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International and Regional Organisations and the Internationalisation of Consumer Law

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Internationalization of Consumer Law

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Political Science ((BRIEFSPOLITICAL))

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Abstract

This chapter examines the role that different international organisations play in the development of international consumer law. The roles that these international organisations play, the manner in which they internationalise the law, and the reasons for their involvement in the area are diverse. Sometimes, however, their activities are the outcomes of common actions between two or more international players.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    United Nations Conference for Trade and Development, ‘United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection (as expanded in 1999)’ A/RES/39/248, available at: http://unctad.org/en/docs/poditcclpm21.en.pdf.

  2. 2.

    See: D. Harland, The United Nations guidelines for consumer protection, JCP 10 (1987) 245–266.

  3. 3.

    Ibid., at [3].

  4. 4.

    J Kennedy, ‘Special Message to the Congress on Protecting the Consumer Interest’, 15 March 1962, available online at http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-037-028.aspx./OJ1975C92/1.

  5. 5.

    Decision 54/449 of the General Assembly of the United Nations.

  6. 6.

    United Nations Conference for Trade and Development, ‘Implementation Report on the United Nations Guidelines on Consumer Protection (1985–2013)’, E/1999/INF/2/Add.2, available at: http://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/ciclpd23_en.pdf.

  7. 7.

    I Benöhr and HW Micklitz, ‘Consumer protection and human rights’, G Howells, I Ramsay and T Wilhelmsson, Handbook of Research on International Consumer Law (Edward Elgar 2010), 36–38.

  8. 8.

    United Nations Conference for Trade and Development, ‘United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection (as expanded in 1999)’ A/RES/39/248, available at: http://unctad.org/en/docs/poditcclpm21.en.pdf at [63] et seq.

  9. 9.

    United Nations Conference for Trade and Development, ‘Implementation Report on the United Nations Guidelines on Consumer Protection (1985–2013)’, E/1999/INF/2/Add.2, available at: http://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/ciclpd23_en.pdf.

  10. 10.

    http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/history.

  11. 11.

    I Ramsay and T Williams, ‘The crash that launched a thousand fixes: Regulation of consumer credit after the lending revolution and the credit crunch’ in K Alexander and N Moloney, Law Reforms and Financial Markets (Edward Elgar 2011), 221 et seq.

  12. 12.

    I Ramsay, ‘Regulation of consumer credit’ in G Howells, I Ramsay and T Wilhelmsson, Handbook of Research on International Consumer Law (Edward Elgar 2010), 380.

  13. 13.

    See the World Bank Programmes of 2006 and 2008.

  14. 14.

    http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTFINANCIALSECTOR/0,,contentMDK:22761006~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:282885,00.html.

  15. 15.

    S L Rutledge, Consumer Protection and Financial Literacy: Lessons from Nine Countries Studies, The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5326 (2010), available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTFINANCIALSECTOR/Resources/Consumer_Protection_and_Fin_LiteracyWPS5326.pdf.

  16. 16.

    World Bank, “Good Practices for Financial Consumer Protection” [2012] available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTFINANCIALSECTOR/Resources/Good_Practices_for_Financial_CP.pdf.

  17. 17.

    http://www.oecd.org/sti/consumer/.

  18. 18.

    Available at: http://www.oecd.org/internet/consumer/2956464.pdf.

  19. 19.

    OECD, ‘Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of E-Commerce’, available at http://www.oecd.org/internet/consumer/34023235.pdf.

  20. 20.

    http://www.oecd.org/sti/consumer/2091663.pdf.

  21. 21.

    See OECD Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of E-Commerce.

  22. 22.

    OECD, ‘G20 High-level Principles on Financial Consumer Protection’ available at http://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/financial-markets/48892010.pdf.

  23. 23.

    http://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/financial-markets/48892010.pdf.

  24. 24.

    http://www.sama.gov.sa/sites/SAMAEN/ConsumerProtection/Pages/ConsumerRights.aspx.

  25. 25.

    http://www.oecd.org/internet/consumer/40879177.pdf.

  26. 26.

    OECD Report on Empowering and Protecting Consumers in the Internet Economy 2013.

  27. 27.

    A Manzoor, E-Commerce, 388.

  28. 28.

    OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data (July 2013), available at http://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/2013-oecd-privacy-guidelines.pdf.

  29. 29.

    Available at: http://www.oecd.org/sti/consumer/38960101.pdf.

  30. 30.

    http://www.oecd.org/sti/consumer/36456184.pdf.

  31. 31.

    http://www.consumersinternational.org.

  32. 32.

    Consumer International, Updating the United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection for the Digital Age, 2013.

  33. 33.

    Consumer International, ‘A guide to developing consumer protection law’, 2011, available at http://www.consumersinternational.org/.

  34. 34.

    E R Lowe, Technical Regulations to Prevent Deceptive Practices: Can WTO Members Protect Consumers From [un] Fair-Trade Coffee and [Less-Than] Free-Range Chicken? Journal of World Trade 48 no 3 (2014) 593–628.

  35. 35.

    S E Rolland, Are Consumer-Oriented Rules the New Frontier of Trade Liberalization? (2013). School of Law Faculty Publications. Paper 262. http://hdl.handle.net/2047/d20004926.

  36. 36.

    See: M. A. Echols, Food Safety and the WTO, Kluwer Law International 2001.

  37. 37.

    Codex Alimentarius Commission, Implementation of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, ALINORM 95/7, Part 1 (Rev’d) and Part 2 (1995), 1.

  38. 38.

    http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2009/pr09351.htm.

  39. 39.

    http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/about_governance.htm.

  40. 40.

    http://www.iec.ch/index.htm.

  41. 41.

    http://www.cencenelec.eu.

  42. 42.

    ICC Code of Advertising and Marketing Communication Practice, http://www.codescentre.com/images/downloads/660%20consolidated%20icc%20code_2011_final%20with%20covers.pdf; it was revised for the last time in 2011, accessed on 12 May 2014.

  43. 43.

    Guiding principles for advertising and marketing communication to children, http://www.toy-icti.org/info/communications-to-children.html, accessed on 12 May 2014; http://www.tietoy.org/toy-sector-in-europe/commercial-communications/, accessed on 12 May 2014.

  44. 44.

    Ibid.

  45. 45.

    See J Stuyck and M Durovic, ‘The External Dimension of EU Consumer law’ in M Cremona and HW Micklitz (eds), The External Dimension of EU Private Law, (Oxford 2016).

  46. 46.

    H. Micklitz, N. Reich, P. Rott, Understanding of EU Consumer Law; S Weatherill, EU Consumer Law and Policy, 2nd ed 2013.

  47. 47.

    The First Preliminary Programme for a Consumer Protection and Information Policy of 1975.

  48. 48.

    Article 129a of the Treaty on European Union.

  49. 49.

    Article 12 TFEU.

  50. 50.

    Article 169 TFEU.

  51. 51.

    Article 38 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

  52. 52.

    Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

  53. 53.

    See S Weatherill, EU Consumer law and Policy (2nd edn Edward Elgar Publishing 2013), 188 et seq.

  54. 54.

    see Case C-120/78 Rewe Zentral v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein (Cassis de Dijon) [1979] ECR 00649.

  55. 55.

    Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights; Directive 2008/48/EC of 23 April 2008 for the on consumer credit; Directive 90/314/EC on package travel, package holidays and package tours (now under revision); Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair contract terms; Directive 2008/122/EC on timeshare contracts; Directive 1999/44/EC on the sale of consumer goods; Directive 2002/EC on distance marketing of consumer financial services; Directive 2005/29/EC on unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices; Directive 2009/22/EC on injunctions; Directive 2013/11/EU on alternative resolution of consumer disputes; Regulation 1215/2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters; Regulation 2006/2004 on consumer protection cooperation; Regulation 2013/524 on online resolution of consumer disputes.

  56. 56.

    See: HW Micklitz and B Kas, Overview of cases before the CJEU on European Consumer Contract Law (2009–2013): Part I, European review of contract law, 2014, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1–63.

  57. 57.

    Case C-243/08 Pannon GSM Zrt. v Erzsébet Sustikné Győrfi [2009] ECR I-04713.

  58. 58.

    http://www.beuc.eu/.

  59. 59.

    http://www.consumersinternational.org/.

  60. 60.

    J Stuyck and M Durovic, ‘The External Dimension of EU Consumer law’ in M Cremona and HW Micklitz (eds), The External Dimension of EU Private Law, (Oxford 2016).

  61. 61.

    “Consumer Protection Charter” appended to its Resolution 543 (1973) http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta73/ERES543.htm.

  62. 62.

    T. Bourgoignie, Consumer law and the European Community: Issues and Prospects in: T. Bourgoignie and D. Trubek, “Integration through law: Consumer Law, Common Markets and Federalism in Europe and the United States”, Walter de Gruyter 1987, 94.

  63. 63.

    European Convention No 091 on Products Liability in regard to Personal Injury and Death [1977].

  64. 64.

    Convention No 108 for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data [1981].

  65. 65.

    Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products.

  66. 66.

    Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.

  67. 67.

    Recommendation 947 (1982) on the protection of consumers’ economic and social interests.

  68. 68.

    T. Bourgoignie, Consumer law and the European Community: Issues and Prospects in: T. Bourgoignie and D. Trubek, “Integration through law: Consumer Law, Common Markets and Federalism in Europe and the United States”, Walter de Gruyter 1987, 95.

  69. 69.

    CS-LO (2001) 25 Policy Guidelines on Access to Housing for Disadvantaged Categories of Persons which was developed by the Group of Specialists on Access to Housing.

  70. 70.

    I Benöhr, EU Consumer Law and Human Rights (Cambridge 2013), 50.

  71. 71.

    Ibid. 49–50.

  72. 72.

    Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam, see: http://www.asean.org/asean/asean-member-states.

  73. 73.

    ASEAN, ‘Consumer Protection’, available at: http://www.asean.org/asean/asean-member-states.

  74. 74.

    See ASEAN, ‘Consumer Protection’, available at: http://www.asean.org/asean/asean-member-states.

  75. 75.

    http://aseanconsumer.org/about/.

  76. 76.

    MG Plummer and CS Yue, ‘Realizing the ASEAN Economic Community: A Comprehensive Assessment’ (ISEAS 2009), 73.

  77. 77.

    C Nguyen, ‘The Drafting of Vietnam’s Consumer Protection Law: An Analysis from Legal Transplantation Theories (PhD Thesis University of Victoria 2011), 273.

  78. 78.

    http://www.caricom.org/.

  79. 79.

    Consumers in Caricom, available at: http://www.caricomcompetitioncommission.com/images/pdf/consumers-in-caricom-csme_booklet.pdf.

  80. 80.

    See Chap. VIII of the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas protection (Articles 184–186).

  81. 81.

    Available at http://www.caricomlaw.org/Details.aspx?EntryId=195.

  82. 82.

    B. Mueller, Dynamics of International Advertising: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives, 2nd ed, 2010, 310.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Law, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

    Mateja Durovic

  2. Department of Law, European University Institute, Florence, Italy

    Hans W. Micklitz

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Durovic, M., Micklitz, H.W. (2017). International and Regional Organisations and the Internationalisation of Consumer Law. In: Internationalization of Consumer Law. SpringerBriefs in Political Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45312-5_2

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