Abstract
2003 coincidentally saw two major electrical system failures: the Northeast Blackout in Ontario, Canada and the northeastern United States, affecting 55 million people, and the Italy Blackout in most of Italy and parts of Switzerland, affecting 56 million people.
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Notes
- 1.
If not, perhaps it is time for a “complex systems” field trip to broaden your education!
- 2.
This is not a contradiction of universality: universality says that, normalized to the critical point, many systems exhibit a common power-law behaviour independent of fine-scale details. However the actual location of the critical point itself, i.e., the value of the critical temperature, does depend on fine-scale details.
- 3.
Excerpts of most books can be found online; links are available from the textbook reading questions page .
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Fieguth, P. (2017). Complex Systems. In: An Introduction to Complex Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44606-6_10
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