Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide in female populations. Because the prognosis and management of these patients depends on proper staging, emphasis must be placed on ensuring that health care professionals are perfectly familiar with current standards. Cervical Cancer staging is still achieved clinically. In some cases, it relies on surgical staging and diagnostic imaging tools that have widely progressed to improve their ability to detect tumor foci and distant site extensions. A section about preinvasive lesions is included in this chapter as a preamble to invasive lesions, which are the topic of the present text.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Galgano MT, Castle PE, Atkins KA, Brix WK, Nassau SR, Stoler MH. Using biomarkers as objective standards in the diagnosis of cervical biopsies. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34(8):1077–87. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181e8b2c4.
Schlecht NF, Platt RW, Duarte-Franco E, Costa MC, Sobrinho JP, Prado JCM, Ferenczy A, Rohan TE, Villa LL, Franco EL. Human papillomavirus infection and time to progression and regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(17):1336–43. doi:10.1093/jnci/djg037.
De Palo G. Colposcopía y patología del tracto genital inferior. 2nd ed. Buenos Aires: Panamericana; 1997.
Massad LS, Einstein MH, Huh WK, Katki HA, Kinney WK, Schiffman M, Solomon D, Wentzensen N, Lawson HW. ASCCP consensus guidelines conference (2013) 2012 updated consensus guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2012;17(5 Suppl 1):S1–S27. doi:10.1097/LGT.0b013e318287d329.
Cox JT. Human papillomavirus testing in primary cervical screening and abnormal Papanicolaou management. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2006;61(6 Suppl 1):S15–25. doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000221011.01750.25.
Lörincz AT, Richart RM. Human papillomavirus DNA testing an adjunct to cytology in cervical screening programs. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127(8):959–68. doi:10.1043/1543-2165.
Bornstein J, Bentley J, Bösze P, Girardi F, Haefner H, Menton M, Perrotta M, Prendiville W, Russell P, Sideri M, Strander B, Tatti S, Torne A, Walker P. 2011 colposcopic terminology of the International Federation for Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(1):166–72. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318254f90c.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommendations on the use of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in males – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(50):1705–8.
Di Saia P, Creasman WT. Clinical gynecologic oncology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2012.
Wiebe E, Denny L, Thomas G. Cancer of the cervix uteri. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2012;119(S2):S100–9. doi:10.1016/S0020-7292(12)60023-X.
Pecorelli S, Zigliani L, Odicino F. Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the cervix. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;105(2):107–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.02.009.
Tse KY, Ngan HY. The role of laparoscopy in staging of different gynaecological cancers. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;29(6):884–95. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.01.007.
Van Meurs H, Visser O, Buist MR, Ten Kate FJ, van der Velden J. Frequency of pelvic lymph node metastases and parametrial involvement in stage IA2 cervical cancer: a population-based study and literature review. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2009;19(1):21–6. doi:10.1111/IGC.0b013e318197f3ef.
Landoni F, Maneo A, Colombo A, Placa F, Milani R, Perego P, Favini G, Ferri L, Mangion C. Randomised study of radical surgery versus radiotherapy for stage Ib-IIa cervical cancer. Lancet. 1997;350:535–40. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)02250-2.
Chu KK, Chang SD, Chen FP, Soong YK. Laparoscopic surgical staging in cervical cancer--preliminary experience among Chinese. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;64(1):49–53. doi:10.1006/gyno.1996.4527.
Gallup DG (2008) The spread and staging of cervical cancer. Glob Libr Women’s Med. ISSN 1756–2228. doi:10.3843/GLOWM.10231. http://www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/The%20Spread%20and%20Staging%20of%20Cervical%20Cancer/item/231
Gospodarowicz M, Brierley J, O'Sullivan B. Principles of cancer staging for clinical obstetrics and gynecology. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;29(6):767–75. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.05.003.
Somashekhar SP. Does debulking of enlarged positive lymph nodes improve survival in different gynaecological cancers? Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;29(6):870–83. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.04.010.
Balleyguier C, Sala E, Da Cunha T, Bergman A, Brkljacic B, Danza F, Forstner R, Hamm B, Kubik-Huch R, Lopez C, Manfredi R, McHugo J, Oleaga L, Togashi K, Kinkel K. Staging of uterine cervical cancer with MRI: guidelines of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology. Eur Radiol. 2011;21(5):1102–10. doi:10.1007/s00330-010-1998-x.
Moloney F, Ryan D, Twomey M, Hewitt M, Barry J. Comparison of MRI and high-resolution transvaginal sonography for the local staging of cervical cancer. J Clin Ultrasound. 2015; doi:10.1002/jcu.22288.
Siegel CL, Andreotti RF, Cardenes HR, Brown DL, Gaffney DK, Horowitz NS, Javitt MC, Lee SI, Mitchell DG, Moore DH, Rao GG, Royal HD, Small Jr W, Varia MA, Yashar CM, American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria pretreatment planning of invasive cancer of the cervix. J Am Coll Radiol. 2012;9(6):395–402. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2012.02.021.
Alcázar JL, Arribas S, Mínguez JA, Jurado M. The role of ultrasound in the assessment of uterine cervical cancer. J Obstet Gynecol India. 2014;64(5):311–6. doi:10.1007/s13224-014-0622-4.
Innocenti P, Pulli F, Savino L, Nicolucci A, Pandimiglio A, Menchi I, Massi G. Staging of cervical cancer: reliability of transrectal US. Radiology. 1992;185(1):201–5.
Vanderpuye V. Renal sonography in the diagnosis of renal obstruction or hydronephrosis in patients with cervical cancer. J Clin Ultrasound. 2002;30(7):424–7. doi:10.1002/jcu.10092.
Dalla Palma L. What is left of i.v. urography? Eur Radiol. 2001;11(6):931–9. doi:10.1007/s00330000080126.
Devine C, Gardner C, Sagebiel T, Bhosale P. Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and surveillance of cervical carcinoma. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2015;36(4):361–8. doi:10.1053/j.sult.2015.05.004.
Bourgioti C, Chatoupis K, Rodolakis A, Antoniou A, Tzavara C, Koutoulidis V, Moulopoulos LA. Incremental prognostic value of MRI in the staging of early cervical cancer: a prospective study and review of the literature. Clin Imaging. 2015;40(1):72–8. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2015.09.012.
Gouy S, Morice P, Narducci F, Uzan C, Gilmore J, Kolesnikov-Gauthier H, Querleu D, Haie-Meder C, Leblanc E. Nodal-staging surgery for locally advanced cervical cancer in the era of PET. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(5):e212–20. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70011-6.
Queiroz MA, Kubik-Huch RA, Hauser N, Freiwald-Chilla B, von Schulthess G, Froehlich JM, Veit-Haibach P. PET/MRI and PET/CT in advanced gynaecological tumours: initial experience and comparison. Eur Radiol. 2015;25(8):2222–30. doi:10.1007/s00330-015-3657-8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
López-Arias, A., Isla-Ortiz, D., Barquet-Muñoz, S., Cantú-de-León, D.F. (2017). Cervical Cancer Staging. In: de la Garza-Salazar, J., Morales-Vásquez, F., Meneses-Garcia, A. (eds) Cervical Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45231-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45231-9_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45230-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45231-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)