Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Radionuclide Imaging of Pulmonary and Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine for Neuroendocrine Tumors

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

  • 1165 Accesses

Abstract

Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are an uncommon group of pulmonary neoplasms that are typically characterized by neuroendocrine differentiation with relatively indolent clinical behavior. The spectrum of pulmonary NETs ranges from typical carcinoid tumors, which are relatively benign, to highly aggressive small cell carcinoma. Thymic NETs are uncommon but malignant tumors of the thymus gland which are typically characterized by aggressive behavior and malignant potential. This chapter will emphasize current and emerging knowledge of functional imaging options on pulmonary and thymic NETs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Fink G, Krelbaum T, Yellin A, Bendayan D, Saute M, Glazer M, et al. Pulmonary carcinoid: presentation, diagnosis, and outcome in 142 cases in Israel and review of 640 cases from the literature. Chest. 2001;119(6):1647–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Travis WD. Advances in neuroendocrine lung tumors. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(Supplement 7):vii65–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Tsai H-J, Wu C-C, Tsai C-R, Lin S-F, Chen L-T, Chang JS. The epidemiology of neuroendocrine tumors in Taiwan: A Nation-Wide Cancer Registry-Based Study. Gorlova OY, editor. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(4):e62487.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Goto K, Kodama T, Matsuno Y, Yokose T, Asamura H, Kamiya N, et al. Clinicopathologic and DNA cytometric analysis of carcinoid tumors of the thymus. Mod Pathol Off J U S Can Acad Pathol Inc. 2001;14(10):985–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Moran CA, Suster S. Neuroendocrine carcinomas (carcinoid tumor) of the thymus. A clinicopathologic analysis of 80 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;114(1):100–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Valli M, Fabris GA, Dewar A, Chikte S, Fisher C, Corrin B, et al. Atypical carcinoid tumour of the thymus: a study of eight cases. Histopathology. 1994;24(4):371–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Cooper WA, Thourani VH, Gal AA, Lee RB, Mansour KA, Miller JI. The surgical spectrum of pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. Chest. 2001;119(1):14–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Teh BT. Thymic carcinoids in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. J Intern Med. 1998;243(6):501–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Teh BT, Zedenius J, Kytölä S, Skogseid B, Trotter J, Choplin H, et al. Thymic carcinoids in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Ann Surg. 1998;228(1):99–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Travis WD, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, International Academy of Pathology, editors. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart. Lyon/Oxford: IARC Press/Oxford University Press (distributor); 2004. p. 344.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M. A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors. Cancer. 2003;97(4):934–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Harpole DH, Feldman JM, Buchanan S, Young WG, Wolfe WG. Bronchial carcinoid tumors: a retrospective analysis of 126 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54(1):50–4; discussion 54–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Filosso PL, Rena O, Donati G, Casadio C, Ruffini E, Papalia E, et al. Bronchial carcinoid tumors: surgical management and long-term outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123(2):303–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. El Jamal M, Nicholson AG, Goldstraw P. The feasibility of conservative resection for carcinoid tumours: is pneumonectomy ever necessary for uncomplicated cases? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg Off J Eur Assoc Cardiothorac Surg. 2000;18(3):301–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. McCaughan BC, Martini N, Bains MS. Bronchial carcinoids. Review of 124 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1985;89(1):8–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Rosado de Christenson ML, Abbott GF, Kirejczyk WM, Galvin JR, Travis WD. Thoracic carcinoids: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc. 1999;19(3):707–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ducrocq X, Thomas P, Massard G, Barsotti P, Giudicelli R, Fuentes P, et al. Operative risk and prognostic factors of typical bronchial carcinoid tumors. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(5):1410–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Thomas CF, Tazelaar HD, Jett JR. Typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoids : outcome in patients presenting with regional lymph node involvement. Chest. 2001;119(4):1143–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Marchevsky AM, Walts AE. Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH). Semin Diagn Pathol. 2015;32(6):438–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lauriola L, Erlandson RA, Rosai J. Neuroendocrine differentiation is a common feature of thymic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22(9):1059–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cho KJ, Ha CW, Koh JS, Zo JI, Jang JJ. Thymic carcinoid tumor combined with thymoma – neuroendocrine differentiation in thymoma? J Korean Med Sci. 1993;8(6):458–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Wick MR, Ritter JH. Neuroendocrine neoplasms: evolving concepts and terminology. Curr Diagn Pathol. 2002;8(2):102–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Travis WD, Linnoila RI, Tsokos MG, Hitchcock CL, Cutler GB, Nieman L, et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung with proposed criteria for large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. An ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric study of 35 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1991;15(6):529–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Rosai J, Sobin LH. Histological typing of tumours of the thymus. New York: Berlin/Springer; 1999. 65 p.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  25. Soga J, Yakuwa Y, Osaka M. Evaluation of 342 cases of mediastinal/thymic carcinoids collected from literature: a comparative study between typical carcinoids and atypical varieties. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Off J Assoc Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Asia. 1999;5(5):285–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. de Perrot M, Spiliopoulos A, Fischer S, Totsch M, Keshavjee S. Neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid) of the thymus associated with Cushing’s syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73(2):675–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Suster S, Moran CA. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the mediastinum. Am J Clin Pathol. 2001;115(Suppl):S17–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Role of 68 Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT in carcinoids. Pathol Int. 2010;60(2):143–4.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Teh BT, McArdle J, Chan SP, Menon J, Hartley L, Pullan P, et al. Clinicopathologic studies of thymic carcinoids in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Medicine (Baltimore). 1997;76(1):21–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Jansson JO, Svensson J, Bengtsson BA, Frohman LA, Ahlman H, Wängberg B, et al. Acromegaly and Cushing’s syndrome due to ectopic production of GHRH and ACTH by a thymic carcinoid tumour: in vitro responses to GHRH and GHRP-6. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998;48(2):243–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Jeung M-Y, Gasser B, Gangi A, Charneau D, Ducroq X, Kessler R, et al. Bronchial carcinoid tumors of the thorax: spectrum of radiologic findings. Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc. 2002;22(2):351–65.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lococo F, Treglia G, Cesario A, Paci M, Filice A, Versari A, et al. Functional imaging evaluation in the detection, diagnosis, and histologic differentiation of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Thorac Surg Clin. 2014;24(3):285–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Daddi N, Ferolla P, Urbani M, Semeraro A, Avenia N, Ribacchi R, et al. Surgical treatment of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg Off J Eur Assoc Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;26(4):813–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Benson REC, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Martínez-Jiménez S, Kunin JR, Pettavel PP. Spectrum of pulmonary neuroendocrine proliferations and neoplasms. Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc. 2013;33(6):1631–49.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Okoye CC, Jablons DM, Jahan TM, Kukreja J, Cardozo S, Yom SS. Divergent Management Strategies for Typical Versus Atypical Carcinoid Tumors of the Thoracic Cavity. Am J Clin Oncol. 2014;37(4):350–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Fukai I, Masaoka A, Fujii Y, Yamakawa Y, Yokoyama T, Murase T, et al. Thymic neuroendocrine tumor (thymic carcinoid): a clinicopathologic study in 15 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67(1):208–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. de Montpréville VT, Macchiarini P, Dulmet E. Thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid): a clinicopathologic study of fourteen cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111(1):134–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Phan AT, Oberg K, Choi J, Harrison LH, Hassan MM, Strosberg JR, et al. NANETS consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the thorax (includes lung and thymus). Pancreas. 2010;39(6):784–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Wong KK, Waterfield RT, Marzola MC, Scarsbrook AF, Chowdhury FU, Gross MD, et al. Contemporary nuclear medicine imaging of neuroendocrine tumours. Clin Radiol. 2012;67(11):1035–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Xu C, Zhang H. Somatostatin receptor based imaging and radionuclide therapy. BioMed Res Int. 2015;2015:1–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rufini V, Calcagni ML, Baum RP. Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Semin Nucl Med. 2006;36(3):228–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Yellin A, Zwas ST, Rozenman J, Simansky DA, Goshen E. Experience with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the management of pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Isr Med Assoc J IMAJ. 2005;7(11):712–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hervás Benito I, Bello Arques P, Loaiza JL, Vercher JL, Velasco RP, Rivas Sánchez A, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in pediatric bronchial carcinoid tumor. Rev Esp Med Nucl. 2010;29(1):25–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Shulkin BL, Ilias I, Sisson JC, Pacak K. Current trends in functional imaging of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1073:374–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Taal BG, Hoefnagel CA, Valdés Olmos RA, Boot H. Combined diagnostic imaging with 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine and 111In-pentetreotide in carcinoid tumours. Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl 1990. 1996;32A(11):1924–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Yüksel M, Eziddin S, Ladwein E, Haas S, Biersack H-J. 111In-pentetreotide and 123I-MIBG for detection and resection of lymph node metastases of a carcinoid not visualized by CT, MRI or FDG-PET. Ann Nucl Med. 2005;19(7):611–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. von Guggenberg E, Sarg B, Lindner H, Melendez Alafort L, Mather SJ, Moncayo R, et al. Preparation via coligand exchange and characterization of [99mTc-EDDA-HYNIC-D-Phe1, Tyr3]Octreotide (99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC). J Label Compd Radiopharm. 2003;46(4):307–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Płachcińska A, Mikołajczak R, Kozak J, Rzeszutek K, Kuśmierek J. A visual and semi-quantitative assessment of (99m)Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC scintigraphy in differentiation of solitary pulmonary nodules. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2004;7(2):143–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Nocuń A, Chrapko B, Gołębiewska R, Stefaniak B, Czekajska-Chehab E. Evaluation of somatostatin receptors in large cell pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma with 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC scintigraphy. Nucl Med Commun. 2011;32(6):522–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS. Functional imaging of endocrine tumors: role of positron emission tomography. Endocr Rev. 2004;25(4):568–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP, Patz EF, Coleman RE, Ahuja V, Goodman PC. Evaluation of primary pulmonary carcinoid tumors using FDG PET. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170(5):1369–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bryant AS, Cerfolio RJ. The maximum standardized uptake values on integrated FDG-PET/CT is useful in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(3):1016–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Krüger S, Buck AK, Blumstein NM, Pauls S, Schelzig H, Kropf C, et al. Use of integrated FDG PET/CT imaging in pulmonary carcinoid tumours. J Intern Med. 2006;260(6):545–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Daniels CE, Lowe VJ, Aubry M-C, Allen MS, Jett JR. The utility of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the evaluation of carcinoid tumors presenting as pulmonary nodules. Chest. 2007;131(1):255–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Venkitaraman B, Karunanithi S, Kumar A, Khilnani GC, Kumar R. Role of 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT in initial evaluation of patients with suspected bronchopulmonary carcinoid. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41(5):856–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Gasparri R, Rezende GC, Fazio N, Maisonneuve P, Brambilla D, Travaini LL, et al. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging Off Publ Ital Assoc Nucl Med AIMN Int Assoc Radiopharmacol IAR Sect Soc Radiopharm Chem Biol. 2015;59(4):446–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wartski M, Alberini J-L, Leroy-Ladurie F, De Montpreville V, Nguyen C, Corone C, et al. Typical and atypical bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors on FDG PET/CT imaging. Clin Nucl Med. 2004;29(11):752–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Zeman RK, Schiebler M, Clark LR, Jaffe MH, Paushter DM, Grant EG, et al. The clinical and imaging spectrum of pancreaticoduodenal lymph node enlargement. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985;144(6):1223–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Jindal T, Kumar A, Kumar R, Dutta R, Meena M. Role of positron emission tomography-computed tomography in bronchial mucoepidermoid carcinomas: a case series and review of the literature. J Med Case Reports. 2010;4:277.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Jindal T, Kumar A, Kumar R. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(6):1422–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Treglia G, Giovanella L, Lococo F, Bertagna F. An unusual case of thymic carcinoid causing Cushing’s syndrome due to ectopic ACTH secretion detected by (18)F-FDG PET/CT. Rev Esp Med Nucl E Imagen Mol. 2014;33(4):253–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Doi M, Sugiyama T, Izumiyama H, Yoshimoto T, Hirata Y. Clinical features and management of ectopic ACTH syndrome at a single institute in Japan. Endocr J. 2010;57(12):1061–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Xu H, Zhang M, Zhai G, Zhang M, Ning G, Li B. The role of integrated (18)F-FDG PET/CT in identification of ectopic ACTH secretion tumors. Endocrine. 2009;36(3):385–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Gatto F, Hofland LJ. The role of somatostatin and dopamine D2 receptors in endocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2011;18(6):R233–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Maecke HR, Hofmann M, Haberkorn U. (68)Ga-labeled peptides in tumor imaging. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med. 2005;46 Suppl 1:172S–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Breeman WAP, de Blois E, Sze Chan H, Konijnenberg M, Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP. (68)Ga-labeled DOTA-peptides and (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography: current status of research, clinical applications, and future perspectives. Semin Nucl Med. 2011;41(4):314–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Poeppel TD, Binse I, Petersenn S, Lahner H, Schott M, Antoch G, et al. 68Ga-DOTATOC versus 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in functional imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2011;52(12):1864–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hofmann M, Maecke H, Börner A, Weckesser E, Schöffski P, Oei M, et al. Biokinetics and imaging with the somatostatin receptor PET radioligand 68Ga-DOTATOC: preliminary data. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28(12):1751–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kowalski J, Henze M, Schuhmacher J, Mäcke HR, Hofmann M, Haberkorn U. Evaluation of positron emission tomography imaging using [68Ga]-DOTA-D Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-Octreotide in comparison to [111In]-DTPAOC SPECT. First results in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Mol Imaging Biol MIB Off Publ Acad Mol Imaging. 2003;5(1):42–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Kayani I, Bomanji JB, Groves A, Conway G, Gacinovic S, Win T, et al. Functional imaging of neuroendocrine tumors with combined PET/CT using 68Ga-DOTATATE (DOTA-DPhe1, Tyr3-octreotate) and 18F-FDG. Cancer. 2008;112(11):2447–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Jindal T, Kumar A, Venkitaraman B, Dutta R, Kumar R. Role of (68)Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT in the evaluation of primary pulmonary carcinoids. Korean J Intern Med. 2010;25(4):386–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Jindal T, Kumar A, Venkitaraman B, Meena M, Kumar R, Malhotra A, et al. Evaluation of the role of [18F]FDG-PET/CT and [68Ga]DOTATOC-PET/CT in differentiating typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoids. Cancer Imaging Off Publ Int Cancer Imaging Soc. 2011;11:70–5.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Lococo F, Perotti G, Cardillo G, De Waure C, Filice A, Graziano P, et al. Multicenter comparison of 18F-FDG and 68Ga-DOTA-peptide PET/CT for pulmonary carcinoid. Clin Nucl Med. 2015;40(3):e183–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Dutta R, Kumar A, Julka PK, Mathur SR, Kaushal S, Kumar R, et al. Thymic neuroendocrine tumour (carcinoid): clinicopathological features of four patients with different presentation. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2010;11(6):732–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Baker JR. Fixation in cytochemistry and electron-microscopy. J Histochem Cytochem Off J Histochem Soc. 1958;6(5):303–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Bergström M, Eriksson B, Oberg K, Sundin A, Ahlström H, Lindner KJ, et al. In vivo demonstration of enzyme activity in endocrine pancreatic tumors: decarboxylation of carbon-11-DOPA to carbon-11-dopamine. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med. 1996;37(1):32–7.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Balogova S, Talbot J-N, Nataf V, Michaud L, Huchet V, Kerrou K, et al. 18F-Fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine vs other radiopharmaceuticals for imaging neuroendocrine tumours according to their type. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40(6):943–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Baum RP, Kulkarni HR, Carreras C. Peptides and receptors in image-guided therapy: theranostics for neuroendocrine neoplasms. Semin Nucl Med. 2012;42(3):190–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Mariniello A, Bodei L, Tinelli C, Baio SM, Gilardi L, Colandrea M, et al. Long-term results of PRRT in advanced bronchopulmonary carcinoid. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(3):441–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Antoch G, Bockisch A. Combined PET/MRI: a new dimension in whole-body oncology imaging? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;36(S1):113–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Ordidge KL, Brown JM, Succony L, Navani N, Hardavella G, Lawrence DR, et al. Massive pulmonary carcinoid tumor deemed inoperable until 68 Ga DOTATATE positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190(5):e16–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aster MIMS Hospital, Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences Ltd, Mini By-pass Road, Govindapuram P.O., Calicut, 673016, Kerala, India

    Sellam Karunanithi MD, FANMB

  2. Division of Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India

    Ganesh Kumar MD

  3. Division of Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India

    Rakesh Kumar MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Sellam Karunanithi MD, FANMB
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ganesh Kumar MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rakesh Kumar MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rakesh Kumar MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Karel Pacak

  2. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France

    David Taïeb

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Karunanithi, S., Kumar, G., Kumar, R. (2017). Radionuclide Imaging of Pulmonary and Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors. In: Pacak, K., Taïeb, D. (eds) Diagnostic and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine for Neuroendocrine Tumors. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46038-3_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46038-3_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-46036-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-46038-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation