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Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC)

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Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

Part of the book series: Engineering Materials and Processes ((EMP))

Abstract

In this chapter essential elements of Microbiologically influenced corrosion that are required to know by both researchers and engineers are discussed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In 1990, NACE officially accepted the term “Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion ” to address this type of corrosion (see: Materials Performance (MP), September 199, p 45). This type of corrosion is also called “microbiologically induced corrosion”, microbial corrosion or biocorrosion. In this book, all of these terminologies will be used interchangeably.

  2. 2.

    Little BJ, Lee J, Ray R (2007) How marine condition affect severity of MIC of steels. In: MIC—an international perspective symposium. Extrin Corrosion Consultants-Curtin University, Perth-Australia, 14–15 Feb 2007.

  3. 3.

    Franklin MJ, White DC, Isaacs H (1991) Pitting corrosion by bacteria on carbon steel , determined by the scanning vibrating electrode technique. Corr Sci 32(9):945–952. While the authors have ruled out the effect of the acid produced by the bacteria on corrosion acceleration, they have suggested that in the presence of an aerobic heterotrophic bacterium, repassivation of pits does not happen but pit growth continues. They nominate pit propagation in the presence of bacteria as the main mechanism for observing the drop in carbon steel’s open circuit potential (OCP) and polarisation resistance.

  4. 4.

    Sandoval-Jabalera R, Nevarez-Moorillon GV, Chacon-Nava JG, Malo-Tamayo JM, Martinez-Villafane A (2006) Electrochemical behaviuor of 1018, 304 and 800 alloys in synthetic wasterwater. J Mex Chem Soc 50(1):14–18. The researchers have reported, however, that the biofilm formed by the bacteria in their study could have a protecting rather than a deteriorating effect.

  5. 5.

    Sand W (1997) Microbial mechanisms of deterioration of inorganic substrates—a general mechanistic overview. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 40(2–4):183–190.

  6. 6.

    de Romero MF, Urdaneta S, Barrientos M, Romero G (2004) Correlation between desulfovibrio sessile growth and OCP, hydrogen permeation, corrosion products and morphological attack on iron, Paper No. 04576, CORROSION 2004, NCAE International.

  7. 7.

    Beech I, Bergel A, Mollica A, Flemming H-C (Task Leader), Scotto V, Sand W, “Simple Methods for The Investigation of the Role of Biofilms in Corrosion ”, Brite Euram Thematic Network on MIC of Industrial Materials, Task Group 1, Biofilm Fundamentals, Brite Euram Thematic Network No. ERB BRRT-CT98-5084, September 2000. See also footnote 31.

  8. 8.

    Li SY, Kim YG, Jeon KS, Kho YT, Kang T (2001) Microbiologically influenced corrosion of carbon steel exposed to anaerobic soil. CORROSION 57(9):815–828, Sept 2001.

  9. 9.

    For more on macro-fouling and its effects on corrosion see, for example, Powell C (2006) Review of splash zone corrosion and biofouling of C70600 sheathed steel during 20 years exposure. In: Proceedings of EuroCorr 2006, 24–28, Sept 2006, Maastricht, the Netherlands, and Little BJ, Lee J, Ray R (2007) How marine condition affect severity of MIC of steels. In: MIC—an international perspective symposium. Extrin Corrosion Consultants-Curtin University, Perth-Australia, 14–15 Feb 2007, also especially; Palraj S, Venkatacahri G (2006) Corrosion and biofouling characteristics of mild steel in mandapam waters. Mater Performance (MP) 45(6): 46–50. In their paper, Palraj and Venkatacahri rank Mandapam first in corrosivity (0.244 mmpy) and third in biofouling. They are also reporting that in their study mild steels exposed to natural seawater for periods of quarterly, semi-annually and annually have undergone uniform corrosion.

  10. 10.

    Javaherdashti R (1999) A review of some characteristics of MIC caused by sulphate-reducing bacteria: past, present and future. Anti-Corr Methods Mater 46(3):173–180.

  11. 11.

    Flemming H-C (1996) Economical and technical overview. In: Heitz E, Flemming H-C, Sand W (eds) Microbially influenced corrosion of materials. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg.

  12. 12.

    Javaherdashti R, Singh Raman RK (2001) Microbiologically Influenced corrosion of stainless steels in marine environments: a materials engineering approach. In: Proceedings of engineering materials 2001, the institute of materials engineering, Australia, 23–26 Sept 2001.

  13. 13.

    Singleton R (1993) The sulfate-reducing bacteria: an overview. In: The sulfate-reducing bacteria: contemporary perspectives. Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

  14. 14.

    Maxwell S, Devine C, Rooney F, Spark I (2004) Monitoring and control of bacterial biofilms in oilfield water handling systems, Paper No. 04752, CORROSION 2004, NCAE International, 2004. Tributsch et al. quote a work by WK Choi and AE Torma where in the US industry, an annual loss of about US$200 billion is attributed to MIC, see Tributsch H, Rojas-Chapana JA, Bartels CC, Ennaoui A, Hofmann W (1998) Role of transient iron sulfide films in microbial corrosion of steels. CORROSION 54(3):216–227, March 1998.

  15. 15.

    de Romero M, Duque Z, de Rincon O, Perez O, Araujo I, Martinez A (2000) Online monitoring systems of microbiologically influenced corrosion on Cu-10 % Ni alloy in chlorinated, brackish water. CORROSION 55(8):867–876.

  16. 16.

    Cord-Ruwisch R (1996) MIC in hydrocarbon transportation systems. Corrosion Australasia 21(1):8–12, Feb 1996.

  17. 17.

    See footnote 25.

  18. 18.

    Javaherdashti R, Sarioglu F, Aksoz N (1997) Corrosion of drilling pipe steel in an environment containing sulphate-reducing bacteria. Intl J Pres Ves Piping 73:127–131.

  19. 19.

    Angell P, Urbanic K (2000) Sulphate-reducing bacterial activity as a parameter to predict localized corrosion of stainless alloys. Corr Sci 42:897–912.

  20. 20.

    Javaherdashti R (2004) On the role of MIC in non-lethal biological war techniques. In: Proceedings of weapons, webs and warfighters, land warfare conference 2004, 27–30 Sept 2004, Melbourne, Australia.

  21. 21.

    Walsh D, Pope D, Danford M, Huff T (1993) The effect of microstructure on microbiologically influenced corrosion . J Mater (JOM) 45(9):22–30, Sept 1993. In this paper, it is reported that in 1891 the role of acids of microbial origin on the corrosion of lead-sheathed cable had been suggested.

  22. 22.

    Stott JFD (1993) What progress in the understanding of microbially induced corrosion has been made in the last 25 years? a personal viewpoint. Corr Sci 35(1–4): 667–673.

  23. 23.

    Fitzgerald III JH (1993) Evaluating soil corrosivity—then and now. Mater Performance (MP) 32(10):17–19, Oct 1993. It is also interesting to note that Hadley in early 1940s and Wanklyn and Spruit in early 1950s were among the first who used open circuit potentials as a function of time for the steel specimens put inside a culture of SRB, see, McKubre MCH, Syrett BC (1986) Harmonic impedance spectroscopy for the determination of corrosion rates in cathodically protected systems. Corrosion Monitoring in Industrial Plants Using Nondestructive Testing and Electrochemical Methods, ASTM STP 908, Moran GC, Labine P (eds) American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.

  24. 24.

    Hydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen and it is present in many anaerobes but it is particularly active in some SRB.

  25. 25.

    Li SY, Kim YG, Kho YT (2003) Corrosion behavior of carbon steel influenced by sulfate-reducing bacteria in soil environments, Paper No. 03549, CORROSION 2003, NACE International.

  26. 26.

    Stott JFD, Skerry BS, King RA (1988) Laboratory evaluation of materials for resistance to anaerobic corrosion caused by sulphate reducing bacteria: philosophy and practical design. In: Francis PE, Lee TS (eds) The use of synthetic environments for corrosion testing, ASTM STP 970, pp 98–111, ASTM, 1988. Also see footnote 10 and the references given there.

  27. 27.

    Videla HA (2007) Mechanisms of MIC : Yestrday , Today and Tomorrow. In: MIC—an international perspective symposium. Extrin Corrosion Consultants-Curtin University, Perth-Australia, 14–15 February 2007.

  28. 28.

    King RA (2007) Microbiologically induecd corrosion and biofilm Interactions. In: MIC—an international perspective symposium. Extrin Corrosion Consultants-Curtin University, Perth-Australia, 14–15 Feb 2007.

  29. 29.

    EDXA technique detects elements, whereas XRD can be used for crystalline compounds.

  30. 30.

    Ibid footnote 26.

  31. 31.

    Little BJ, Wagner P (1997) Myths related to microbiologically influenced corrosion . Mater Performance (MP)36(6):40–44, June 1997.

  32. 32.

    Geesey GG (1993) Biofilm formation. In: A practical manual on microbiologically-influenced corrosion . In: Kobrin G (ed), NACE, Houston, TX, USA.

  33. 33.

    Obuekwe CO, Westlake DW, Plambeck JA, Cook FD (1981) Corrosion of mild steel in cultures of ferric iron reducing bacterium isolated from crude oil, polarisation characteristics. CORROSION 37(8):461–467.

  34. 34.

    Little BJ, Wagner P, Hart K, Ray R, Lavoie D, Nealson K, Aguilar C (1997) The role of metal reducing bacteria in microbiologically influenced corrosion , Paper No. 215, CORROSION/97, Houston, TX: NACE, USA.

  35. 35.

    Dexter SC, LaFontain JP (1998) Effect of natural marine biofilms on galvanic corrosion . CORROSION 54(11):851–861.

  36. 36.

    Guiamet PS, Gomez de Saravia SG, Videla HA (1999) An innovative method for preventing biocorrosion through microbial adhesion inhibition. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 43:31–35.

  37. 37.

    Al-Hashem A, Carew J, Al-Borno A (2004) Screening test for six dual biocide regimes against planktonic and sessile populations of bacteria, Paper No. 04748, CORROSION 2004, NACE International.

  38. 38.

    Xu K, Dexter SC, Luther GW (1998) Voltametric microelectrodes for biocorrosion studies. CORROSION 54(10):814–823.

  39. 39.

    Liu H, Xu L, Zeng J (2000) Role of corrosion products in biofilms in microbiologically induced corrosion of carbon steel . Br Corros J 35(2):131–135.

  40. 40.

    Taheri RA, Nouhi A, Hamedi J, Javaherdashti R (2005) Comparison of corrosion rates of some steels in batch and semi-continuous cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Asian J Microbiol Biotech Env Sci 7(1):5–8.

  41. 41.

    Dickinson WH, Lewandowski Z, Geer RD (1996) Evidence for surface changes during ennoblement of type 316L stainless steel : dissolved oxidant and capacitance measurements. CORROSION 52(12):910–920.

  42. 42.

    Videla HA (1996) Manual of biocorrosion. Chap. 4, CRC press, Inc.

  43. 43.

    Dexter SC, Chandrasekaran P (2000) Direct measurement of pH within marine biofilms on passive metals. Biofouling 15(4):313–325, 2000. In addition to these mechanisms, there is a mentioning of “enzymatic mechanism” where hydrogen peroxide (produced as a result of oxidation of glucose) can cause ennoblement of stainless steel, for more details see Landoulsi J, Pulvin S, Richard C, Sabot K (2006) Biocorrosion of stainless steel in artificial fresh water: role of enzymatic reactions. In: Proceedings of EuroCorr 2006, 24–28 Sept 2006, Maastricht, the Netherlands.

  44. 44.

    Scotto V, Mollica A, A guide to laboratory techniques for the assessment of mic risk due to the presence of biofilms, See footnote 7.

  45. 45.

    Kovach CW, Redmond JD (1997) High performance stainless steels and microbiologically influenced corrosion , www.avestasheffield.com, acom 1-1997.

  46. 46.

    Ibid footnote 34.

  47. 47.

    Pope DH, Morris III EA (1995) Some experiences with microbiologically- influenced corrosion . Mater Performance (MP) 34(5):23–28.

  48. 48.

    Borenstein SW, Lindsay PB (1987) MIC failure analyses, Paper No. 381, Corrosion /87, Houston, TX: NACE.

  49. 49.

    Metals Handbook vol 13, Corrosion , 9th edn, ASM, Metals Park, USA, p 122.

  50. 50.

    Wilderer PA, Characklis WG (1989) Structure and function of biofilms. In: Characklis WG, Wilderer PA (eds) Structure and function of biofilms. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, pp 5–17.

  51. 51.

    Ibid footnote 41.

  52. 52.

    Roe FL, Lewandowski Z, Funk T (1996) Simulating microbiologically influenced corrosion by depositing extracellular biopolymers on mild steel . CORROSION 52(10):744–752, Oct 1996.

  53. 53.

    Lewandowski Z, Funk T, Roe FL, Little BJ (1994) Spatial distribution of ph at mild steel surfaces using an iridium oxide microelectrode. In: Microbiologically influenced Corrosion Testing”, (Continued from footnote 53) Kearns JR, Little BJ (eds) STP 1232, ASTM, 1994, USA. See also Chan G, Kagwade SV, French GE, Ford TE, Mitchell R, Clayton CR (1996) Metal Ion and exopolymer interaction: a surface analytical study. CORROSION 42(12):891–899.

  54. 54.

    Lewandowski Z, Stoodley P, Altobelli S (1995) Experimental and conceptual studies on mass transport in biofilms. Water Sci Technol 31:153–162.

  55. 55.

    Hernandez G, Kucera V, Thierry D, Pedersen A, Hermansson M (1994) Corrosion inhibition of steel by bacteria. CORROSION 50(8): 603–608.

  56. 56.

    Jack RF, Ringelberg DB, White DC (1992) Differential corrosion rates of carbon Steel by combinations of Bacillus sp., Hania Alvei and Desulfovibrio gigas established by phospholipid analysis of electrode biofilm . Corro Sci 33(12):1843–1853.

  57. 57.

    Graff WJ (1981) Introduction to offshore structures, Chap. 12, Gulf Pub. Co., Huston, TX, USA.

  58. 58.

    Obuekwe CO, Westlake DWS, Cook FD, Costerton JW (1981) Surface changes in mild steel coupons from the action of corrosion -causing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 41(3):766–774, March 1981.

  59. 59.

    Borenstein SW (1988) Microbiologically influenced corrosion failures of austenitic stainless steel welds. Mater Performance (MP) 27(8):62–66.

  60. 60.

    Stoecker JG (1993) Penetration of stainless steel following Hydrostatic test. In: G. Kobrin (ed) A practical manual on microbiologically-influenced corrosion . NACE, Houston, TX, USA.

  61. 61.

    Ornek D, Wood TK, Hsu CH, Sun Z, Mansfeld F (2002) Pitting corrosion control of aluminum 2024 using protective biofilms that secrete corrosion inhibitors. CORROSION 58(9):761–767.

  62. 62.

    Nagiub A, Mansfeld F (2002) Microbiologically influenced corrosion inhibition observed in the presence of shewanella micro-organisms. In: Proceedings of 15th international corrosion Council, Spain, Sept 2002.

  63. 63.

    Dubiel M, Hsu CH, Chien CC, Mansfeld F, Newman DK (2002) Microbial iron respiration can protect steel from corrosion. Appl Environ Microbiol 68(3):1440–1445, March 2002.

  64. 64.

    Ibid footnote 33.

  65. 65.

    Obuekwe CO, Westlake DWS, Cook FD (1981) Effect of nitrate on reduction of ferric iron by a bacterium isolated from crude oil. Can J Microbiol 27:692–697.

  66. 66.

    Lee AK, Newman DK (2003) Microbial iron respiration: impacts on corrosion processes, on line, Appl Environ Microbiol, 7 May 2003.

  67. 67.

    Ibid footnote 42, pp 74–120 and 193–196.

  68. 68.

    Newman RC, Rumash K, Webster BJ (1992) The effect of pre-corrosion on the corrosion rate of steel in natural solutions containing sulphide: relevance to microbially influenced corrosion. Corros Sci 33(12):1877–1884.

  69. 69.

    Byars HG (1999) Corrosion control in petroleum production, Chap. 2, 2nd edn. TPC Publicatiosn 5, NACE international. It must be noted that the term SRB can not exclusively be applied to address D. desulfuricans only, there are other types of SRB as well. However, Desulfovibrio is the most important genera of SRB in salt solutions above 2 % (quoted from Archer ED, Brook R, Edyvean RGJ, Videla HA (2001) Selection of steels for use in SRB environments, Paper No. 01261, Corrosion 2001, NACE International, 2001).

  70. 70.

    Sanchez del Junco A, Moreno DA, Ranninger C, Ortega-Calvo JJ, Saiz-Jimenez C (1992) Microbial induced corrosion of metallic antiquities and works of art: a crtical review. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 29:367–375.

  71. 71.

    Critchley MR (2005) Javaherdashti Materials, micro-organisms and microbial corrosion — a review. Corros Mater 30(3):8–11. June 2005.

  72. 72.

    Jones DA, Amy PS (2002) A thermodynamic Interpretation of microbiologically influenced corrosion . CORROSION 58(8):638–645, August 2002. Also see “Jack TR (2002) Biological corrosion failures. ASM International, March 2002; Blackburn FE (2004) Non-bioassy techniques for monitoring MIC. Corrosion 2004, paper 04580, NACE International, 2004; and Marconnet C, Dagbert C, Roy M, Feron D (2006) Micxrobially influenced corrosion of stainless steels in the Seine River. In: Proceedings of EuroCorr 2006, 24–28 Sept 2006, Maastricht, the Netherlands.

  73. 73.

    Barton LL, Tomei FA (1995) Characteristics and activities of sulfate-reducing bacteria. In: Barton LL (ed) Sulfate-reducing bacteria, Biotechnology Handbooks, vol 8, Plenum Press, New York, USA.

  74. 74.

    Stott JFD (1988) Assesment and control of microbially-induced corrosion , Met Mater 224–229, April 1988.

  75. 75.

    King RA (2007) Trends and developments in microbiologically induced corrosion in the oil and gas industry. In: MIC—an international perspective symposium. Extrin Corrosion Consultants-Curtin University, Perth-Australia, 14–15 February 2007.

  76. 76.

    Miller JDA, Tiller AK (1970) Microbial aspects of Metallurgy. In: Miller JDA (ed), American Elsevier Publishing Co. Inc., NY, USA.

  77. 77.

    Ibid footnote 56.

  78. 78.

    “The Role of Bacteria in the Corrosion of Oilfield Equipment”, TPC.3, NACE International, 1982.

  79. 79.

    Willis CL, Gibson GR, Holt J, Allison C (1999) Negative correlation between oral malodour and numbers and activities of sulphate-reducing bacteria in the human mouth. Arch Oral Biol 44:665–670.

  80. 80.

    Langendijk PS, Hagemann J, Van der Hoeven JS (1999) Sulfate-reducing Bacteria in Periodontal Pockets and in Healthy Oral Sites. J Clin Periodonotl 26:596–599. Apart from whether or not the SRB are the cause of the mouth malodour, can their existence in the mouth and their known corrosive effects on most engineering materials be a factor in accelerating corrosion of dental fillings?

  81. 81.

    McDougall R, Robson J, Paterson D, Tee W (1997) Bacteremia caused by a recently described novel desulfovibrio species. J Clin Microbiol 1805–1808, July 1997. It has also been reported that 50 % of healthy individuals have significant populations of SRB in faeces compared to the 96 % of Ulcerative colitis (an acute and chronic inflammatory disease of the large bowel) sufferers especially the Desulfovibrio genus, see: Lfill C, “The isolation and Purification of Sulphate-reducing Bacteria from the Colon of Patients Suffering from Ulcerative Colitis”, B.Sc. (Hons) School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK, June 1999.

  82. 82.

    Private communication with Dr. R. McDougal, 18/January/2007.

  83. 83.

    Singleton Jr R (1993) The sulfate-reducing bacteria: an overview, Chap. 1. In: Odom JM, Singleton Jr R (eds) The sulfate-reducing bacteria: contemporary perspectives. Springer-Verlag, New York Inc., 1993. One must however note that SRB could also have some benefits ranging from assistance in the Evolution (see footnote 82, pp. 17–19) to contribution to nitrogen-fixing capacity of the soil and killing nematodes which infest the rice plant roots by sulphide toxicity (see footnote 82, Chap. 8, pp. 205–206).

  84. 84.

    Javaherdashti R (2005) Microbiologically influenced corrosion and cracking of mild and stainless steels. PhD Thesis, Monash University, 2005, Australia.

  85. 85.

    Tiller AK (1983) Electrochemical aspects of microbial corrosion : an overview. In: Proceedings of microbial corrosion, 8–10 March 1983, The Metals Society, London, UK.

  86. 86.

    Ibid footnote 16.

  87. 87.

    Rainha VL, Fonseca ITE (1997) Kinetics studies on the SRB influenced corrosion of steel : a first approach. Corro Sci 39(4):807–813.

  88. 88.

    Iverson WP (1998) Possible source of a phosphorus compound produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria that cause anaerobic corrosion of iron. Mater Performance (MP) 37(5):46–49, May 1998.

  89. 89.

    Videla HA, Herrera LK, Edyvean RG (2005) An updated overview of SRB induced corrosion and protection of carbon steel , Paper No. 05488, Corrosion 2005, NACE International, 2005.

  90. 90.

    It may be worth of noticing that researchers such as Smith and Miller in their review of the corrosive effects of sulphides on ferrous metals have reported that in the media with high ferrous ion concentration, most of the corrosion of mild steel in biotic (bacterial) cultures can be attributed to the ferrous sulphide produced by the bacteria. In other words, it seems that when SRB are present, the iron sulphide produced by their interactions could be more corrosive than chemically (no bacteria) prepared iron sulphide. See Smith JS, Miller JDA (1975) Nature of sulphides and their corrosive effect on ferrous metals: a review. Br Corros J 10(3):136–143, 1975. (The Author would like to appreciate Dr. Peter Farinha’s remarks regarding this paper and his kindness for providing the author with this paper).

  91. 91.

    Hang DT (1991) Microbiological study of the anaerobic corrosion of iron, PhD Dissertation, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany, 2003.

  92. 92.

    Scott PJB, Goldie J (1991) Ranking alloys for susceptibility to MIC-a preliminiary report on high-Mo alloys. Mater Performance (MP) 30(1):55–57, January 1991.

  93. 93.

    Schutz RW (1991) A case for Titanium’s resistance to microbiologically influenced corrosion . Mater Performance (MP) 30(1):58–61, January 1991.

  94. 94.

    Wagner P, Little BJ (1993) Impact of alloying on microbiologically influenced corrosion a review. Mater Performance (MP) 32(9):65–68, September 1993.

  95. 95.

    Hamilton WA (1985) Sulphate-reducing bacteria and anaerobic corrosion. Annu Rev Microbiol 39:195–217.

  96. 96.

    Hardy JA, Brown JL (1984) The corrosion of mild steel by biogenic sulfide films exposed to air. CORROSION 40(12):650–654, December 1984.

  97. 97.

    Lee W, Characklis WG (1993) Corrosion of mild steel under anaerobic biofilm . CORROSION 49(3):186–198, March 1993.

  98. 98.

    Tiller AK (1983) Is stainless steel susceptible to microbial corrosion ?” proceedings of microbial corrosion, 8–10 March 1983, The Metals Society, London, UK, 1983.

  99. 99.

    Ibid footnote 45.

  100. 100.

    Neville A, Hodgkiess T (1998) Comparative study of stainless steel and related alloy corrosion in natural sea water. Br Corros J 33(2):111–119.

  101. 101.

    Johnsen R, Bardal E (1985) Cathodic properties of different stainless steels in natural seawater. CORROSION 41(5):296–302, May 1985.

  102. 102.

    SCC is the abbreviation for “stress corrosion cracking”. It is a type of corrosion that is caused by simultaneous action and effect of both tensile stresses to a vulnerable material in a corrosive medium.

  103. 103.

    Ibid footnote 34.

  104. 104.

    Ibid footnote 18.

  105. 105.

    Ibid footnote 47.

  106. 106.

    Linhardt P (1996) Failure of chromium-nickel steel in a hydroelectric power plant by manganese-oxidising bacteria. In: Heitz E, Flemming WS (eds) Microbially influenced corrosion of Materials, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 1996.

  107. 107.

    “Stainless Steel Selection Guide”, Central States Industrial Equipment & Service, Inc., http://www.al6xn.com/litreq.htm, USA, 2002.

  108. 108.

    Javaherdashti R, Raman Singh RK, Panter C, Pereloma EV (2006) Microbiologically assisted stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel in mixed and pure cultures of sulfate reducing bacteria. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 58(1):27–35, July 2006.

  109. 109.

    Javaherdashti R, Raman Singh RK, Panter C, Pereloma EV (2005) Role of microbiological environment in chloride stress corrosion cracking of steels. Mater Sci Technol 21(9):1094–1098.

  110. 110.

    Javaherdashti R, Raman Singh RK, Panter C, Pereloma EV (2004) Stress corrosion cracking of duplex stainless steel in mixed marine cultures containing sulphate reducing bacteria. In: Proceedings of corrosion and prevention 2004 (CAP04), 21–24 November 2004, Perth, Australia.

  111. 111.

    Singh Raman RK, Javaherdashti R, Panter C, Cherry BW, Pereloma EV (2003) Microbiological environment assisted stress corrosion cracking of mild steel . In: Proceedings of corrosion control and NDT, 23–26 November 2003, Melbourne, Australia.

  112. 112.

    Ibid footnote 12.

  113. 113.

    Chamritski IG, Burns GR, Webster BJ, Laycock NJ (2004) Effect of iron-oxidizing bacteria on pitting od stainless steels. CORROSION 60(7) July 2004.

  114. 114.

    “Standard test method for iron bacteria in water & water-formed deposits”, ASTM D932-85 (Reapproved 1997), ASTM annual book, ASTM, USA, 1997.

  115. 115.

    Simpson WJ (1999) Isolation and characterisation of thermophilic anaerobies from bass strait oil production waters, M App Sci Thesis, School of Applied Sciences, Monash University.

  116. 116.

    Ibid footnote 34.

  117. 117.

    Panter C (2007) Ecology and characteristics of iron reducing bacteria -suspected agents in corrosion of steels. In: MIC—an international perspective symposium. Extrin Corrosion Consultants-Curtin University, Perth-Australia, 14–15 February 2007.

  118. 118.

    Panter C (1968) Iron reducing bacteria of soil, MSc thesis, Dept of Soil Science, University of Alberta, Canada.

  119. 119.

    Kajiyama F, Okamura K (1999) Evaluating cathodic protection reliability on steel pipes in microbially active soils. CORROSION 55(1):74–80.

  120. 120.

    Pope DH, Zintel TP, Aldrich H, Duquette D (1990) Efficacy of biocides and corrosion inhibition in the control of microbiologically influenced corrosion. Mater Performance (MP) 29(12):49–55.

  121. 121.

    Lee AK, Buehler MG, Newman DK (2006) Influence of a dual-species biofilm on the corrosion of mild steel . Corros Sci 48(1):165–178.

  122. 122.

    Shewanella oneidensis is a facultative anaerobe that can use oxygen or ferric ion as its terminal electron acceptor. See footnote 62.

  123. 123.

    Sakaguchi T, Tsujimura N, Matsunaga T (1996) A novel method for isolation of magnetic bacteria without magnetic collection using magnetotaxis. J Microbiol Methods 26:139–145.

  124. 124.

    Hughes MN, Poole PK (1989) Metals and micro-organisms, Sect. 5.9, Chapman and Hall, NewYork, 1989. Note that the earth’s magnetic field has a strength of the order of 1 G, see footnote 125.

  125. 125.

    Blakemore RP, Frankel RB (1981) Magnetic navigation in bacteria. Sci Am 245, pp 42–49, December 1981.

  126. 126.

    Bean CP (1990) Magnetism and life. In: Halliday D, Resnick R (eds) Fundamentals of physics, Section E 14-1, 3rd edn, 1974, c1990.

  127. 127.

    “Magnetic Bacteria may Remove metals from contaminated Soils” Chemical News, Materials Performance (MP) 36(1):47, January 1997.

  128. 128.

    The Magneto-Lab, Dr. Dirk Schüler, Junior Group at the MPI for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, http://magnum.mpi-bremen.de/magneto/research/index.html.

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Selected References

  • Alabbas FM, Kakpovbia A, Mishra B, Williamson C, Spear JR, Olson DL (2013) Corrosion of linepipe carbon steel (X52) influenced by A SRB consortium isolated from a sour oil well, Paper No. 2275, CORROSION 2013, Houston, TX

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  • Maillard J-Y (2010) Innate resistance to sporicides and potential failure to decontaminate. J Hosp Infect 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2010.06.028

  • Roberge PR (2000) Handbook of corrosion engineering. McGraw- Hill Companies Inc.

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  • Schröpfer E, Rauthe S, Meyer T (2008) Diagnosis and misdiagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infections: three case reports. Cases J 1:252. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-252, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6886224

Further Reading

  • Duan J, Wu S, Zhang X, Huangb G, Du M, Hou B (2008) Corrosion of carbon steel influenced by(Jang YS, Woo HM, Im JA, Kim IH, Lee SY (2013) Metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum for enhanced production of butyric acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:9355–9363) anaerobic biofilm in natural seawater, Electrochimica Acta 54 (2008) 22–28)

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  • Eckert R, Aldrich H, Pound BG (2004) Biotic pit initiation on pipeline steel in the presence of sulphate reducing bacteria, Paper No. 04590, CORROSION 2004, NACE, USA

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  • Kane DR, Jain LA, Williamson C, Spear JR, Olson DL, Mishra B (2013) Microbiologically influenced corrosion of linepipe steels in ethanol and acetic acid solutions, Paper No.2250, CORROSION 2013, Houston, TX, USA

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  • Lutey RW (1996) The occurrence and influence of anaerobic bacteria in cooling water systems, Paper G-06, pp 705–724, Proceedings of the 7th middle east corrosion conference, vol 2, Manama-Bahrain, 26–28 February 1996)

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  • Mead GC (1992) Principles involved in the detection and enumeration of Clostridia in foods. Int J Food Microbiol 17:135–143

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  • Mendez BS, Pettinari MJ, Ivanier SE, Ramos CA, Sineriz F (1991) Clostridium therrnopapyrolyticum sp. nov., a cellulolytic thermophile. Int J Syst Bacteriol 41(2):281–283

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  • Zhang H, Bruns MA, Logan BE (2006) Biological hydrogen production by Clostridium acetobutylicum in an unsaturated flow reactor. Water Res 40:728–734

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    Reza Javaherdashti

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Javaherdashti, R. (2017). Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC). In: Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion. Engineering Materials and Processes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44306-5_4

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