Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synergy Drives the Evolutionary Dynamics in Biology and Economics

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
First Complex Systems Digital Campus World E-Conference 2015

Part of the book series: Springer Proceedings in Complexity ((SPCOM))

  • 687 Accesses

Abstract

KJ Inclusive Fitness Theory explains the conditions that favor the emergence and maintenance of social cooperation. KJ include direct and indirect benefits an agent obtains by its actions and through interactions with kin and with genetically unrelated individuals. That is, in addition to kin selection, assortation or homophily, and social synergies drive the evolution of cooperation. An Extended Inclusive Fitness Theory (EIFT) synthesizes the natural selection forces acting on biological evolution and on human economic interactions by assuming that natural selection driven by inclusive fitness produces agents with utility functions (υ) that exploit assortation and synergistic opportunities, so that \( \upsilon =\phi \left(\iota, \alpha, \varepsilon \right) \). This means that any utility functions (υ) must include in its calculations the benefits accrued to the agents directly (ι), through interactions with others (α), and through synergies triggered by its behavior (ε). This formulation allows to estimate sustainable cost/benefit threshold ratios of cooperation among organisms and/or economic agents, using existent analytical tools, illuminating our understanding of the dynamic nature of society, the evolution of cooperation among kin and non-kin, inter-specific cooperation, co-evolution, symbioses, division of labor, and social synergies. EIFT helps to promote an interdisciplinary cross-fertilization of the understanding of synergy by, for example, allowing to describe the role for division of labor in the emergence of social synergies, providing an integrated framework for the study of both biological evolution of social behavior and economic market dynamics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Wilson EO (1999) Consilience. Vintage Books

    Google Scholar 

  2. Jaffe K (2016) Extended inclusive fitness theory: synergy and assortment drives the evolutionary dynamics in biology and economics. Springerplus 5:1092. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2750-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Humboldt A (1807) Le voyage aux régions equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, fait en 1799–1804, par Alexandre de Humboldt et Aimé Bonpland. Paris

    Google Scholar 

  4. Jaffe K (1996) The dynamics of the evolution of sex: why the sexes are, in fact, always two? Interciencia 21:259–267, 22:48

    Google Scholar 

  5. Dobzhansky T (1970) Genetics of the evolutionary process, vol 139. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  6. Fisher RA (1958) The genetical theory of natural selection

    Google Scholar 

  7. Haldane JBS (1932) The causes of evolution. Harper & Row, New York

    Google Scholar 

  8. Huxley J (1942) Evolution: the modern synthesis. Allen and Unwin, London

    Google Scholar 

  9. Mayr E (1963) Animal species and evolution. Animal species and their evolution. Google Books

    Google Scholar 

  10. Darwin C (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection. http://ns1.ias.ac.in/resonance/Volumes/14/02/0204-0208.pdf

  11. Wallace AR (1870) Contributions to the theory of natural selection. Google Books

    Google Scholar 

  12. Wilson EO (2000) Sociobiology: the new synthesis. Harvard University Press

    Google Scholar 

  13. Skyrms B, Avise JC, Ayala FJ (2014) In the light of evolution VIII: Darwinian thinking in the social sciences. PNAS 111:10781–10784

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hamilton WD (1963) The evolution of altruistic behavior. Am Nat 97:354–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hamilton WD (1964) The genetical evolution of social behaviour I and II. J Theor Biol 7:1–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Segerstrale U (2013) Nature’s oracle: the life and work of W.D. Hamilton. Oxford University Press

    Google Scholar 

  17. Maynard-Smith J (1964) Group selection and kin selection. Nature 4924:1145–1147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Allen B, Nowak MA, Wilson EO (2013) Limitations of inclusive fitness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:20135–20139

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. Corning PA (2013) Rotating the Necker cube: a bioconomic approach to cooperation and the causal role of synergy in evolution. J Bioecon 15:171–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Gardner A, West AA, Wild G (2011) The genetical theory of kin selection. J Evol Biol 24:1020–1043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Hölldobler B, Wilson EO (2009) The super organism. Norton & Co, New York

    Google Scholar 

  22. Maynard Smith J (1983) Models of evolution. Proc R Soc B 219:315–325

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. Price GR (1970) Selection and covariance. Nature 227:520–521

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Price GR (1971) Extension of the Hardy-Weinberg law to assortative mating. Ann Hum Genet 35(4):485–490

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  25. Queller DC (1985) Kinship, reciprocity, and synergism in the evolution of social behavior. Nature 318:366–367

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Queller DC (1992) A general model for kin selection. Evolution 46:376–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Queller DC (2011) Expanded social fitness and Hamilton’s rule for kin, kith, and kind. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:10792–10799

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fletcher JA, Doebeli M (2006) How altruism evolves: assortment and synergy. J Evol Biol 19:1389–1393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hauert C, Michor F, Nowak MA, Doebeli M (2006) Synergy and discounting of cooperation in social dilemmas. J Theor Biol 239:195–202

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  30. Jaffe K (2001) On the relative importance of Haplo-Diploidy, assortative mating, and social synergy in the evolution of social behaviour. Acta Biotheor 49:29–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Jaffe K (2004) Sex promotes gamete selection: a quantitative comparative study of features favoring the evolution of sex. Complexity 9(6):43–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Jaffe K (2002) An economic analysis of altruism. Who benefits from altruistic acts? J Artif Soc Soc Simulat 5:3

    Google Scholar 

  33. Chuang JS, Rivoire O, Leibler S (2010) Cooperation and Hamilton’s rule in a simple synthetic microbial system. Mol Syst Biol 6(1):398

    Google Scholar 

  34. Crespi BJ (2001) The evolution of social behavior in microorganisms. Trends Ecol Evol 16:178–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Harcombe W (2010) Novel cooperation experimentally evolved between species. Evolution 64(7):2166–2172

    Google Scholar 

  36. Michener CD (1969) Comparative social behavior of bees. Ann Rev Entomol 14:299–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Silva ER, Jaffe K (2002) Expanded food choice as a possible factor in the evolution of eusociality in Vespidae. Sociobiology 39:25–36

    Google Scholar 

  38. Jaffe K (2010) Quantifying social synergy in insect and human societies. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 64:1721–1724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Axelrod R, Hamilton W (1981) The evolution of cooperation. Science 211:1390–1396

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  40. Bronstein JL (1994) Our current understanding of mutualism. Q Rev Biol 69(1):31–51

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hoeksema JD, Bruna EM (2000) Pursuing the big questions about interspecific mutualism: a review of theoretical approaches. Oecologia 125(3):321–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Corning PA, Szathmáry E (2015) ‘Synergistic selection’: a Darwinian frame for the evolution of complexity. J Theor Biol 371:45–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Axelrod RM (1997) The complexity of cooperation: agent-based models of competition and collaboration. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  44. Bonabeau E (2002) Agent-based modeling: methods and techniques for simulating human systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99(Suppl 3):7280–7287

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. Epstein JM (2006) Generative social science: studies in agent-based computational modeling. Princeton University Press. Macromolecules. Naturwissenschaften 58(10):465–523

    Google Scholar 

  46. Pepper JW, Smuts BB (2000) The evolution of cooperation in an ecological context: an agent-based model. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 45–76

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  47. Tesfatsion L, Judd KL (eds) (2006) Handbook of computational economics: agent-based computational economics, vol 2. Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  48. Dawkins R (1989) The selfish gene, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, p 192, ISBN 0-19-286092-5

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hausmann R, Hidalgo CA (2014) The atlas of economic complexity: mapping paths to prosperity. MIT Press

    Google Scholar 

  50. Jaffe K, Caicedo M, Manzanares M, Rios A, Florez A, Montoreano C, Davila V (2013) Productivity in physical and chemical science predicts the future economic growth of developing countries better than other indices for knowledge. PLoS One 8(6), e66239. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066239

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kenrick DT, Griskevicius V, Sundie JM, Li NP, Li YJ, Neuberg SL (2009) Deep rationality: the evolutionary economics of decision making. Soc Cogn 27:764–785, Special Issue: Rationality Restored

    Google Scholar 

  52. Jaffe K (2009) What is science?: An interdisciplinary perspective. University Press of America

    Google Scholar 

  53. Hamilton WD (1975) Innate social aptitudes of man: an approach from evolutionary genetics. In: Fox R (ed) Biosocial anthropology. Malaby Press, London, pp 133–153

    Google Scholar 

  54. Jaffe K (2002) On sex, mate selection and evolution: an exploration. Comments Theor Biol 7(2):91–107

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kuperman MN, Risau-Gusman S (2012) Relationship between clustering coefficient and the success of cooperation in networks. Phys Rev E 86:016104

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. Riolo R, Cohen M, Axelrod R (2001) Evolution of cooperation without reciprocity. Nature 414:441–443

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kim J (2010) A tag-based evolutionary prisoner’s dilemma game on networks with different topologies. J Artif Soc Soc Simul 13:3

    Google Scholar 

  58. Fu F, Nowak MA, Christakis NA, Fowler JH (2012) The evolution of homophily. Sci Rep 3:845

    Google Scholar 

  59. Alvarez L, Jaffe K (2004) Narcissism guides mate selection: humans mate assortatively, as revealed by facial resemblance, following an algorithm of “self seeking like”. Evol Psychol 2:177–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Payne C, Jaffe K (2005) Self seeks like: many humans choose their dog-pets following rules used for assortative mating. J Ethol 23(1):15–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Christakis NA, Fowler JH (2014) Friendship and natural selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(Suppl 3):10796–10801. doi:10.1073/pnas.1400825111

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. Centola D, Gonzalez-Avella JC, Eguiluz VM, San Miguel M (2007) Homophily, cultural drift, and the co-evolution of cultural groups. J Conflict Resol 51(6):905–929

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Kossinets G, Watts DJ (2009) Origins of homophily in an evolving social network. Am J Sociol 115(2):405–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Ochoa G, Jaffe K (2006) Assortative mating drastically alters the magnitude of error thresholds. In: Runarsson TP et al (eds) Lecture notes in computer science LNCS 4193, Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN IX. Springer, Berlin, pp 890–899

    Google Scholar 

  65. Massen JJM, Koski SE (2014) Chimps of a feather sit together: chimpanzee friendships are based on homophily in personality. Evol Hum Behav 35(1):1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Cooke F, Finney GH, Rockwell RF (1976) Assortative mating in lesser snow geese (Anser caerulescens). Behav Genet 6(2):127–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Andersson S, Andersson M (1998) Ultraviolet sexual dimorphism and assortative mating in blue tits. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 265(1395):445–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Bowles S, Gintis H (2005) Can self-interest explain cooperation? Evol Inst Econ Rev 2(1):21–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Hamilton IM, Taborsky M (2005) Contingent movement and cooperation evolve under generalized reciprocity. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 272(1578):2259–2267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Apicella CL, Marlowe FW, Fowler JH, Christakis NA (2012) Social networks and cooperation in hunter-gatherers. Nature 481(7382):497–501

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. Durrett R, Levin SA (2005) Can stable social groups be maintained by homophilous imitation alone? J Econ Behav Organ 57(3):267–286

    Google Scholar 

  72. Jaffe K (2014) The Wealth of Nations: complexity science for an interdisciplinary approach in economics. Amazon Books, Paperback November 18, 2014

    Google Scholar 

  73. Dolfsma W, Soete L (eds) (2006) Understanding the dynamics of a knowledge economy. Edward Elgar

    Google Scholar 

  74. Lewicki RJ, Saunders DM, Barry B (1985) Negotiation. Irwin, Homewood, pp 166–169

    Google Scholar 

  75. Liu HB, Huang ZH (2007) An empirical research on the synergy effects in the integration of industry chains—the perspective of circular economy theory. J Technol Econ 9:007

    Google Scholar 

  76. Taylor PD (2013) Inclusive and personal fitness in synergistic evolutionary games on graphs. J Theor Biol 21:76–82

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  77. Bettencourt LMA (2013) The origins of scaling in cities. Science 340:1438–1441

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  78. Hamilton WD (1996) Narrow roads of gene land, vol 1: evolution of social behavior. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  79. Osborn F, Jaffe K (1997) Cooperation vs. exploitation: interactions between Lycaenid (Lepidopera: Lycaenidae) larvae and ants. J Res Lepidoptera 34:69–82

    Google Scholar 

  80. Krotopkin P (1902) Mutual aid: a factor of evolution at Project Gutenberg

    Google Scholar 

  81. Baranski B, Bartz-Beielstein T, Ehlers R, Kajendran T, Kosslers B, Mehnen J, Polaszek T, Reimholz Schmidt J, Schmitt K, Seis D, Slodzinski R, Steeg S, Wiemann N, Zimmermann M (2006) High-order punishment and the evolution of cooperation. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference 2006: 379–380

    Google Scholar 

  82. Nowak MA (2006) Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. Science 314:1560–1563

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. Nowak MA, Sigmund K (1998) The dynamic of indirect reciprocity. J Theor Biol 194:561–574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Nowak MA, Sigmund K (2005) Evolution of indirect reciprocity. Nature 437:1291–1298

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. Jaffe K, Zaballa L (2010) Co-operative punishment cements social cohesion. J Artif Soc Soc Simul 13(3):4

    Google Scholar 

  86. Ohtsuki H, Hauert C, Lieberman E, Nowak M (2006) A simple rule for the evolution of cooperation on graphs and social networks. Nature 441:502–505

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. Aristotle (IV BC). Politics: a treatise on government. Project Gutenberg

    Google Scholar 

  88. Smith A (1776) The Wealth of Nations

    Google Scholar 

  89. Hayek F (1949) Individualism and economic order. University of Chicago Press

    Google Scholar 

  90. Becker GS, Murphy KM (1994) The division of labor, coordination costs, and knowledge. In: Becker GS (ed) Human capital: a theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education, 3rd edn. NBER Books, Cambridge, pp 299–322

    Google Scholar 

  91. Jaffe K, Fonck C (1994) Energetics of social phenomena: physics applied to evolutionary biology. Il Nuovo Cimento 16:543–553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Jaffe K, Hebling-Beraldo MJ (1993) Oxygen consumption and the evolution of order: negentropy criteria applied to the evolution of ants. Experientia 49:587–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Jaffe K (2015) Visualizing the invisible hand of markets: simulating complex dynamic economic interactions. Intell Syst Account Fin Manage 22(2):115–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Ferrante E, Turgut AE, Duéñez-Guzmán E, Dorigo M, Wenseleers T (2015) Evolution of self-organized task specialization in robot swarms. PLoS Comput Biol 11(8):e1004273

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hamilton WD (1971) Geometry for the selfish herd. J Theor Biol 31(2):295–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Woolley AW, Chabris CF, Pentland A, Hashmi N, Malone TW (2010) Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups. Science 330:686–688

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. Marx K (1867) Das Kapital. DC Books (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  98. Georgescu-Roegen N (1970) The economics of production. Am Econ Rev 60(2):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  99. Beinhocker ED (2006) The origin of wealth – evolution, complexity, and the radical remaking of economics. Harvard Business School Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  100. Chatterjee S (1986) Types of synergy and economic value: the impact of acquisitions on merging and rival firms. Strateg Manage J 7:119–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Dopfer K (1991) Toward a theory of economic institutions: synergy and path dependency. J Econ Issues 25(2):535–550

    Google Scholar 

  102. Evans P (1996) Government action, social capital and development: reviewing the evidence on synergy. World Dev 24(6):1119–1132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Ostrom E (1996) Crossing the great divide: coproduction, synergy, and development. World Dev 24(6):1073–1087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Bradley M, Desai A, Kim EH (1983) The rationale behind interfirm tender offers: information or synergy? J Financ Econ 11(1):183–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Eun CS, Kolodny R, Scheraga C (1996) Cross-border acquisitions and shareholder wealth: tests of the synergy and internalization hypotheses. J Bank Financ 20(9):1559–1582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Larsson R, Finkelstein S (1999) Integrating strategic, organizational, and human resource perspectives on mergers and acquisitions: a case survey of synergy realization. Organ Sci 10(1):1–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Barker JL, Barclay P, Reeve HK (2013) Competition over personal resources favors contribution to shared resources in human groups. PLoS One 8(3):e58826. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058826

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. Kiers ET, West SA (2015) Evolving new organisms via symbiosis. Science 348:392–394

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. Van Cleve J, Akcay E (2014) Pathways to social evolution: reciprocity, relatedness, and synergy. Evolution 3(68):2245–2258

    Google Scholar 

  110. Bourke AF (2014) Hamilton’s rule and the causes of social evolution. Phil Trans R Soc B 369:1471–2970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Gadagkar R, Gadagkar R (2009) The social biology of Ropalidia marginata: toward understanding the evolution of eusociality. Harvard University Press

    Google Scholar 

  112. Itô Y (1993) Behaviour and social evolution of wasps: the communal aggregation hypothesis. Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Google Scholar 

  113. Jaffe K, da Silva ER (2002) Expanded food choice as a possible factor in the evolution of sociality of Vespidae (Hymenoptera). Sociobiology 39:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  114. Strassmann JE, Queller DC, Solis CR, Hughes CR (1991) Relatedness and queen number in the Neotropical wasp, Parachartergus colobopterus. Anim Behav 42(3):461–470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Eigen M (1971) Selforganization of matter and the evolution of biological macromolecules. Naturwissenschaften 58(10):465–523

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. Jaffe K, Cipriani R (2007) Culture outsmarts nature in the evolution of cooperation. JASSS 10/1/7

    Google Scholar 

  117. Jaffe K, Flórez A, Manzanares M, Jaffe R, Gomes CM, Rodríguez D, Achury C (2014) On the bioeconomics of shame and guilt. J Bioecon 1–13

    Google Scholar 

  118. Tollefson J (2015) Can randomized trials eliminate global poverty? Nature 524:150–153

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. Montoreano C, Jaffe K (2013) Relative importance of social synergy, assortation and networks in the evolution of social cooperation. http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.4407

  120. Smith J, Van Dyken JD, ZeeJune PC (2010) A generalization of Hamilton’s rule for the evolution of microbial cooperation. Science 328:1700–1703

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  121. Ivens ABF (2014) Cooperation and conflict in ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) farming mutualisms – a review. Myrmecol News 21:19–36

    Google Scholar 

  122. Dawkins R, Krebs JR (1979) Arms races between and within species. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 205(1161):489–511

    Google Scholar 

  123. Jaffe K, Osborn F (2004) Simulation of coevolution in Batesian Mimicry. Naturalia 28:9–18

    Google Scholar 

  124. Zaman L, Meyer JR, Devangam S, Bryson DM, Lenski RE et al (2014) Coevolution drives the emergence of complex traits and promotes evolvability. PLoS Biol 12(12):e1002023. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Stilling RM, Bordenstein SR, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2014) Friends with social benefits: host-microbe interactions as a driver of brain evolution and development? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 4:147

    Google Scholar 

  126. Jaffe K (2008) On the adaptive value of sex. In: Unifying themes in complex systems IV. Springer, Berlin, pp 213–221

    Google Scholar 

  127. Weisel O, Shalvi S (2015) The collaborative roots of corruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:10651–10656

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. Corning PA (1983) The synergism hypothesis: a theory of progressive evolution. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  129. Porter ME (2011) Competitive advantage of nations: creating and sustaining superior performance. Simon and Schuster

    Google Scholar 

  130. Grant RM (1991) The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation. Knowl Strat 33(3):114–135

    Google Scholar 

  131. Ricardo D (1891) Principles of political economy and taxation. G. Bell and Sons

    Google Scholar 

  132. Jaffe K, Florez A, Grigorieva V, Masciti M, Castro I (2010) Comparing skills and attitudes of scientists, musicians, politicians and students. Interciencia 35(7):545–552

    Google Scholar 

  133. Jaffe K, Rios A, Florez A (2013) Statistics shows that economic prosperity needs both high scientific productivity and complex technological knowledge, but in different ways. Interciencia 38:150–156

    Google Scholar 

  134. Jaffe K, Levy-Carciente S (2004) Simulating barter, money and financial economies. http://atta.labb.usb.ve/Klaus/art156b.pdf

  135. Jaffe K (2014) Social and natural sciences differ in their research strategies, adapted to work for different knowledge landscapes. PLoS One 9(11):e113901

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  136. Jaffe K, Perez E (1989) Comparative study of brain morphology in ants. Brain Behav Evol 33(1):25–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Florida R (2005) Cities and the creative class. Routledge

    Google Scholar 

  138. Haken H, Portugali J (2003) The face of the city is its information. J Environ Psychol 23(4):385–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Fuller RB (1975) Synergetics. Pacific Tape Library, pp 372–434

    Google Scholar 

  140. Haken H (1973) Introduction to synergetics. In: Synergetics. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, pp 9–19

    Google Scholar 

  141. Corning PA (2007) Synergy goes to war: a bioeconomic theory of collective violence. J Bioecon 9(2):109–144

    Google Scholar 

  142. Jaffe K (2004) Altruism, altruistic punishment and decentralized social investment. Acta Biotheor 52:155–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Eibl-Eibesfeldt I (1979) Biology of peace and war. Thames and Hudson

    Google Scholar 

  144. Lorenz K (1963) Das Sogenannte Böse, Zur Naturgeschichte der Aggression first published 1963 by Verlag Dr Borotha-Schoeler, Vienna, Austria. English version: (2002). On aggression. Psychology Press

    Google Scholar 

  145. Mirás B, Cabrera A, Jaffe K (2007) Mate selection in the moth Neoleucinodes elegantalis: evidence for a supernormal chemical stimulus in sexual attraction. Anim Behav 73:727–734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Tinbergen N, Perdeck A (1950) On the stimulus situation releasing the begging response in the newly hatched herring gull chick (Larus a. argentatus Pont). Behaviour 3:1–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Jaffe K, Zaballa L (2009) Cooperative punishment and religion’s role in the evolution of prosocial altruism. Chapter 13. In: Feierman JR (ed) The biology of religious behavior: the evolutionary origins of faith and religion. Praeger, 301 pp

    Google Scholar 

  148. Levitt SD, Stephen J, Dubner DJ (2006) Freakonomics: a rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything. HarperCollins, New York

    Google Scholar 

  149. The Economist (2015) Family companies: to have and to hold. April 18. The Economist Newspaper Limited

    Google Scholar 

  150. Wang C, Steiner B (2015) Can ethno-linguistic diversity explain cross-country differences in social capital?: a global perspective. Econ Rec. doi:10.1111/1475-4932.12195

    Google Scholar 

  151. Jaffe K, Febres G (2016) Defining synergy thermodynamically using quantitative measurements of entropy and free energy. Complexity. doi:10.1002/cplx.21800

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to Michael Hrncir, Cristina Sainz, Emilio Herrera, Rodolfo Jaffe, and Peer 1038 of Peerage of Science. The paper was written as a response to questions and discussions triggered by my plenary talk honoring the 50 years of Bill Hamilton Inclusive Fitness Theory at the International Ethology meeting organized by the Sociedade Brasileira de Etologia in Mossoro in 2014. A non-quantifiable number of people helped crystallize the ideas presented during the last few decades. These include long evenings with Bill Hamilton during the eighties in the Americas and later in his house in Oxford; intensive conversations with John Maynard Smith in the University of Sussex a few months before his death; conversations and correspondence with David Queller; suggestions from Peter Corning; among many others.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela

    Klaus Jaffe

Authors
  1. Klaus Jaffe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Klaus Jaffe .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Paris, France

    Paul Bourgine

  2. Univ de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

    Pierre Collet

  3. ECAM Strasbourg-Europe, Schiltigheim, France

    Pierre Parrend

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this paper

Cite this paper

Jaffe, K. (2017). Synergy Drives the Evolutionary Dynamics in Biology and Economics. In: Bourgine, P., Collet, P., Parrend, P. (eds) First Complex Systems Digital Campus World E-Conference 2015. Springer Proceedings in Complexity. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45901-1_34

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation