Abstract
Police officers when dealing with interviewing children have to cope with a complex set of emotions from a vulnerable witness. Triggers for recognising those emotions and how to build rapport are often the basis of learning exercises. However, current training pulls together the full complexity of emotions during role-playing which can be over-whelming and reduce appropriate learning focus. Interestingly a serious game’s interface can provide valuable training not because it represents full complex, multimedia interactions but because it can restrict emotional complexity and increase focus during the interactions on key factors for emotional recognition. The focus of this paper is to report on a specific aspect that was explored during the development of a serious game that aims to address the current police-training needs of child interviewing techniques, where the recognition of emotions plays an important role in understanding how to build rapport with children. The review of literature reveals that emotion recognition, through facial expressions, can contribute significantly to the perceived quality of communication. For this study an ‘emotions map’ was created and tested by 41 participants to be used in the development of a targeted interface design to support the different levels of emotion recognition. The emotions identified were validated with a 70 % agreement across experts and non-experts highlighting the innate role of emotion recognition. A discussion is made around the role of emotions and game-based systems to support their identification for work-based training. As part of the graphical development of the Child Interview Stimulator (CIS) we examined different levels of emotional recognition that can be used to support the in-game graphical representation of a child’s response during a police interview.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ceci, S.J., Bruck, M.: Suggestibility of the child witness: a historical review and synthesis. Psychol. Bull. 113(3), 403–439 (1993)
Leander, L.: Police interviews with child sexual abuse victims: patterns of reporting, avoidance and denial. Child Abuse Negl. 34(3), 192–205 (2010)
Anderson, J., Ellefson, J., Lashley, J., Lukas, A., Miller, S.O., Russell, A., Stauffer, J., Weigman, J.: The cornerhouse forensic interview protocol: RATAC. TM Cooley J. Pract. Clinical L. 12, 193 (2009)
Ellison, L.: The Adversarial Process and the Vulnerable Witness. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2002)
Davis, G., Hoyano, L., Keenan, C., Maitland, L., Morgan, R.: An Assessment of the Admissibility and Sufficiency of Evidence in Child Abuse. Home Office, August 1999
Powell, M.B., Wright, R., Clark, S.: Improving the competency of police officers in conducting investigative interviews with children. Police Pract. Res. 11(3), 211–226 (2010)
HMIC: In harm’ s way: The role of the police in keeping children safe. Inspecting Policing in the Public Interest, July 2015
Lamb, M.E., Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Esplin, P.W., Horowitz, D.: A structured forensic interview protocol improves the quality and informativeness of investigative interviews with children: a review of research using the NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol. Child Abuse Negl. 31, 1201–1231 (2007)
Cederborg, A.C., Orbach, Y., Sternberg, K.J., Lamb, M.E.: Investigative interviews of child witnesses in Sweden. Child Abuse Negl. 24(10), 1355–1361 (2000)
Pipe, M.E., Lamb, M.E., Orbach, Y., Esplin, P.W.: Recent research on children’s testimony about experienced and witnessed events. Dev. Rev. 24(4), 440–468 (2004)
Paine, C.B., Pike, G.E., Brace, N.A., Westcott, H.L.: Children making faces: the effect of age and prompts on children’ s facial composites of un-familiar faces. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 22(474), 455–474 (2008)
Bull, R.: The investigative interviewing of children and other vulnerable witnesses: psychological research and working/professional practice. Legal Criminol. Psychol. 15, 5–23 (2010)
Kolb, D.A.: Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1984)
Bruner, J.S.: The act of discovery. Harvard Educ. Rev. 31(1), 21–32 (1961)
Neville, A.J.: Problem-based learning and medical education forty years on. Med. Principles Pract. 18(1), 1–9 (2008)
Sharman, S.J., Hughes-Scholes, C.H., Powell, M.B., Guadagno, B.L.: Police officers’ ability to play the role of the child during investigative interview training. Int. J. Police Sci. Manage. 14(4), 312–321 (2012)
Feinstein, A.H., Mann, S., Corsun, D.L.: Charting the experiential territory: clarifying definitions and uses of computer simulation, games, and role play. J. Manage. Dev. 21(10), 732–744 (2002)
Nešic, M., Nešic, V.: Neuroscience of nonverbal communication. In: Kostić, A., Chadee, D. (eds.) The Social Psychology of Non-verbal Communication. Palgrave Macmillion (2014)
Ekman, P., Wallace, V.F.: Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception. Psychiatry 32(1), 88–106 (1969)
Nešić, M., Nešić, V.: Neuroscience of nonverbal communication. In: The Social Psychology of Nonverbal Communication, pp. 31–65. Palgrave Macmillan, UK (2015)
Lindner, J.L., Rosen, L.A.: Decoding of emotion through facial expression, prosody and verbal expression in children and adolescents with Asperger’s syndrome. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 36(6), 769–777 (2006)
Posner, J., Russell, J.A., Peterson, B.S.: The circumplex model of affect: an integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology. Dev. Psychopathol. 17(03), 715–734 (2005)
Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V.: Unmasking the Face: A Guide to Recognizing Emotions from Facial Clues. Prentice Hall, NJ (1975)
Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V.: Pictures of Facial Affects. Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto (1976)
Ekman, P.: What scientists who study emotion agree about. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 11(1), 31–34 (2016)
Balconi, M., Carrera, A.: Emotional representation in facial expression and script: a comparison between normal and autistic children. Res. Dev. Disabil. 28(4), 409–422 (2007)
Batty, M., Taylor, M.J.: Early processing of the six basic facial emotional expressions. Cogn. Brain. Res. 17(3), 613–620 (2003)
Recio, G., Schacht, A., Sommer, W.: Recognizing dynamic facial expressions of emotion: specificity and intensity effects in event-related brain potentials. Biol. Psychol. 96, 111–125 (2014)
Humphries, L., McDonald, S.: Emotion faces: the design and evaluation of a game for preschool children. In: CHI 2011 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1453–1458. ACM (2011)
Ben Moussa, M., Magnenat-Thalmann, N.: Applying affect recognition in serious games: the playmancer project. In: Egges, A., Geraerts, R., Overmars, M. (eds.) MIG 2009. LNCS, vol. 5884, pp. 53–62. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Ioannou, S.V., Raouzaiou, A.T., Tzouvaras, V.A., Mailis, T.P., Karpouzis, K.C., Kollias, S.D.: Emotion recognition through facial expression analysis based on a neurofuzzy network. Neural Netw. 18(4), 423–435 (2005)
Finkelstein, S.L., Nickel, A., Harrison, L., Suma, E.A., Barnes, T.: cMotion: a new game design to teach emotion recognition and programming logic to children using virtual humans. In: IEEE Virtual Reality Conference, pp. 249–250. IEEE (2009)
Tanaka, J.W., Wolf, J.M., Klaiman, C., Koenig, K., Cockburn, J., Herlihy, L., Brown, C., Stahl, S., Kaiser, M.D., Schultz, R.T.: Using computerized games to teach face recognition skills to children with autism spectrum disorder: the Let’s Face It! program. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 51(8), 944–952 (2010)
Al Moubayed, S., Edlund, J., Beskow, J.: Taming Mona Lisa: communicating gaze faithfully in 2D and 3D facial projections. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 1(2), 25 (2012)
Savidis, A., Karouzaki, E.: Artificial game presenter avatars. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, pp. 415–416. ACM (2009)
Beskow, J., Al Moubayed, S.: Perception of gaze direction in 2D and 3D facial projections. In: Proceedings of the SSPNET 2nd International Symposium on Facial Analysis and Animation, p. 24. ACM (2010)
Schnepp, J.C., Wolfe, R.J., McDonald, J.C., Toro, J.A.: Combining emotion and facial non manual signals in synthesized American sign language. In: Proceedings of the 14th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, pp. 249–250. ACM (2012)
Garau, M., Slater, M., Bee, S., Sasse, M.A.: The impact of eye gaze on communication using humanoid avatars. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp. 309–316. ACM (2001)
Interactive, S.G.: Global Conflicts: Palestine. Gamers Gate. Manifesto Games & Macgamestore (2007)
Kebritchi, M.: Examining the pedagogical foundations of modern educational computer games. Comput. Edu. 51(4), 1729–1743 (2008)
Elfenbein, H.A., Der Foo, M., White, J., Tan, H.H., Aik, V.C.: Reading your counterpart: the benefit of emotion recognition accuracy for effectiveness in negotiation. J. Nonverbal Behav. 31(4), 205–223 (2007)
Kageki, N.: An uncanny mind: Masahiro Mori on the uncanny valley and beyond. IEEE Spectrum, June 2012
Plantec, P.: Crossing the Great Uncanny Valley, December 2007. AWN.com
Acknowledgement
This work is partly funded by the joint initiative between the College of Policing and the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Margoudi, M., Hart, J., Adams, A., Oliveira, M. (2016). Exploring Emotion Representation to Support Dialogue in Police Training on Child Interviewing. In: Marsh, T., Ma, M., Oliveira, M., Baalsrud Hauge, J., Göbel, S. (eds) Serious Games. JCSG 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9894. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45841-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45841-0_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45840-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45841-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)