Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

LPO and ROS Production in Rat Brain Exposed to Microwaves: Computational Elucidation of Melatonin in Repair System

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Perspectives in Environmental Toxicology

Part of the book series: Environmental Science and Engineering ((ENVSCIENCE))

Abstract

It is widely accepted that non-ionizing electromagnetic fields are present in the environment and are alarming as a major pollutant or electro-pollutant for health risk. The present study aimed to investigate the protective measures of melatonin against exposure of microwave radiations. Study also explored the mechanistic correlation among microwave radiation, melatonin and biological effects by computational method. For this, 60-day-old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 4/group): sham exposed (control), Melatonin (Mel) treated (2 mg/kg), 2.45 GHz microwave (MWs) exposed and MWs + Mel treated. Exposure took place in Plexiglas cages for 2 h a day for 35 days where, power density (0.2 mW/cm2) and specific absorption rate (SAR-0.14 W/kg) were estimated. Results show that melatonin prevent oxidative damage biochemically by significant decrease (p < 001) the levels of lipid peroxide (LPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain. However, exposure of microwave individually shows significant changes in LPO and ROS level. The effective dose of melatonin was validated by in silico method and which reveals the interaction of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) Eenzmyes of Central Nervous System (CNS) with melatonin. Where, AChE showed better interaction with the binding energy of −9.01 kcal/mol and inhibition constant 3.11 uM by comparing with BuChE. These results concluded that the melatonin has strong antioxidative potential against microwave radiation, which could be achieved by an implementation of computational approach.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ali B, Jamal QM, Shams S et al (2016) In silico analysis of green tea polyphenols as inhibitors of AChE and BChE enzymes in Alzheimer’s disease treatment. CNS Neurol Disord: Drug Targets 15:624–628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari N, Khodagholi F (2013) Natural products as promising drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: molecular mechanism aspect. Curr Neuropharmacol 11:414–429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Awad SM, Hassan NS (2008) Health Risks of electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone on brain of rats. J Appl Sci Res 4:1994–2000

    Google Scholar 

  • Baan R, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B et al (2011) Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Lancet Oncol 12:624–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett J, Timotijevic L, Shepherd R, Senior V (2007) Public responses to precautionary information from the Department of Health (UK) about possible health risks from mobile phones. Health Policy 82:240–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks BR et al (2009) CHARMM: the biomolecular simulation program. J Comput Chem 30:1545–1614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buege JA, Aust SD (1978) Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 52:302–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castroviejo DA, Lopez LC, Escames G et al (2011) Melatonin-mitochondria interplay in health and disease. Curr Top Med Chem 11:221–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan P, Verma HN, Sisodia R, Kesari KK (2016) Microwave radiation (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress: Whole-body exposure effect on histopathology of Wistar rats. Electromagn Biol Med 30:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi BW, Ryu G, Park SH et al (2007) Anticholinesterase activity of plastoquinones from Sargassumsagamianum: lead compounds for Alzheimer’s disease therapy. Phytother Res 21:423–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coureau G, Bouvier G, Lebailly P, Fabbro-Peray P, Gruber A et al (2014) Mobile phone use and brain tumours in the CERENAT case-control study. Occup Environ Med 71:514–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeIullis GN, Newey RJ, King BV, Aitken RJ (2009) Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS ONE 4:e6446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimbylow PJ, Mann SM (1994) SAR calculations in an anatomically realistic model of the head for mobile communication transceivers at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz. Phy Med Biol 39:1537–1544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drago F, Frisina M, Grech M et al (2001) Dual effects of melatonin on barbiturate-induced narcosis in rats. Neurosci Lett 300:176–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durney CH, Iskander MF, Massoudi H et al (1984) An empirical formula for broad band SAR calculations of prolate spheroidal models of humans and animal. In: Osepchuk JM (ed) Biological effects of electromagnetic radiation. IEEE Press, New York, pp 85–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman J, Kraus S, Hauptman Y et al (2007) Mechanism of short-term ERK activation by electromagnetic fields at mobile phone frequencies. Biochem J 405:559–568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galano A (2011) On the direct scavenging of melatonin towards the hydroxyl and or series of peroxyl radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13:7178–7188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodsell DS, Morris GM, Olson AJ (1996) Automated docking of flexible ligands: applications of AutoDock. J Mol Recognit 9:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B (1994) Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence? Lancet 344:721–724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardell L, Carlberg M (2013) Use of mobile and cordless phones and survival of patients with glioma. Neuroepidemiology 40:101–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K (2013a) Use of mobile phones and cordless phones is associated with increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma. Pathophysiology 20:85–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardell L, Carlberg M, Soderqvist F, Mild KH (2013b) Pooled analysis of case-control studies on acoustic neuroma diagnosed 1997–2003 and 2007–2009 and use of mobile and cordless phones. Int J Oncol 43:1036–1044

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardell L, Carlberg M, Soderqvist F, Mild KH (2013c) Case-control study of the association between malignant brain tumours diagnosed between 2007 and 2009 and mobile and cordless phone use. Int J Oncol 43:1833–1845

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi I, Morishita Y, Imai K et al (2007) High-throughput spectrophotometric assay of reactive oxygen species in serum. Mutat Res 631:55–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ICNIRP (1998) Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys 74:494–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang XK, Li LW, Leong MS, Kooi PS (2001) A method of moments study of SAR inside spheroidal human head and current distribution among handset wireless antennas. J Electromag Waves Appl 15:61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kesari KK, Behari J, Kumar S (2010) Mutagenic response of 2.45 GHz radiation exposure on rat brain. Int J Radiat Biol 86:334–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kesari KK, Kumar S and Behari J (2011) 900-MHz microwave radiation promotes oxidation in rat brain. Electromagn Biol Med 30:219–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J (2012a) Evidence for mobile phone radiation exposure effects on reproductive pattern of male rats: role of ROS. Electromagn Biol Med 31:213–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J (2012b) Pathophysiology of microwave radiation: effect on rat brain. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 166:379–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Kesari KK, Siddiqui MH, Meena R et al (2013) Cell phone radiation exposure on brain and associated biological systems. Ind J Exp Biol 51:187–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Kesari KK, Meena R, Nirala J et al (2014) Effect of 3G cell phone exposure with computer controlled 2-D stepper motor on non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway in rat brain. Cell Biochem Biophy 68:347–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kesari KK, Luukkonen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J (2015) Genomic instability induced by 50 Hz magnetic fields is a dynamically evolving process not blocked by antioxidant treatment. Mutat Res/Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagenesis 794:46–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kesari KK, Juutilainen J, Luukkonen J, Naarala J (2016) Induction of micronuclei and superoxide production in neuroblastoma and glioma cell lines exposed to weak 50 Hz magnetic fields. J R Soc Interface 13:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koc M, Taysi S, Buyukokuroglu ME, Bakan N (2003) Melatonin protects rat liver against irradiation-induced oxidative injury. J Radiat Res 44:211–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Behari J, Sisodia R (2013) Influence of electromagnetic fields on reproductive system of male rats. Int J Radiat Biol 89:147–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leszczynski D, Joenvaara S (2002) Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells: molecular mechanism for cancer—and blood-brain barrier—related effects. Differentiation 70:120–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Burillo S, Tan DX, Mayo JC et al (2003) Melatonin, xanthurenic acid, resveratrol, EGCG, vitamin C and alpha-lipoic acid differentially reduce oxidative DNA damage induced by Fenton reagents: a study of their individual and synergistic actions. J Pineal Res 34:269–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martın M, Macías M, Escames G et al (2000) Melatonin but not vitamins C and E maintain glutathione homeostasis in t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress. FASEB J 14:1677–1679

    Google Scholar 

  • Mausset AL, de Seze R, Montpeyroux F, Privat A (2001) Effects of radiofrequency exposure on the GABAergic system in the rat cerebellum: clues from semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry. Brain Res 912:33–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mead N (2008) Strong signal for cell phone effects. Environ Health Perspect ll 6:422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meena R, Kajal K, Kumar J et al (2014) Therapeutic approaches of melatonin in microwave radiations induced oxidative stress mediated toxicity on male fertility pattern of Wistar Rats. Electromagn Biol Med 33:81–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris GM, Huey R, Lindstrom W et al (2009) Autodock4 and AutoDockTools4: automated docking with selective receptor flexiblity. J Comput Chem 16:2785–2791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nittby H, Brun A, Eberhardt J et al (2009) Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone. Pathophysiology 16:103–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odaci E, Bas O, Kaplan S (2008) Effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on the dentate gyrus of rats: a stereological and histopathological study. Brain Res 1238:224–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pence HE, Williams AJ (2010) ChemSpider: an online chemical information resource. J Chem Educ 87:10–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips JL, Singh NP, Lai H (2009) Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage. Pathophysiology 16:79–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettersen EF, Goddard TD, Huang CC et al (2004) UCSF Chimera—a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J Comput Chem 25:1605–1612

    Google Scholar 

  • Qi W, Reiter RJ, Tan DX et al (2000) Increased levels of oxidative damaged DNA induced by chromium (III) and H2O2: protection by melatonin and related molecules. J Pineal Res 29:54–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Manchester LC et al (2003) Melatonin: detoxification of oxygen and nitrogen-based toxic reactants. Adv Exp Med Biol 527:539–548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez C, Mayo JC, Sainz RM et al (2004) Regulation of antioxidant enzymes: a significant role for melatonin. J Pineal Res 36:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman KJ, Chou CK, Morgan R et al (1996) Assessment of cellular telephone and other radio frequency exposure for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology 7:291–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutten BPF, Steinbusch HWM, Korr H, Schmitz C (2002) Antioxidants and Alzheimer’s disease: from bench to bedside (and back again). Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 5:645–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schönborn F, Burkhardt M, Kuster N (1998) Differences in energy absorption between heads of adults and children in the near field of sources. Health Phys 74:160–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahin S, Singh VP, Shukla RK (2013) 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress affects implantation or pregnancy in mice, Mus musculus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 169:1727–1751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sokolovic D, Djindjic B, Nikolic J et al (2008) Melatonin reduces oxidative stress induced by chronic exposure of microwave radiation from mobile phones in rat brain. J Radiat Res 49:579–586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Pandi-Perumal SR et al (2011) Melatonin in mitochondrial dysfunction and related disorders. Int J Alzheimer’s Dis 2011:16

    Google Scholar 

  • Sussman JL, Harel M, Frolow F et al (1991) Atomic structure of acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo californica: a prototypic acetylcholine-binding protein. Science 253:872–879

    Google Scholar 

  • Taysi S, Memisogullari R, Koc M et al (2008) Melatonin reduces oxidative stress in the rat lens due to radiation-induced oxidative injury. Int J Radiat Biol 84:803–808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winiarska K, Fraczyk T, Malinska D et al (2006) Melatonin attenuates diabetes-induced oxidative stress in rabbits. J Pineal Res 40:168–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu S, Zhou Z, Zhang L et al (2010) Exposure to 1800 MHZ radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in primary cultured neurons. Brain Res 1311:189–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao T, Zou S, Knapp P (2007) Exposure to cell phone radiation up-regulates apoptosis genes in primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 412:34–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Kavindra Kumar Kesari

    Present address: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bioelectromagnetic Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India

    Kavindra Kumar Kesari, Parul Chauhan & H. N. Verma

  2. Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Colleges, Buraydah, 51418, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Qazi Mohd. Sajid Jamal

  3. Department of Zoology, Rajasthan University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

    Archana Sharma & Rashmi Sisodia

  4. Research Cell, Amity University, Lucknow Capmus, Lucknow, 226028, India

    Anupam Dhasmana

  5. Environmental Carcinogenesis and Toxicoinformatics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India

    Mohd. Haris Siddiqui

Authors
  1. Kavindra Kumar Kesari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Qazi Mohd. Sajid Jamal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Archana Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Parul Chauhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Anupam Dhasmana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mohd. Haris Siddiqui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Rashmi Sisodia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. H. N. Verma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kavindra Kumar Kesari .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Environmental Science, Kuopio, Finland

    Kavindra Kumar Kesari

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kesari, K.K. et al. (2017). LPO and ROS Production in Rat Brain Exposed to Microwaves: Computational Elucidation of Melatonin in Repair System. In: Kesari, K. (eds) Perspectives in Environmental Toxicology. Environmental Science and Engineering(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46248-6_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation