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Book cover Modification of K0s and Lambda(AntiLambda) Transverse Momentum Spectra in Pb-Pb Collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV with ALICE

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Abstract

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN [1] is currently the most powerful particle accelerator. Since the start of data taking in 2009, the LHC achieved collision energies ranging from 900 GeV up to 8 TeV for protons (pp) and 2.76 TeV for lead ions (Pb–Pb). These energies outreach those of earlier built machines as for example the Tevatron at FermiLab (USA) or the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) (USA) by a factor 4 to 10. In 2015, collision energies of 13 TeV for protons [2] and 5.1 TeV per nucleon for lead ion collisions (Pb–Pb) are planned to be realized.

Six quarks, six leptons, together with the gluons of QCD and the photon and the weak bosons [and the Higgs boson], are enough to describe the tangible world and more, with remarkable economy.

Robert Cahn and Gerson Goldhaber (2009)

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire.

  2. 2.

    The Higgs boson or more precisely its Higgs field is supposed to give mass to the particles, which makes them distinguishable. It was recently discovered by ATLAS and CMS at the LHC, see [3–5].

  3. 3.

    The existence of three colour charges as internal degrees of freedom defines the symmetry group of QCD, which is the special unitary group SU(3). From its dimension definition \(n^{2} -1 = 8\) eight coloured gluons can be derived. As a guidance, the QED symmetry group is the unitary group U(1) with dimension 1, which is inherited from the single electrical charge.

  4. 4.

    The momentum can be translated into a minimal distance and vice versa via Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle \(\Delta p \Delta r\ge \hbar \), with \(\hbar \) as the Planck constant divided by \(2\pi \).

  5. 5.

    “In quantum field theories like QCD and QED, physical quantities R can be expressed by a perturbation series in powers of the coupling parameter \(\alpha _{s}\) or \(\alpha \), respectively. If these couplings are sufficiently small, i.e. if \(\alpha _{s}\ll 1\), the series may converge sufficiently quickly such that it provides a realistic prediction of R even if only a limited number of perturbative orders will be known.”[19].

  6. 6.

    The order of a group operation depends on the order of the groups, i.e. interactions cannot be exchanged: \(AB\ne BA\).

  7. 7.

    Pions: \(\pi ^{+}\), \(\pi ^{0}\), \(\pi ^{-}\) are mesons consisting of \(\mathrm{u}\bar{\mathrm{d}}\), \(\mathrm{u}\bar{\mathrm{u}}+\mathrm{d}\bar{\mathrm{d}}\), \(\mathrm{d}\bar{\mathrm{u}}\).

  8. 8.

    A first order phase transition is characterised by a discontinuity of the first derivative of an EoS, a second order phase transition is given in case of a discontinuity of a second derivative. Typical for the latter is a continuous behaviour of the order parameter of interest, whereas a step is seen in the first case. This classification of phase transitions is also referred to as Ehrenfest classification [37].

  9. 9.

    A common, simplified definition of the freeze-out says, that the newly created hadrons decouple when the mean free path of the particles in the system is larger than the system size. The mean free path is given by \(\Lambda = 1/n\sigma \) where \(\sigma \) is the cross section of elastic collisions between the particles.

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  1. Institut für Kernphysik Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

    Simone Schuchmann

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Schuchmann, S. (2016). Introduction. In: Modification of K0s and Lambda(AntiLambda) Transverse Momentum Spectra in Pb-Pb Collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV with ALICE. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43458-2_1

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