Abstract
There are many variations of sternal anatomy and development. Most of these do not alter chest physiology significantly and as such are not clinically important. Those that do often require surgical treatment early in life. In this chapter, we will review normal sternal development, congenital sternal anomalies and their treatment, and acquired sternal anomalies. Many of the congenital anomalies are often associated with other conditions that result in alterations in the development of other midline structures or thoracic organs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Mekonen HK, et al. Development of the ventral body wall in the human embryo. J Anat. 2015;227(5):673–85.
van der Merwe AE, et al. A review of the embryological development and associated developmental abnormalities of the sternum in the light of a rare palaeopathological case of sternal clefting. Homo. 2013;64(2):129–41.
Pasoglou V, et al. Sternal cleft: prenatal multimodality imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 2012;42(8):1014–6.
Cantrell JR, Haller JA, Ravitch MM. A syndrome of congenital defects involving the abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium, and heart. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1958;107(5):602–14.
Carmi R, Boughman JA. Pentalogy of Cantrell and associated midline anomalies: a possible ventral midline developmental field. Am J Med Genet. 1992;42(1):90–5.
Toyama WM. Combined congenital defects of the anterior abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium, and heart: a case report and review of the syndrome. Pediatrics. 1972;50(5):778–92.
Padalino MA, et al. Giant congenital aortic aneurysm with cleft sternum in a neonate: pathological and surgical considerations for optimal management. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2010;19(3):183–6.
Hersh JH, et al. Sternal malformation/vascular dysplasia association. Am J Med Genet. 1985;21(1): 177–86, 201–2.
Yang TY, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of pentalogy of Cantrell using three-dimensional ultrasound. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;52(1):131–2.
Izquierdo MT, Bahamonde A, Domene J. Prenatal diagnosis of a complete cleft sternum with 3-dimensional sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 2009;28(3):379–83.
Torre M, et al. Phenotypic spectrum and management of sternal cleft: literature review and presentation of a new series. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;41(1):4–9.
Dobell AR, Williams HB, Long RW. Staged repair of ectopia cordis. J Pediatr Surg. 1982;17(4):353–8.
Leca F, et al. Extrathoracic heart (ectopia cordis). Report of two cases and review of the literature. Int J Cardiol. 1989;22(2):221–8.
Alphonso N, Venugopal PS, Anderson D. Complete thoracic ectopia cordis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;23:426–8.
Major JW. Thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis; report of a case successfully treated by surgery. J Thorac Surg. 1953;26(3):309–17.
Nagashima M, Higaki T, Kurata A. Ectopia cordis with right and left ventricular diverticula. Heart. 2010;96(12):973.
Firmin RK, Fragomeni LS, Lennox SC. Complete cleft sternum. Thorax. 1980;35(4):303–6.
Ballouhey Q, et al. Primary repair of sternal cleft with a double osteochondroplasty flap. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013;17(6):1036–7.
Yavuzer S, Kara M. Primary repair of a sternal cleft in an infant with autogenous tissues. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2003;2(4):541–3.
Fokin AA. Cleft sternum and sternal foramen. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2000;10(2):261–76.
Shamberger RC, Welch K. Sternal defects. Pediatr Surg Int. 1990;5:156–64.
Di Bernardo S, Sekarski N, Meijboom E. Left ventricular diverticulum in a neonate with Cantrell syndrome. Heart. 2004;90(11):1320.
Olds K, Byard RW, Langlois NE. Injuries associated with resuscitation—an overview. J Forensic Leg Med. 2015;33:39–43.
Kralj E, et al. Frequency and number of resuscitation related rib and sternum fractures are higher than generally considered. Resuscitation. 2015;93:136–41.
Thomas KP, et al. Ultrasound-guided parasternal block allows optimal pain relief and ventilation improvement after a sternal fracture. Pain Ther. 2016;5(1):115–22.
Young Ann J, et al. Sternal osteomyelitis with a mediastinal abscess caused by Gemella morbillorum following blunt force trauma. Intern Med. 2013;52(4):511–4.
Vaziri M, Jesmi F, Pishgahroudsari M. Omentoplasty in deep sternal wound infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2015;16(1):72–6.
Eburdery H, et al. Management of large sternal wound infections with the superior epigastric artery perforator flap. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;101(1):375–7.
Caballero MJ, et al. Aspergillus mediastinitis after cardiac surgery. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;44:16–9.
Seng P, et al. Osteomyelitis of sternum and rib after breast prosthesis implantation: a rare or underestimated infection? IDCases. 2015;2(1):31–3.
Marano AA, Feintisch AM, Granick MS. Omental flap for thoracic aortic graft infection. Eplasty. 2015;15:ic41.
Listewnik MJ, et al. The use of vacuum-assisted closure in purulent complications and difficult-to-heal wounds in cardiac surgery. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2015;24(4):643–50.
Lee JC, Raman J, Song DH. Primary sternal closure with titanium plate fixation: plastic surgery effecting a paradigm shift. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;125(6):1720–4.
Lee JH, et al. Primary sternal osteomyelitis caused by actinomyces israelii. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;48(1):86–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Godoy, L., Raff, G. (2017). Sternal Clefts and Anomalies. In: Raff, G., Hirose, S. (eds) Surgery for Chest Wall Deformities. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43926-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43926-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-43924-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-43926-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)