Abstract
This chapter argues that at the heart of social innovation for environmental sustainability are the issues of space, scale, and power, which present themselves in the form of various puzzles, especially when approached in the context of climate change. Since communities are the basic building blocks of “social” they remain central to “social innovation.” Taking as its key examples the Indian Sundarbans in the Bay of Bengal and Zhangjiangkou Mangrove Forestry National Nature Reserve in Yunxiao county of Fujian province of China, the chapter shows how communities located on sites characterized by multiple marginalities (geographical, socioeconomic, and cultural) perceive and approach impacts of environmental unsustainability and incremental climate change in both material-physical and ideational-representational terms. Environmental sustainability, both on land and at sea, is unlikely to be realized in the absence of a pursuit of social innovation through a micro-geopolitics of resistance anchored in participatory democracy and environmental-social justice.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program has included the Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve in the Global Network of Island and Coastal Biosphere Reserves contributing to Action on Climate Change and Sustainable Development .
- 2.
The Indian Sundarbans Delta is bounded by the Ichamati-Raimangal River in the east, by the Hugli River in the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the south, and the Dampier-Hodges line drawn in 1829–1830 in the north.
- 3.
The major villages on this island include Khasimara, Hathkola, Baghpara, Raipara, Mandirtala, Chunpuri Lakshmi Narayanpur and Khasimara Char.
- 4.
Government of India Census 2011.
- 5.
The Stable Zone contains established settlements, both peri- and semi-urban environments , such as Bakkhali, Canning, Jayanagar-Majilpur, Kakdwip, Minakhan, Namkhana, Sagar Island, and Tengrabichi.
- 6.
According to the WB Report, “The findings of a household survey conducted as a part of this Non-Lending Technical Assistance (NLTA) indicate that, of a typical group of a thousand residents, 190 get only one day meal a day, for 60 of whom it will be a substandard meal. Of those thousand, 510 (mostly children) suffer from some form of malnutrition. If the sample came from the “richest’ administrative block of the region, 310 of those thousand would still be below the poverty line; a sample in the poorest part of the region would see 650 of those thousand live below the poverty line.” p. 1.
- 7.
“Summary description: Fujian Zhangjiangkou National Mangrove Nature Reserve. 02/02/08; Fujian; 2358 ha; 23°552 N 117°252E). National Nature Reserve. Dominated by mangrove forest in the estuary area and including intertidal mudflats and salt marshes, located in the estuary of Zhangjian River. Due to high productivity, high decomposition and restitution rate, the mangrove coastal marsh and coastal arenaceous vegetation provides habitat for more than 154 birds species, including IUCN Red-listed species like Daimao (Eretmochelys imbricate), Lengpigui (Dermochelys coriacea), Xigui (Caretta caretta), Taipingyangligui (Lepidochelys olivacea), Huangzuibailu (Egretta eulophotes), andHeizuiou (Larus saundersi), as well as 240 other aquatic animal species and 224 vascular plants. It is also a spawning and breeding place for important fish species like Yicheng (Sinonovacula constricat), Banji (Clupanodom puncthatus), and Ziyu (Mugil cephalus). The site plays an important role in typhoon resistance, coastline protection, purifying water and maintenance of regional microclimate. Aquaculture is practiced here for local economic purposes.” Source: Wetland International China.
- 8.
- 9.
See Ibid. p. 20. The list of 26 Acts/Policies and Programs includes 1882 India Forest Act, 1897 Indian Fisheries Act, 1908 Indian Ports Act, 1950 Coast Guard Act, 1958 Merchant Shipping Act, 1972 Wildlife Protection Act, 1974 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution), 1976 Maritime Zones Act, 1978 Marine Fishing Regulation Act, 1980 Forest Conservation Act, 1982 Coastal Pollution Control Series, 1986 Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1991 Costal Regulation Zone Notification (under EPA 1986), 1991 Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System, 1995 National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 UNCLOS, 1996 Coastal Zone Management Plans, 1997 National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1998 Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management Project, 1998 Ocean Observation and Information Services, 1998 Turtle Excluder Device, 1998 DOD Program on Assessing Marine Life beyond 70 m depth, 2002 The Biodiversity Act, 2004 Swaminathan Review Committee on CRZ Notification 1991, 2006 National Environment Policy and 2007 Draft National Biodiversity Action Plan.
- 10.
Pandurang Hegde, in correspondence with the author, 26 October 2012.
- 11.
Pandurang Hegde in correspondence/conversation with the author through email. 26 October 2012.
References
Ackerman P, Duvall J (2000) A force more powerful: a century of nonviolent conflict. Palgrave, New York
Adarsa J, Shamina S, Arkoprova B (2012) Morphological change study of Ghoramara Island, Eastern India using multi temporal satellite data. Res J Recent Sci 1(10)
Bandyopadhyay J (1999) Chipko movement: of floated myths and flouted realities. Econ Polit Wkly 34(15):880–882
Banerjee P, Chaudhury SBS (eds) (2005) Internal displacement in South Asia: the relevance of the UN’s guiding principles. Sage, New Delhi
Beijing Forestry University (2011) Preliminary analysis of demand for eco-tourism at Zangjiangkow mangrove nature reserve in the Fujian Province of China. http://www.itto.int/files/itto_project_db_input/2905/Technical/Consultant%20report%202%20-Preliminary%20Analysis.pdf
Byravan S, Rajan SC, Rangarajan R (2012) Sea level rise: impact on major infrastructure, ecosystems and land along the Tamil Nadu coast. In: Dubash NK (ed) Handbook of climate change and India: development, politics and governance. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, pp 41–50
Cao L, Gemmer M, Jiang T (2012) Adaptation to climate change in China: policy, action and progress. In: Zheng G, Wang J (eds) China’s climate change policies. Routledge, London, p 61
Chaturvedi S, Doyle T (2015) Climate terror: a critical geopolitics of climate change. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke
Chaturvedi S, Painter J (2007) Whose world, whose order? Spatiality, geopolitics and the limits of the world order concept. Coop Confl 42(4):375–395
Chen J (2012) Who participates in collective petitions in rural China. J Chin Polit Sci 17(3):251–268
Chen J, Wu F, Xiao Q, Yang ZH, Huang S, Wang J, Wu Y, Dong XJ, Pei Z, Zheng H (2010) Diurnal variation of nitric oxide emission flux from a mangrove wetland in Zhangjiange River Estuary, China. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 90:212–220
Cox K (1998) Spaces of dependence, spaces of engagement and the politics of scale, or: looking for local politics. Polit Geogr 17:1–23
Crain CM, Benjamin S, Halpern BS, Beck MW, Kappel CV (2009) The year in ecology and conservation biology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1162:39–62
Dalby S (2009) Security and environmental change. Polity Press, Cambridge
Danda AA (2007) Surviving in the Sundarbans, threats and responses: an analytical description of life in an Indian riparian commons. PhD thesis submitted to University of Twente, Netherlands
Danda AA, Sriskanthank G, Ghosh A, Bandyopadhyay J, Hazara S (2011) Indian Sundarbans delta: a vision. World Wide Fund for Nature-India, New Delhi
Danny M (2010) China’s climate change policy process: improved but still weak and fragmented. J Contemp China 19(67):971–986
DasGupta R, Shaw R (2015) An indicator based approach to assess coastal communities’ resilience against climate related disasters in Indian Sundarbans. J Coast Conserv 19:85–101
Doyle T, Chaturvedi S (2010) Climate territories: a global soul for global south? Geopolitics 15:516–535
Doyle T, Chaturvedi S (2011) Climate change and refugees: conceptualizations, categories and contestations. In: Dryzek JS, Norgaard RB, Schlosberg D (eds) The Oxford handbook of climate change and society. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Economy EC (2004) The river runs black: environmental challenge to China’s future. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
Ekins P (1992) A new world order: grassroots movements for global change. Routledge, London
Ghosh T, Bhandari G, Hazra S (2013) Application of a ‘bio-engineering’ technique to protect Ghoramara Island (Bay of Bengal) from severe erosion. J Coast Conserv 9:171–178
Global Ocean Commission (2014) From decline to recovery: a rescue package for the global ocean. file:///Users/sanjaychaturvedi/Desktop/GOC_Report_20_6.FINAL_.spreads.pdf
Government of India (2008a) National action plan on climate change. Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change. www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/Pg01-52_2.pdf
Government of India (2008b) Mangroves for the future. National Strategy and Action Plan (NSAP): India (2008), Mangroves for the Future Program coordinated by UNDP and IUCN. www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/NSAP.pdf
Government of India (2015) India’s intended nationally determined contribution: working towards climate justice. UNFCCC. http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/India/1/INDIA%20INDC%20TO%20UNFCCC.pdf
Government of PRC (2015) Enhanced actions on climate change: China’s intended nationally determined contributions. UNFCCC. http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/China/1/China's%20INDC%20-%20on%2030%20June%202015.pdf
Gregory D (2009) Space. In: Gregory D, Johnston R, Pratt G, Watts MJ, Whatmore S (eds) The dictionary of human geography. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, p 707
Gupta P (2008) From Chipko to climate change: remote rural communities grapple with global environmental agenda. Mt Res Dev 28(1):4–7
Haas PH (2008) Climate change governance after Bali. Glob Environ Polit 8(3):1–7
Harvey D (1996) Justice, nature and the geography of difference. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester
Hegde P (1989) The Appiko movement: forest conservation in Southern India. Cult Surv Q 13(2)
Hegde P (2012) Serving the interests of crony capitalism. Deccan Herald, Monday
IPCC (1997) Special report on the regional impacts of climate change: an assessment of vulnerability, Chapter 11. Tropical Asia. http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/292.htm#man
IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptations and vulnerability. Working group II contribution to the fourth assessment report to the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
IPCC R5 (2014) Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability, technical summary of Working Group II. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment report/ar5/wg2/drafts/fd/WGIIAR5-Chap24_FGDall.pdf
Kangas A, Moisio S (2012) Creating state competitiveness, re-scaling higher education: the case of Finland. In: Aalto P, Harle V, Moisio S (eds) Global and regional problems: towards an interdisciplinary study. Ashgate, Farnham, pp 199–224.
Kurien J (2004) The blessings of commons: small scale fisheries, community property rights, and coastal natural assets. Working paper series, number 72. Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Lewis JI (2009) Climate change and security: examining China’s challenges in a warming world. Int Aff 85(6):1195–1213
Li P (2013) High time for sea change. China Daily
Liu Y (2007) China’s coastal pollution necessitates rethinking government role. Mangrove Action Project, Worldwatch Institute. http://mangroveactionproject.org/news/current_headlines/China2019
Lo A (2010) China’s response to climate change. Environ Sci Tech 44(15):5689–5690
Marston SA, Jones JP III, Woodward K (2005) Human geography without scale. Trans Inst Br Geogr 30(4):416–432
McCarthy G (2013) The climate change metanarrative, state of exception and China’s modernization. J Indian Ocean Region 6(2):252–266
Mira Behn (1950) Something is wrong in the Himalaya. The Hindustan Times, 5 June
MoEF (2006) National Environmental Policy, Government of India. http://www.moef.nic.in
Morton K (2008) China and environmental security in the age of consequences. Asia-Pac Rev 15(2):52–67
Murthy S (1987) Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy. Long Beach Publications, Long Beach
Nan X, Chun Z (2013) Protests alone will not help China protect its environment (translated by China Dialogue volunteer Marta Casey) https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/5555-Protests-alone-will-not-help-China-protect-its-environment
Philip D (2015) Alarming ecological damage in Ghoramara Island. UNDP. http://www.europe.undp.org/content/geneva/en/home/presscenter/articles/2015/11/13/climate-change-is-as-real-as-it-gets-on-the-ghoramara-island-which-is-slowly-eroding-into-the-depths-of-the-bay-of-bengal-.html?utm_source=hootsuite
PRC (2007) China’s national climate change programme (prepared under the Auspices of National Development and Reform Commission People’s Republic of China), June 2007
Rastogi NP (2011) Winds of change: India’s emerging climate strategy. Int Spectator 46(2):127–141
Routledge P (2011) Translocal climate justice solidarities. In: Dryzek JS, Norgaard RB, Schlosberg D (eds) The Oxford handbook of climate change and society. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 384–398
Sánchez-Triana E, Paul T, Ortolano L, Ruitenebeek J (eds) (2014) Building resilience for sustainable development of the Sundarbans. The World Bank Strategy Report No. 88061-IN. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Building Resilience for Sustainable 1994Development of the Sundarbans.pdf
Saran S (2015) A long way from Rio: Paris agreement is a pale shadow of the 1992 convention, but India salvaged some key principles. Indian Express. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/paris-climate-talks-a-long-way-from-rio/. Accessed 15 Dec 2015
Scott J (1985) Weapons of the weak: everyday forms of peasant resistance. Yale University Press
Sengupta S (2007) India’s river delta islands washing away. The New York Times
Shapiro J (2012) China’s environmental challenges. Polity Press, Cambridge
Sheth DL (2004) Globalization and new politics of mirco-movements. Econ Polit Wkly 39(1):45–58
Smith N (1984) Uneven development: nature, capital and the production of space. Blackwell, Oxford
Southern Metropolis Daily (2008a) Dark water: coastal China on the brink (part one). chinadialogue: China and the world discuss the environment. www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/1885-Dark-water-coastal-China-on-the-brink. Accessed 15 Dec 2015
Southern Metropolis Daily (2008b) https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/1885-Dark-water-coastal-China-on-the-brink-part-two-. Accessed 15 Dec 2015
State Oceanic Administration (SOA) (2009/2010) Sea level in China in 2009 communiqué. SOA, Beijing
Steinberg PE (1999) Navigating to multiple horizons: toward a geography of ocean-space. Prof Geogr 51(3):366–375
Thakur J (2009) Global warming the only issue Ghormara Island. Hindustan Times (New Delhi)
Tilt B (2010) The struggle for sustainability in rural China: environmental values and civil society. Columbia University Press, New York
Tongchao LE (2006) Analysis on relationship between Zhangjiangkou Mangrove National Nature Reserve and Adjacent Community. Forest Res Manage 6:13
Urban F (2009) Climate change mitigation revisited: low carbon energy transitions for China and India. Dev Policy Rev 27(6):693–715
Van Lavieren H, Spalding M, Alongi DM, Kainuma M, Clusner-Godt M, Adeel Z (2012) Securing the future of mangroves. A policy brief. UNU-INWEH, UNESCO MAB with ISME, ITTO, FAO, UNEP, WCMC AND TNC: p 3. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002192/219248e.pdf
Williams M (1998) The ambiguity of nature. Antipode 30(1):26–35
Wu F (2013) Environmental politics in China: an issue area in review. In: Guo S (ed) Political science and Chinese political studies: the state of the field. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 103–126
Xiong W, Lin E, Ju H, Xu Y (2007) Climate change and critical thresholds in China’s food security. Climate Change 8(2):205–221
Yee SM (2010) REDD and BLUE carbon: carbon payments for mangrove conservation. MAS marine biodiversity and conservation capstone project. cmbc.ucsd.edu/Research/Yee_CAPSTONE.pdf
Yagi H (2011) Climate change in China: can China be a model of sustainable development? Global Majority E J 2(2):114–124
Yi L (2008-2009) Commentary: neither black nor white: mangrove conservation with Chinese characteristics. China environment series. Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars, Washington, DC, p 76
Zhang DS, Wang QM, Wang X-Q, Lan ZR, Zhang W, Li Z (2009) The analysis of service value change of the ecosystem in Zhangjiangkou Mangrove Forestry National Nature Reserve based on remote sensing. Wetland Sci 7(3):250–254
Zang D (2009) Green from above: climate change, new development strategy and regulatory choice in China. Tex Int Law J 45:201–232
Acknowledgments
I gratefully recall and acknowledge here the powerful intervention made by Dr. Lily Ling of The New School, New York, on ‘decolonization of mind’ during Q & A of session 3 of the ICI Conference, Environment in India and China, held on 1 December 1, 2012. Her critical scholarship and relentless search for ‘multiple worlds’ in international relations is a major source of inspiration for this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chaturvedi, S. (2017). Coastal Mangrove Forests: Micro-Geopolitics of Resistance and Social Innovation for Environmental Sustainability. In: Dong, S., Bandyopadhyay, J., Chaturvedi, S. (eds) Environmental Sustainability from the Himalayas to the Oceans. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44037-8_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44037-8_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-44035-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-44037-8
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)