Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advanced Handbook of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

  • 1687 Accesses

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the “disease with a thousand faces” [1], is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of auto-antibodies to nuclear antigens in association with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. SLE has an estimated prevalence of about 10–150 per 100,000 persons and a female:male ratio of around 9:1 (see section 1.6) [2]. The peak incidence is between the ages of 15 and 40, and SLE is therefore considered to be one of the most common autoimmune diseases of women of childbearing age.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • 1 Esdaile JM. [Lupus. The disease with a thousand faces]. L’union medicale du Canada. 1991;120:357–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • 2 Arnaud L, Fagot JP, Mathian A, Paita M, Fagot-Campagna A, Amoura Z. Prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in France: a 2010 nation-wide population-based study. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:1082–1089.

    Google Scholar 

  • 3 Petri M, Barr SG, Zonana-Nach A, Magder L. Measures of disease activity, damage, and health status: the Hopkins Lupus Cohort experience. The Journal of rheumatology. 1999;26:502–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • 4 Furie R, Petri M, Zamani O, et al. A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study of belimumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits B lymphocyte stimulator, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:3918–3930.

    Google Scholar 

  • 5 van Vollenhoven RF, Voskuyl A, Morand E, Aranow C. Remission in SLE: closing in on the target. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:2103–2106.

    Google Scholar 

  • 6 Bertsias GK, Salmon JE, Boumpas DT. Therapeutic opportunities in systemic lupus erythematosus: state of the art and prospects for the new decade. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1603–1611.

    Google Scholar 

  • 7 Tamirou F, Lauwerys BR, Dall’Era M, et al. A proteinuria cut-off level of 0.7 g/day after 12 months of treatment best predicts long-term renal outcome in lupus nephritis: data from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial. Lupus Sci Med. 2015;2:e000123.

    Google Scholar 

  • 8 Thomas G, Mancini J, Jourde-Chiche N, et al. Mortality associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in France assessed by multiple-cause-of-death analysis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66:2503–2511.

    Google Scholar 

  • 9 Appel GB, Contreras G, Dooley MA, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:1103–1112.

    Google Scholar 

  • 10 Mok CC, Ying KY, Yim CW, et al. Tacrolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil for induction therapy of lupus nephritis: a randomised controlled trial and long-term follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:30–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • 11 Arnaud L, Zahr N, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z. The importance of assessing medication exposure to the definition of refractory disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;10:674–678.

    Google Scholar 

  • 12 Tampe D, Zeisberg M. Potential approaches to reverse or repair renal fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:226–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • 13 Rees F, Doherty M, Grainge M, Lanyon P, Davenport G, Zhang W. The burden of co-morbidity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the United Kingdom 1999–2012. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016;68:819–827.

    Google Scholar 

  • 14 Yurkovich M, Vostretsova K, Chen W, Avina-Zubieta JA. Overall and cause-specific mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66:608–616.

    Google Scholar 

  • 15 Yee CS, Su L, Toescu V, Hickman R, et al. Birmingham SLE cohort: outcomes of a large inception cohort followed for up to 21 years. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54:836–843.

    Google Scholar 

  • 16 Arnaud L, Mathian A, Devilliers H, et al. Efficacy of influenza vaccination is strongly decreased in systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis of literature data. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:1564.

    Google Scholar 

  • 17 Petri MA, Kiani AN, Post W, Christopher-Stine L, Magder LS. Lupus atherosclerosis prevention study (LAPS). Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:760–765.

    Google Scholar 

  • 18 Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Lupoglazoff JM, et al. Outcome of pregnancies in patients with anti-SSA/Ro antibodies: a study of 165 pregnancies, with special focus on electrocardiographic variations in the children and comparison with a control group. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:3187–3194.

    Google Scholar 

  • 19 Condon MB, Ashby D, Pepper RJ, et al. Prospective observational single-centre cohort study to evaluate the effectiveness of treating lupus nephritis with rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil but no oral steroids. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:1280–1286.

    Google Scholar 

  • 20 Simonetta F, Allali D, Roux-Lombard P, Chizzolini C. Successful treatment of refractory lupus nephritis by the sequential use of rituximab and belimumab. Joint Bone Spine. 2017;84:235–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • 21 Zahr N, Arnaud L, Marquet P, et al. Mycophenolic acid area under the curve correlates with disease activity in lupus patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:2047–2054.

    Google Scholar 

  • 22 Bernatsky S, Linehan T, Hanly JG. The accuracy of administrative data diagnoses of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. J Rheumatol. 2011;38:1612–1616.

    Google Scholar 

  • 23 Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Font J, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunologic patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. The European Working Party on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore).1993;72(2):113–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • 24 Alarcon-Segovia D, Alarcon-Riquelme ME, Cardiel MH, et al. Familial aggregation of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and other autoimmune diseases in 1,177 lupus patients from the GLADEL cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1138–1147.

    Google Scholar 

  • 25 Criswell LA, Pfeiffer KA, Lum RF, et al. Analysis of families in the multiple autoimmune disease genetics consortium (MADGC) collection: the PTPN22 620W allele associates with multiple autoimmune phenotypes. Am J Human Genet. 2005;76:561–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • 26 Pons-Estel GJ, Alarcon GS, Scofield L, Reinlib L, Cooper GS. Understanding the epidemiology and progression of systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2010;39:257–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • 27 Danchenko N, Satia JA, Anthony MS. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of worldwide disease burden. Lupus. 2006;15:308–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • 28 Jakes RW, Bae SC, Louthrenoo W, Mok CC, Navarra SV, Kwon N. Systematic review of the epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Asia-Pacific region: prevalence, incidence, clinical features, and mortality. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:159–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • 29 Pons-Estel BA, Catoggio LJ, Cardiel MH, et al. The GLADEL multinational Latin American prospective inception cohort of 1,214 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: ethnic and disease heterogeneity among “Hispanics”. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004;83:1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • 30 Scolnik M, Marin J, Valeiras SM, Marchese MF, Talani AS, Avellaneda NL, et al. Incidence and prevalence of lupus in Buenos Aires, Argentina: a 11-year health management organisation-based study. Lupus Sci Med. 2014;1:e000021.

    Google Scholar 

  • 31 Bae SC, Fraser P, Liang MH. The epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in populations of African ancestry: a critical review of the “prevalence gradient hypothesis”. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:2091–2099.

    Google Scholar 

  • 32 Molokhia M, McKeigue PM, Cuadrado M, Hughes G. Systemic lupus erythematosus in migrants from west Africa compared with Afro-Caribbean people in the UK. Lancet. 2001;357:1414–1415.

    Google Scholar 

  • 33 Rees F, Doherty M, Grainge M, Davenport G, Lanyon P, Zhang W. The incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in the UK, 1999–2012. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:136–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • 34 Alamanos Y, Voulgari PV, Siozos C, et al. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in northwest Greece 1982–2001. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:731–735.

    Google Scholar 

  • 35 Arnaud L, Mathian A, Boddaert J, Amoura Z. Late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Drugs Aging. 2012;29:181–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • 36 Al-Maini M, Jeyalingam T, Brown P, et al. A hot spot for systemic lupus erythematosus, but not for psoriatic arthritis, identified by spatial analysis suggests an interaction between ethnicity and place of residence. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:1579–1585.

    Google Scholar 

  • 37 Mahajan A, Herrmann M, Munoz LE. Clearance deficiency and cell death pathways: a model for the pathogenesis of SLE. Front Immunol. 2016;7:35.

    Google Scholar 

  • 38 Lood C, Blanco LP, Purmalek MM, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps enriched in oxidized mitochondrial DNA are interferogenic and contribute to lupus-like disease. Nat Med. 2016;22:146–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • 39 Nagata S, Hanayama R, Kawane K. Autoimmunity and the clearance of dead cells. Cell. 2010;140:619–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • 40 Deng Y, Tsao BP. Genetic susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in the genomic era. Nature reviews. Rheumatology. 2010;6:683–692.

    Google Scholar 

  • 41 Blanco P, Palucka AK, Gill M, Pascual V, Banchereau J. Induction of dendritic cell differentiation by IFN-alpha in systemic lupus erythematosus. Science. 2001;294:1540–1543.

    Google Scholar 

  • 42 Shlomchik MJ, Craft JE, Mamula MJ. From T to B and back again: positive feedback in systemic autoimmune disease. Nature reviews. Immunology. 2001;1:147–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • 43 Vincent FB, Morand EF, Schneider P, Mackay F. The BAFF/APRIL system in SLE pathogenesis. Nature reviews. Rheumatology. 2014;10:365–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • 44 Shin MS, Lee N, Kang I. Effector T-cell subsets in systemic lupus erythematosus: update focusing on Th17 cells. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23:444–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • 45 Larsen M, Sauce D, Deback C, et al. Exhausted cytotoxic control of Epstein-Barr virus in human lupus. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7:e1002328.

    Google Scholar 

  • 46 Hervier B, Beziat V, Haroche J, et al. Phenotype and function of natural killer cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: excess interferon-gamma production in patients with active disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:1698–1706.

    Google Scholar 

  • 47 Bonelli M, Smolen JS, Scheinecker C. Treg and lupus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:i65–i66.

    Google Scholar 

  • 48 Fraser NL, Rowley G, Field M, Stott DI. The VH gene repertoire of splenic B cells and somatic hypermutation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2003;5:R114–R121.

    Google Scholar 

  • 49 Mohan C, Putterman C. Genetics and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015;11:329–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • 50 Blomberg S, Eloranta ML, Magnusson M, Alm GV, Ronnblom L. Expression of the markers BDCA-2 and BDCA-4 and production of interferon-alpha by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:2524–2532.

    Google Scholar 

  • 51 Quan TE, Roman RM, Rudenga BJ, Holers VM, Craft JE. Epstein-Barr virus promotes interferon-alpha production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:1693–1701.

    Google Scholar 

  • 52 Bennett L, Palucka AK, Arce E, Cantrell V, Borvak J, Banchereau J, et al. Interferon and granulopoiesis signatures in systemic lupus erythematosus blood. J Exp Med. 2003;197:711–723.

    Google Scholar 

  • 53 Block SR, Winfield JB, Lockshin MD, D’Angelo WA, Christian CL. Studies of twins with systemic lupus erythematosus. A review of the literature and presentation of 12 additional sets. Am J Med. 1975;59:533–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • 54 Kuo CF, Grainge MJ, Valdes AM, See LC, Luo SF, Yu KH, et al. Familial aggregation of systemic lupus erythematosus and coaggregation of autoimmune diseases in affected families. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:1518–1526.

    Google Scholar 

  • 55 Moser KL, Kelly JA, Lessard CJ, Harley JB. Recent insights into the genetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun. 2009;10:373–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • 56 Wang Y, Ewart D, Crabtree JN, et al. PTPN22 Variant R620W Is Associated With Reduced Toll-like Receptor 7-Induced Type I Interferon in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2015;67:2403–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • 57 Bentham J, Morris DL, Cunninghame Graham DS, et al. Genetic association analyses implicate aberrant regulation of innate and adaptive immunity genes in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Genet. 2015;47:1457–1464.

    Google Scholar 

  • 58 Crow YJ. Type I interferonopathies: a novel set of inborn errors of immunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1238:91–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • 59 Bang SY, Choi JY, Park S, et al. Influence of Susceptibility HLA-DRB1 alleles on the clinical subphenotypes of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Koreans. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:1190–1196.

    Google Scholar 

  • 60 Kallel-Sellami M, Laadhar L, Zerzeri Y, Makni S. Complement deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus: consensus and dilemma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2008;4:629–637.

    Google Scholar 

  • 61 Truedsson L, Sturfelt G, Nived O. Prevalence of the type I complement C2 deficiency gene in Swedish systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus. 1993;2:325–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • 62 Sullivan KE, Petri MA, Schmeckpeper BJ, McLean RH, Winkelstein JA. Prevalence of a mutation causing C2 deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1994;21:1128–1133.

    Google Scholar 

  • 63 Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Ziegler JT, Molineros J, et al. Genome-wide association study in an Amerindian ancestry population reveals novel systemic lupus erythematosus risk loci and the role of European admixture. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:932–943.

    Google Scholar 

  • 64 Armstrong DL, Zidovetzki R, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, et al. GWAS identifies novel SLE susceptibility genes and explains the association of the HLA region. Genes Immun. 2014;15:347–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • 65 Cuymmigham graham et al. Association of NCF2, IKZF1, IRF8, IFIH1, and TYK2 with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS Genet. 2011;7:e1002341.

    Google Scholar 

  • 66 Demirci FY, Wang X, Kelly JA, et al. Identification of a new susceptibility locus for systemic lupus erythematosus on chromosome 12 in individuals of European ancestry. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:174–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • 67 Gateva V, Sandling JK, Hom G, et al. A large-scale replication study identifies TNIP1, PRDM1, JAZF1, UHRF1BP1 and IL10 as risk loci for systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Genet. 2009;41:1228–1233.

    Google Scholar 

  • 68 Bentham J, Morris DL, Cunninghame Graham DS, et al.Genetic association analyses implicate aberrant regulation of innate and adaptive immunity genes in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Genet. 2015;47:1457–1464.

    Google Scholar 

  • 69 Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhang J, et al. Genome-wide search followed by replication reveals genetic interaction of CD80 and ALOX5AP associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in Asian populations. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:891–898.

    Google Scholar 

  • 70 Han JW, Zheng HF, Cui Y, et al. Genome-wide association study in a Chinese Han population identifies nine new susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Genet. 2009;41:1234–1237.

    Google Scholar 

  • 71 International Consortium for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLEGEN), Harley JB, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, et al. Genome-wide association scan in women with systemic lupus erythematosus identifies susceptibility variants in ITGAM, PXK, KIAA1542 and other loci. Nat Genet. 2008;40:204–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • 72 Lessard CJ, Adrianto I, Ice JA, et al. Identification of IRF8, TMEM39A, and IKZF3-ZPBP2 as susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus in a large-scale multiracial replication study. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90:648–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • 73 Sun C, Molineros JE, Looger LL, et al. High-density genotyping of immune-related loci identifies new SLE risk variants in individuals with Asian ancestry. Nat Genet. 2016;48:323–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • 74 Okada Y, Shimane K, Kochi Y, et al. A genome-wide association study identified AFF1 as a susceptibility locus for systemic lupus eyrthematosus in Japanese. PLoS Genet. 2012;8:e1002455.

    Google Scholar 

  • 75 Yang W, Shen N, Ye DQ, et al. Genome-wide association study in Asian populations identifies variants in ETS1 and WDFY4 associated with Sys. PLoS Genet. 2010;6:e1000841.

    Google Scholar 

  • 76 Zhang Y, Zhang J, Yang J, et al. Meta-analysis of GWAS on two Chinese populations followed by replication identifies novel genetic variants on the X chromosome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24:274–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • 77 Yang Y, Chung EK, Wu YL, et al. Gene copy-number variation and associated polymorphisms of complement component C4 in human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): low copy number is a risk factor for and high copy number is a protective factor against SLE susceptibility in European Americans. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;80:1037–1054.

    Google Scholar 

  • 78 Pereira KM, Faria AG, Liphaus BL, et al. Low C4, C4A and C4B gene copy numbers are stronger risk factors for juvenile-onset than for adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology. 2016;55:869–873.

    Google Scholar 

  • 79 Macedo AC, Isaac L. Systemic lupus erythematosus and deficiencies of early components of the complement classical pathway. Front Immunol. 2016;7:55.

    Google Scholar 

  • 80 Lintner KE, Wu YL, Yang Y, et al. Early Components of the Complement Classical Activation Pathway in Human Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol. 2016;7:36.

    Google Scholar 

  • 81 Glesse N, Monticielo OA, Mattevi VS, et al. Association of mannose-binding lectin 2 gene polymorphic variants with susceptibility and clinical progression in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29:983–990.

    Google Scholar 

  • 82 Zhao J, Wu H, Khosravi M, et al. Association of genetic variants in complement factor H and factor H-related genes with systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility. PLoS Genet. 2011;7:e1002079.

    Google Scholar 

  • 83 Lee YH, Choi SJ, Ji JD, Song GG. Association between toll-like receptor polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis update. Lupus. 2016;25:593–601.

    Google Scholar 

  • 84 Feng D, Stone RC, Eloranta ML, et al. Genetic variants and disease-associated factors contribute to enhanced interferon regulatory factor 5 expression in blood cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:562–573.

    Google Scholar 

  • 85 Fu Q, Zhao J, Qian X, et al. Association of a functional IRF7 variant with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:749–754.

    Google Scholar 

  • 86 Grieves JL, Fye JM, Harvey S, Grayson JM, Hollis T, Perrino FW. Exonuclease TREX1 degrades double-stranded DNA to prevent spontaneous lupus-like inflammatory disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015;112:5117–5122.

    Google Scholar 

  • 87 Namjou B, Kothari PH, Kelly JA, et al. Evaluation of the TREX1 gene in a large multi-ancestral lupus cohort. Genes Immun. 2011;12:270–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • 88 Lee-Kirsch MA, Gong M, Chowdhury D, et al. Mutations in the gene encoding the 3’-5’ DNA exonuclease TREX1 are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Genet. 2007;39:1065–1067.

    Google Scholar 

  • 89 Gunther C, Kind B, Reijns MA, Berndt N, Martinez-Bueno M, Wolf C, et al. Defective removal of ribonucleotides from DNA promotes systemic autoimmunity. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:413–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • 90 Jeremiah N, Neven B, Gentili M, Callebaut I, Maschalidi S, Stolzenberg MC, et al. Inherited STING-activating mutation underlies a familial inflammatory syndrome with lupus-like manifestations. J Clin Invest. 2014;124:5516–5520.

    Google Scholar 

  • 91 Briggs TA, Rice GI, Adib N, Ades L, Barete S, Baskar K, et al. Spondyloenchondrodysplasia due to mutations in ACP5: a comprehensive survey. J Clin Immunol. 2016;36:220–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • 92 Mohammadoo-Khorasani M, Musavi M, Mousavi M, et al. Deoxyribonuclease I gene polymorphism and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35:101–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • 93 Yasutomo K, Horiuchi T, Kagami S, et al. Mutation of DNASE1 in people with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nature genetics. 2001;28(4):313–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • 94 Al-Mayouf SM, Sunker A, Abdwani R, Abrawi SA, Almurshedi F, Alhashmi N, et al. Loss-of-function variant in DNASE1L3 causes a familial form of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Genet. 2011;43:1186–1188.

    Google Scholar 

  • 95 Ravenscroft JC, Suri M, Rice GI, Szynkiewicz M, Crow YJ. Autosomal dominant inheritance of a heterozygous mutation in SAMHD1 causing familial chilblain lupus. Am J Med Genet A. 2011;155A:235–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • 96 Kiykim A, Ogulur I, Baris S, et al. Potentially beneficial effect of hydroxychloroquine in a patient with a novel mutation in protein kinase C delta deficiency. J Clin Immunol. 2015;35:523–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • 97 Belot A, Kasher PR, Trotter EW, et al. Protein kinase cdelta deficiency causes mendelian systemic lupus erythematosus with B cell-defective apoptosis and hyperproliferation. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:2161–2171.

    Google Scholar 

  • 98 Barbhaiya M, Costenbader KH. Ultraviolet radiation and systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2014;23:588–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • 99 Duarte-Garcia A, Fang H, To CH, Magder LS, Petri M. Seasonal variation in the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:1392–1398.

    Google Scholar 

  • 100 Chiche L, Jourde N, Ulmann C, Mancini J, Darque A, Bardin N, et al. Seasonal variations of systemic lupus erythematosus flares in southern France. Eur J Intern Med. 2012;23:250–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • 101 Cooper GS, Wither J, Bernatsky S, et al. Occupational and environmental exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: silica, sunlight, solvents. Rheumatology. 2010;49:2172–2180.

    Google Scholar 

  • 102 Fraser PA, Ding WZ, Mohseni M, et al. Glutathione S-transferase M null homozygosity and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with sun exposure: a possible gene-environment interaction for autoimmunity. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:276–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • 103 Kiyohara C, Washio M, Horiuchi T, Asami T, Ide S, Atsumi T, et al. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study in a Japanese population. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:1363–1370.

    Google Scholar 

  • 104 Chasset F, Frances C, Barete S, Amoura Z, Arnaud L. Influence of smoking on the efficacy of antimalarials in cutaneous lupus: a meta-analysis of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72:634–639.

    Google Scholar 

  • 105 Freemer MM, King TE Jr, Criswell LA. Association of smoking with dsDNA autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:581–584.

    Google Scholar 

  • 106 Simard JF, Costenbader KH, Liang MH, Karlson EW, Mittleman MA. Exposure to maternal smoking and incident SLE in a prospective cohort study. Lupus. 2009;18:431–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • 107 Parks CG, De Roos AJ. Pesticides, chemical and industrial exposures in relation to systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2014;23:527–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • 108 Parks CG, Cooper GS, Nylander-French LA, et al. Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based, case-control study in the southeastern United States. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:1840–1850.

    Google Scholar 

  • 109 Finckh A, Cooper GS, Chibnik LB, et al. Occupational silica and solvent exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in urban women. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:3648–3654.

    Google Scholar 

  • 110 Webber MP, Moir W, Zeig-Owens R, et al. Nested case-control study of selected systemic autoimmune diseases in World Trade Center rescue/recovery workers. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:1369–1376.

    Google Scholar 

  • 111 Makol A, Reilly MJ, Rosenman KD. Prevalence of connective tissue disease in silicosis (1985–2006)-a report from the state of Michigan surveillance system for silicosis. Am J Ind Med. 2011;54:255–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • 112 Cooper GS, Parks CG, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS, Dooley MA. Occupational risk factors for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1928–1933.

    Google Scholar 

  • 113 Nelson P, Rylance P, Roden D, Trela M, Tugnet N. Viruses as potential pathogenic agents in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2014;23:596–605.

    Google Scholar 

  • 114 Ulff-Moller CJ, Nielsen NM, Rostgaard K, Hjalgrim H, Frisch M. Epstein-Barr virus-associated infectious mononucleosis and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology. 2010;49:1706–1712.

    Google Scholar 

  • 115 Lu-Fritts PY, Kottyan LC, James JA, et al. Association of systemic lupus erythematosus with uranium exposure in a community living near a uranium-processing plant: a nested case-control study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66:3105–3112.

    Google Scholar 

  • 116 Fernandes EC, Silva CA, Braga AL, Sallum AM, Campos LM, Farhat SC. Exposure to air pollutants and disease activity in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67:1609–1614.

    Google Scholar 

  • 117 Simard JF, Sjowall C, Ronnblom L, Jonsen A, Svenungsson E. Systemic lupus erythematosus prevalence in Sweden in 2010: what do national registers say? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66:1710–1717.

    Google Scholar 

  • 118 Smyth A, Oliveira GH, Lahr BD, Bailey KR, Norby SM, Garovic VD. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:2060–2068.

    Google Scholar 

  • 119 Park EJ, Jung H, Hwang J, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective review of 62 pregnancies at a single tertiary center in South Korea. Int J Rheum Dis. 2014;17:887–897.

    Google Scholar 

  • 120 McMurray RW, May W. Sex hormones and systemic lupus erythematosus: review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:2100–2110.

    Google Scholar 

  • 121 Petri M, Kim MY, Kalunian KC, et al. Combined oral contraceptives in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. New Engl J Med. 2005;353:2550–2558.

    Google Scholar 

  • 122 Liu K, Kurien BT, Zimmerman SL, et al. X chromosome dose and sex bias in autoimmune diseases: increased 47,XXX in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:1290–1300.

    Google Scholar 

  • 123 Scofield RH, Bruner GR, Namjou B, et al. Klinefelter’s syndrome (47,XXY) in male systemic lupus erythematosus patients: support for the notion of a gene-dose effect from the X chromosome. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:2511–2517.

    Google Scholar 

  • 124 Rubin RL. Drug-induced lupus. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14:361–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • 125 Araujo-Fernandez S, Ahijon-Lana M, Isenberg DA. Drug-induced lupus: Including anti-tumour necrosis factor and interferon induced. Lupus. 2014;23:545–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • 126 Lowe GC, Henderson CL, Grau RH, Hansen CB, Sontheimer RD. A systematic review of drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:465–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • 127 Hillesheim PB, Bahrami S, Jeffy BG, Callen JP. Tissue eosinophilia: not an indicator of drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:190–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • 128 Moulis G, Bene J, Sommet A, Sailler L, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Montastruc JL. Statin-induced lupus: a case/non-case study in a nationwide pharmacovigilance database. Lupus. 2012;21:885–889.

    Google Scholar 

  • 129 Katz U, Zandman-Goddard G. Drug-induced lupus: an update. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;10:46–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • 130 De Bandt M, Sibilia J, Le Loet X, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus induced by anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy: a French national survey. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7:R545–R551.

    Google Scholar 

  • 131 Charles PJ, Smeenk RJ, De Jong J, Feldmann M, Maini RN. Assessment of antibodies to double-stranded DNA induced in rheumatoid arthritis patients following treatment with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor alpha: findings in open-label and randomized placebo-controlled trials. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:2383–2390.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Karolinska University Hospital Unit for Clinical Therapy Research, Stockholm, Sweden

    Laurent Arnaud

  2. Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Ronald van Vollenhoven

Authors
  1. Laurent Arnaud
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ronald van Vollenhoven
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Laurent Arnaud .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Arnaud, L., van Vollenhoven, R. (2018). Introduction. In: Advanced Handbook of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Adis, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43035-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43035-5_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Adis, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-43034-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-43035-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation