, tolerability and safety of oral antimuscarinics. Spinal Cord 51:432–441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Mallidis C, Lim TC, Hill ST, Skinner DJ, Brown DJ, Johnston WI, Baker HW (1994) Collection of semen from men in acute phase of spinal cord injury. Lancet 343:1072–1073

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. McGee MJ, Amundsen CL, Grill WM (2015) Electrical stimulation for the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 13 [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  100. McGuire EJ, Woodside JR, Borden TA, Weiss RM (1981) Prognostic value of urodynamic testing in myelodysplastic patients. J Urol 126:205–209

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. McGuire EJ, Noll F, Maynard F (1991) A pressure management system for the neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury. Neurourol Urodyn 10:223–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Mehnert U, Bastien L, Denys P, Cardot V, Even-Schneider A, Kocer S, Chartier-Kastler E (2012) Treatment of neurogenic stress urinary incontinence using an adjustable continence device: 4-year followup. J Urol 188:2274–2280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Mehta SS, Tophill PR (2006) Memokath® stents for the treatment of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) in men with spinal cord injury: the Princess Royal Spinal Injuries Unit 10-year experience. Spinal Cord 44:1–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Mehta S, Hill D, Foley N, Hsieh J, Ethans K, Potter P, Baverstock R, Teasell RW, Wolfe D, Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence Research Team (2012) A meta-analysis of botulinum toxin sphincteric injections in the treatment of incomplete voiding after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 93:597–603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Moemen MN, Fahmy I, AdelAal M, Kamel I, Mansour M, Arafa MM (2008) Erectile dysfunction in spinal cord-injured men: different treatment options. Int J Impotence Res 20:181–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Murphy S, Rea D, O’Mahony J, McDermott TE, Thornhill J, Butler M, Grainger R (2003) A comparison of the functional durability of the AMS 800 artificial urinary sphincter between cases with and without an underlying neurogenic aetiology. Ir J Med Sci 172:136–138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Naderi AR, Safarinejad MR (2003) Endocrine profiles and semen quality in spinal cord injured men. Clin Endocrinol 58:177–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. No authors listed (1992) The prevention and management of urinary tract infections among people with spinal cord injuries. National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Consensus Statement. January 27–29, 1992. J Am Paraplegia Soc 15:194–204

    Google Scholar 

  109. Nosseir M, Hinkel A, Pannek J (2007) Clinical usefulness of urodynamic assessment for maintenance of bladder function in patients with spinal cord injury. Neurourol Urodyn 26:228–233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Overgoor ML, de Jong TP, Kon M (2014) Restoring tactile and erogenous penile sensation in low-spinal-lesion patients: procedural and technical aspects following 43 TOMAX nerve transfer procedures. Plast Reconstr Surg 134:294e–301e

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Panicker JN, De Seze M, Fowler CJ (2013) Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. Handb Clin Neurol 110:209–220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Pannek J (2011) Treatment of urinary tract infection in persons with spinal cord injury: guidelines, evidence, and clinical practice. A questionnaire-based survey and review of the literature. J Spinal Cord Med 34:11–15

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Pannek J, Brands FH, Senge T (2001) Particle migration after transurethral injection of carbon coated beads for stress urinary incontinence. J Urol 166:1350–1353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Pannek J, Göcking K, Bersch U (2009) Long-term effects of repeated intradetrusor botulinum neurotoxin A injections on detrusor function in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. BJU Int 104:1246–1250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Pannek J, Kullik B (2009) Does optimizing bladder management equal optimizing quality of life? Correlation between health-related quality of life and urodynamic parameters in patients with spinal cord lesions. Urology 74:263–266

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Pannek J, Göcking K, Bersch U (2010) To clamp or not to clamp? Bladder management by suprapubic catheterization in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. World J Urol 28:637–641

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Pannek J, Bartel P, Göcking K (2012) Clinical usefulness of the transobturator sub-urethral tape in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in female patients with spinal cord lesion. J Spinal Cord Med 35:102–106

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Pannek J, Bartel P, Göcking K, Frotzler A (2013) Clinical usefulness of ultrasound assessment of detrusor wall thickness in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction due to spinal cord injury: urodynamics made easy? World J Urol 31:659–664

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Pannek J, Pannek-Rademacher S, Jus MC, Jus MS (2014) Usefulness of classical homoeopathy for the prevention of urinary tract infections in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction: a case series. Indian J Res Homoeopathy 8:31–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Pannek J, Pannek-Rademacher S, Cachin-Jus M (2014) Organ-preserving treatment of an epididymal abscess in a patient with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 52 Suppl 1:S7–S8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Patki P, Woodhouse J, Hamid R, Craggs M, Shah J (2008) Effects of spinal cord injury on semen parameters. J Spinal Cord Med 31:27–32

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. Perkash I (1993) Long-term urologic management of the patient with spinal cord injury. Urol Clin North Am 20:423–434

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Perkash I (2007) Transurethral sphincterotomy provides significant relief in autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injured male patients: long-term followup results. J Urol 177:1026–1029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Perrouin-Verbe B, Labat JJ, Richard I, Mauduyt de la Greve I, Buzelin JM, Mathe JF (1995) Clean intermittent catheterisation from the acute period in spinal cord injury patients. Long term evaluation of urethral and genital tolerance. Paraplegia 33:619–624

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Petit H, Wiart L, Gaujard E, Le Breton F, Ferrière JM, Lagueny A, Joseph PA, Barat M (1998) Botulinum A toxin treatment for detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in spinal cord disease. Spinal Cord 36:91–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Pinzón-Arango PA, Liu Y, Camesano TA (2009) Role of cranberry on bacterial adhesion forces and implications for Escherichia coli-uroepithelial cell attachment. J Med Food 12:259–270

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Post MW, Kirchberger I, Scheuringer M, Wollaars MM, Geyh S (2010) Outcome parameters in spinal cord injury research: a systematic review using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a reference. Spinal Cord 48:522–528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Post MW, Kirchberger I, Scheuringer M, Wollaars MM, Geyh S (2012) Outcome parameters in spinal cord injury research: a systematic review using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a reference. Disabil Health J 5:140–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Prieto J, Murphy CL, Moore KN, Fader M (2014) Intermittent catheterization for long-term bladder management. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9, CD006008

    Google Scholar 

  130. Quek ML, Ginsberg DA (2003) Long-term urodynamics followup of bladder augmentation for neurogenic bladder. J Urol 169:195–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Radziszewski K (2013) Outcomes of electrical stimulation of the neurogenic bladder: results of a two-year follow-up study. NeuroRehabilitation 32:867–873

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Reame NE (1992) A prospective study of the menstrual cycle and spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 71:15–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Reitz A, Stöhrer M, Kramer G, Del Popolo G, Chartier-Kastler E, Pannek J, Burgdörfer H, Göcking K, Madersbacher H, Schumacher S, Richter R, Von Tobel J, Schurch B (2004) European experience of 200 cases treated with Botulinum-A Toxin injections into the detrusor muscle for urinary incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Eur Urol 45:510–515

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Reynard JM, Vass J, Sullivan ME, Mamas M (2003) Sphincterotomy and the treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia: current status, future prospects. Spinal Cord 41:1–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Ricottone AR, Pranikoff K, Steinmetz JR, Constantino G (1995) Long-term follow-up of sphincterotomy in the treatment of autonomic dysreflexia. Neurourol Urodyn 14:43–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Rish BL, Dilustro JF, Salazar AM, Schwab KA, Brown HR (1997) Spinal cord injury: a 25-year morbidity and mortality study. Mil Med 162:141–148

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Rizio N, Tran C, Sorenson M (2012) Efficacy and satisfaction rates of oral PDE5 is in the treatment of erectile dysfunction secondary to spinal cord injury: a review of literature. J Spinal Cord Med 35:219–228

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Saint S, Kaufman SR, Rogers MA, Baker PD, Ossenkop K, Lipsky BA (2006) Condom versus indwelling urinary catheters: a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 54:1055–1061

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Salomon J, Denys P, Merle C, Chartier-Kastler E, Perronne C, Gaillard JL, Bernard L (2006) Prevention of urinary tract infection in spinal cord-injured patients: safety and efficacy of a weekly oral cyclic antibiotic (WOCA) programme with a 2 year follow-up—an observational prospective study. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:784–788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Sanford M (2014) OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox(®)): a review of its use in the treatment of urinary incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis or subcervical spinal cord injury. Drugs 74:1659–1672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Sauerwein D (1990) Surgical treatment of spastic bladder paralysis in paraplegic patients. Sacral deafferentation with implantation of a sacral anterior root stimulator. Urologe A 29:196–203

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Schäfer W, Abrams P, Liao L, Mattiasson A, Pesce F, Spangberg A, Sterling AM, Zinner NR, van Kerrebroeck P, International Continence Society et al (2002) Good urodynamic practices: uroflowmetry, filling cystometry, and pressure-flow studies. Neurourol Urodyn 21:261–274

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Schurch B, Stöhrer M, Kramer G, Schmid DM, Gaul G, Hauri D (2000) Botulinum-A toxin for treating detrusor hyperreflexia in spinal cord injured patients: a new alternative to anticholinergic drugs? Preliminary results. J Urol 164:692–697

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Schurch B, Reilly I, Reitz A, Curt A (2003) Electrophysiological recordings during the peripheral nerve evaluation (PNE) test in complete spinal cord injury patients. World J Urol 20:319–322

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Schwartz BG, Kloner RA (2010) Drug interactions with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction or pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 122:88–89

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Scott FB, Bradley WE, Timm GW (1973) Treatment of urinary incontinence by implantable prosthetic sphincter. Urology 1:252–259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Seoane-Rodríguez S, Sánchez R-Losada J, Montoto-Marqués A, Salvador-de la Barrera S, Ferreiro-Velasco ME, Alvarez-Castelo L, Balsa-Mosquera B, Rodríguez-Sotillo A (2007) Long-term follow-up study of intraurethral stents in spinal cord injured patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. Spinal Cord 45:621–626

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Smith M (2002) Efficacy of specialist versus non-specialist management of spinal cord injury within the UK. Spinal Cord 40:10–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Somani BK, Kumar V, Wong S, Pickard R, Ramsay C, Nabi G, Grant A, N’Dow J, ABACUS Research Group (2007) Bowel dysfunction after transposition of intestinal segments into the urinary tract: 8-year prospective cohort study. J Urol 177:1793–1798

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Stein R, Schröder A, Thüroff JW (2012) Bladder augmentation and urinary diversion in patients with neurogenic bladder: non-surgical considerations. J Pediatr Urol 8:145–152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Unsal-Delialioglu S, Kaya K, Sahin-Onat S, Kulakli F, Culha C, Ozel S (2010) Fever during rehabilitation in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury: analysis of 392 cases from a national rehabilitation hospital in Turkey. J Spinal Cord Med 33:243–248

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  152. Van Kerrebroeck PEV, Koldewijn EL, Scherpenhuisen S, Debruyne FMJ (1993) The morbidity due to lower urinary tract function in spinal cord injury patients. Paraplegia 31:320–329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Van Kerrebroeck PE, Koldewijn EL, Rosier PF, Wijkstra H, Debruyne FM (1996) Results of the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in spinal cord injury by sacral posterior root rhizotomy and anterior sacral root stimulation. J Urol 155:1378–1381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Vapnek JM, Couillard DR, Stone AR (1994) Is sphincterotomy the best management of the spinal cord injured bladder? J Urol 151:961–964

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Vastenholt JM, Snoek GJ, Buschman HP, van der Aa HE, Alleman ER, Ijzerman MJ (2003) A 7-year follow-up of sacral anterior root stimulation for bladder control in patients with a spinal cord injury: quality of life and users’ experiences. Spinal Cord 41:397–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Waites KB, Canupp KC, Roper JF, Camp SM, Chen Y (2006) Evaluation of 3 methods of bladder irrigation to treat bacteriuria in persons with neurogenic bladder. J Spinal Cord Med 29:217–226

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  157. Wielink G, Essink-Bot ML, van Kerrebroeck PE, Rutten FF (1997) Sacral rhizotomies and electrical bladder stimulation in spinal cord injury. 2. Cost-effectiveness and quality of life analysis. Dutch Study Group on Sacral Anterior Root Stimulation. Eur Urol 31:441–446

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Wilson TS, Lemack GE, Dmochowski RR (2002) UroLume stents: lessons learned. J Urol 167:2477–2480

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Woodbury MG, Hayes KC, Askes HK (2008) Intermittent catheterization practices following spinal cord injury: a national survey. Can J Urol 15:4065–4071

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Wyndaele JJ (2002) Complications of intermittent catheterization: their prevention and treatment. Spinal Cord 40:536–541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Wyndaele JJ, Brauner A, Geerlings SE, Bela K, Peter T, Bjerklund-Johanson TE (2012) Clean intermittent catheterization and urinary tract infection: review and guide for future research. BJU Int 110:E910–E917

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Yang CC, Mayo ME (1995) External urethral sphincterotomy: long-term follow-up. Neurourol Urodyn 14:25–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Yang CC, Clowers DE (1999) Screening cystoscopy in chronically catheterized spinal cord injury patients. Spinal Cord 37:204–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Yoon SB, Lee BS, Lee KD, Hwang SI, Lee HJ, Han ZA (2014) Comparison of bacterial strains and antibiotic susceptibilities in urinary isolates of spinal cord injury patients from the community and hospital. Spinal Cord 52(4):298–301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuro-Urology, Schweizer Paraplegiker-Zentrum, Guido A. Zäch Strasse 1, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland

    Jens Wöllner & Jürgen Pannek

  2. Clinical Trial Unit, Schweizer Paraplegiker-Zentrum, Guido A. Zäch Strasse 1, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland

    Jörg Krebs

Authors
  1. Jens Wöllner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jörg Krebs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jürgen Pannek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jürgen Pannek .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

    Norbert Weidner

  2. Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

    Rüdiger Rupp

  3. Methodist Rehabilitation Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA

    Keith E. Tansey

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wöllner, J., Krebs, J., Pannek, J. (2017). Neuro-Urology in Spinal Cord Injury. In: Weidner, N., Rupp, R., Tansey, K. (eds) Neurological Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46293-6_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46293-6_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-46291-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-46293-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation