Abstract
This paper presents an evaluation of the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) in an electrical power grid. The main contribution is the control analysis of the power quality considering simultaneous battery charging processes. The methodology used can be applied to any known power grid; however, it was considered the case of the island of Maio, in Cape Verde, in continuation of previous works concerning that power grid. Two commercial different types of battery chargers were considered: a traditional model with highly distorted current consumption (that causes distortion in the power grid voltage), and another with almost sinusoidal current consumption. Considering simultaneous battery charging processes, it can be concluded that the power grid structure (composed by three medium voltage branches) with the current power demands of the consumers of the island of Maio have a potential integration for 300 EVs if battery chargers with almost sinusoidal current consumption are used, i.e., 152 for the first medium voltage branch, 35 for the second branch, and 113 for the third branch. Moreover, the results show that the first medium voltage branch of the distribution system, which has the capability to support the integration of 152 EVs if the battery chargers have sinusoidal current consumption (presenting a maximum value of THDv % in the power grid voltage of 1.8 %), only can support 27 EVs if are used traditional battery chargers, with highly distorted current consumption (considering a maximum THDv % of 5 %).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
International Energy Outlook 2009: Energy Information Administration Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting U.S. Department of Energy. Washington DC (2009)
Monteiro, V., Pinto, J.G., Afonso, J.L.: operation modes for the electric vehicle in smart grids and smart homes: present and proposed modes. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 65(3), 1007–1020 (2016)
Han, S., Han, S., Sezaki, K.: Development of an optimal vehicle-to-grid ag-gregator for frequency regulation. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 1, 65–72 (2010)
Ipakchi, A., Albuyeh, F.: Grid of the future. In: IEEE Power and Energy Magazine (2009)
Hernandez, S.S., Galindo, P. P., Lopez, A.Q.: EPV PROJECT. Technology to integrate EV inside smart grids. In: IEEE Conference on the European Energy Market (2010)
Gomez, J.C., Morcos, M.M.: Impact of EV battery chargers on the power quality of distributed systems. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 18(3), 975 (2003)
Lambert, F.: Secondary distribution impacts of residential electric vehicle charging. In: California Energy Commission (2000)
Morcos, M.M., Dillman, N.G., Mersman, C.R.: Battery chargers for electric vehicles. IEEE Power Eng. Rev. 20(11), 8–11 (2002)
Khaligh, A., Zhihao, L.: Battery, ultracapacitor, fuel cell, and hybrid energy storage systems for electric, hybrid electric, fuel cell, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: state of the art. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 59, 2806–2814 (2010)
Monteiro, V., Gonçalves, H., Afonso, J.L.: Impact of electric vehicles on power quality in a smart grid context. In: IEEE EPQU International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization, Portugal (2011)
Joos, G., Dubois, M.R.: Integration of PHEVs and EVs experience from canada. In: IEEE PES Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1–5 (2010)
Bertling, L., Carlson, O., Lundmark, S., Steen, D.: Integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles—experience from Sweden. In: IEEE PES Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1–3 (2010)
Song, Y., Yang, X., Lu, Z., Integration of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles experience from China. In: IEEE PES Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1–6 (2010)
Electra SARL, “Empresa”. http://www.electra.cv/index.php/Empresa.html. Accessed 21 Oct 2013
Samira dos Santos Andrade, “Qualidade de Energia Elétrica e Impacto das Energias Renováveis em Cabo Verde,” M.Sc. Dissertation, University of Minho, Portugal (2012)
Battery Charger, “Piktronik KOP1001,”. http://www.piktronik.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=105&lang=en. Accessed 16 Oct 2013
Renault Fluence. http://www.renault.pt/gama/veiculos-de-passageiros/fluence/novo-fluence/apresentacao/. Accessed 16 Oct 2013
Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by COMPETE: POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007043 and FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the Project Scope: UID/CEC/00319/2013. The PhD student Vítor Monteiro was supported by the doctoral scholarship SFRH/BD/80155/2011 granted by the FCT agency.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Monteiro, V., Sepúlveda, M.J., Aparício Fernandes, J.C., Pinto, J.G., Afonso, J.L. (2017). Evaluation of the Introduction of Electric Vehicles in the Power Grid—A Study for the Island of Maio in Cape Verde. In: Garrido, P., Soares, F., Moreira, A. (eds) CONTROLO 2016. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 402. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43671-5_60
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43671-5_60
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-43670-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-43671-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)