Skip to main content

Comparison, Enigmas and Future Research

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Upwelling Systems of the World
  • 2514 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter summarizes the findings of scientific research that compare major eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems, highlights the significance of upwelling ecosystems in Southeast Asian waters, and lists enigmas and open questions as motivation for future research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adey, W.H., and R.S. Steneck. 2001. Thermogeography over time creates biogeographic regions: A temperature/space/time-integrated model and an abundance-weighted test for benthic marine algae. Journal of Phycology 37: 677–698.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Salgado, X.A., A.V. Borges, F.G. Figueras, and L. Chou. 2010. Iberian margin: The rias. In Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins, ed. K.-K. Liu, L. Atkinson, R. Quiñones, and L. Talaue-McManus, 103–120. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arístegui, J., E.D. Barton, X.A. Álvarez-Salgado, A.M.P. Santos, F.G. Figueiras, S. Kifani, S. Hernández-León, E. Mason, E. Machu, and H. Demarcq. 2009. Subregional ecosystem variability in the Canary Current upwelling. Progress in Oceanography 83(1): 33–48. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ausubel, J. 1999. Toward a census of marine life. Oceanography 12: 4–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayon, P., G. Swartzman, A. Bertrand, M. Gutierrez, and S. Bertrand. 2008. Zooplankton and forage fish species off Peru: large-scale bottom-up forcing and local-scale depletion. Progress in Oceanography 79: 208–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakun, A. 1990. Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling. Science 247(4939): 198–201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakun, A., and S.J. Weeks. 2004. Greenhouse gas buildup, sardines, submarine eruptions, and the possibility of abrupt degradation of intense marine upwelling ecosystems. Ecology Letters 7: 1015–1023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakun, A., and S.J. Weeks. 2008. The marine ecosystem off Peru: what are the secrets of its fishery productivity and what might its future hold? Progress in Oceanography 79: 290–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, R.T., and R.L. Smith. 1981. Coastal upwelling ecosystems. In Analysis of marine ecosystems, ed. A. Longhurst, 31–68. Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, B.A., I.D. Jonsen, S.J. Jorgensen, et al. 2011. Tracking apex marine predator movements in a dynamic ocean. Nature 475: 86–90. doi:10.1038/nature10082.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, J.C. 1974. Marine zoogeography. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, J.C. 1995. Global biogeography. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calienes, R., O. Guillén, and N. Lostaunau. 1985. Variabilidad espacio-temporal de clorofila, produccion primaria y nutrientes frente a la costa peruana. Boletín del Instituto del Mar del Perú 10: 1–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, M.-E., and E.J. Kearns. 2003. Production regimes in four eastern boundary current systems. Deep-Sea Research II 50: 3199–3221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, P., and L.V. Shannon. 1985. The Benguela ecosystem. Part II. Chemistry and related processes. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Reviews 23: 183–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavez, F.P., J.P. Ryan, S.E. Lluch-Cota, and C.M. Ñiquen. 2003. From anchovies to sardines and back: Multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean. Science 299(5604): 217–221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavez, F.P., T. Takahashi, W.-J. Cai, G. Friederich, B. Hales, R. Wanninkhof and R. Feely. 2007. Coastal oceans. In The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle, ed. A. King, I. Dilling, G. Zimmerman, D. Fairman, R. Houghton, G. Marland, A. Rose and T. Wilbanks, A, Report by the US Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, 157–166. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavez, F.P., A. Bertrand, R. Guevara, P. Soler, and J. Csirke. 2008. The northern Humboldt Current System: Brief history, present status and a view towards the future. Progress in Oceanography 79(2–4): 95–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chavez, F.P., and M. Messié. 2009. A comparison of eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography 83(1–4): 80–96. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, J.W.F., and V. Tunnicliffe. 2015. Oxygen limitations on marine animal distributions and the collapse of epibenthic community structure during shoaling hypoxia. Global Change Biology 21: 2989–3004. doi:10.5061/dryad.1p55v.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Codispoti, L.A., J.A. Brandes, J.P. Christensen, A.H. Devol, S.W.A. Naqvi, H.W. Paerl and T. Yoshinari. 2001. The oceanic fixed nitrogen and nitrous oxide budgets: Moving targets as we enter the anthropocene? Scientia Marina, 65 (S2): 85–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conkright, M.E., et al. 2002. World Ocean Atlas 2001, Volume 1: Introduction. Technical Report, NOAA, Atlas NESDIS 42, 160 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaz, R. 2001. Overview of hypoxia around the world. Journal of Environmental Quality 30: 275–281.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz, R.J., and R. Rosenberg. 2008. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321: 926–929.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duda, A., and K. Sherman. 2002. A new imperative for improving management of large marine ecosystems. Ocean and Coastal Management 45: 797–833.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncombe Rae, C.M., A.J. Boyd, and R.J.M. Crawford. 1992. “Predation” of anchovy by an Agulhas ring: a possible contributory cause for the very poor year class of 1989. South African Journal of Marine Science 12: 167–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Echevin, V., O. Aumont, J. Ledesma, and G. Flores. 2008. The seasonal cycle of surface chlorophyll in the Peruvian upwelling system: A modelling study. Progress in Oceanography 79(2–4): 167–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekau, W., H. Auel, H.-O. Portner, and D. Gilbert. 2010. Impacts of hypoxia on the structure and processes in pelagic communities (zooplankton, macro-invertebrates and fish). Biogeosciences 7: 1669–1699.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Espinoza, P., and A. Bertrand. 2008. Revisiting Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens) trophodynamics provides a new vision of the Humboldt Current system. Progress in Oceanography 79(2–4): 215–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, G., S. Neuer, R. Davenport, P. Helmke, R. Schlitzer, O. Romero, V. Ratmeyer, B. Donner, T. Freudenthal, H. Meggers, and G. Wefer. 2010. The Northwest African margin. In Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins, ed. K.-K. Liu, L. Atkinson, R. Quiñones, and L. Talaue-McManus, 78–103. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friederich, G.E., J. Ledesma, O. Ulloa, and F.P. Chavez. 2008. Air–sea carbon dioxide fluxes in the coastal southeastern tropical Pacific. Progress in Oceanography 79(2–4): 156–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, I., S.K. Meyn, I. Tegen, S. Doney, J. John, and J. Bishop. 2000. Iron supply and demand in the upper ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14(1): 281–295. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.07.015.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith, E.D., M. Kienast, T.F. Pedersen and S.E. Calvert. 2004. Glacial-interglacial modulation of the marine nitrogen cycle by high latitude O2 supply to the global thermocline. Paleoceanography, 19, PA4007. doi:10.1029/2003PA001000(4).

  • Garcia, H.E., R.A. Locarnini, T.P. Boyer and J.I. Antonov. 2006a. World Ocean Atlas 2005. In Dissolved oxygen, apparent oxygen utilization, and oxygen saturation, ed. S. Levitus, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 63, vol. 3, 342 pp. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, H.E., R.A. Locarnini, T.P. Boyer and J.I. Antonov. 2006b. World Ocean Atlas 2005. In Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicate), ed. S. Levitus, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 63, vol. 4, 396 pp. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, P.C., M.G. Morrice, B. Page, R. Pirzl, A.H. Levings, and M. Coyne. 2011. Blue whale habitat selection and within-season distribution in a regional upwelling system off southern Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 421: 243–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzales-Davila, M., and J. Santana-Casiano. 2013. Seasonal air-sea CO2 fluxes off northwest Africa at the Mauritanian region. AGU Fall Meeting, abstract #OS51A-1637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez, D., A. Sifeddine, D.B. Field, L. Ortlieb, G. Vargas, F. Chavez, F.P. Velazco, V. Ferriera, P. Tapia, R. Salvatteci, H. Boucher, M.C. Morales, J. Valdes, J.-L. Reyss, A. Campusano, M. Boussafir, M. Mandang-Yogo, M. Garcia, and T. Baumgartner. 2009. Rapid reorganization in ocean biogeochemistry off Peru towards the end of the Little Ice Age. Biogeosciences 6: 835–848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez, D., I. Bouloubassi, A. Sifeddine, S. Purca, K. Goubanova, M. Graco, D. Field, L. Méjanelle, F. Velazco, A. Lorre, R. Salvatteci, D. Quispe, G. Vargas, B. Dewitte, and L. Ortlieb. 2011. Coastal cooling and increased productivity in the main upwelling zone off Peru since the mid twentieth century. Journal of Geophysical Research 38: L07603. doi:10.1029/2010GL046324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hales, B., T. Takahashi, and L. Bandstra. 2005. Atmospheric CO2 uptake by a coastal upwelling system. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(GB1009): 2004G. doi:10.1029/B002295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, B.P., G.C. Ray, and R. Dolan. 1984. Classification of coastal and marine environments. Environmental Conservation 11: 199–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kämpf, J., M. Doubell, D. Griffin, R.L. Matthews, and T.M. Ward. 2004. Evidence of a large seasonal coastal upwelling system along the southern shelf of Australia. Geophysical Research Letters 31: L09310. doi:10.1029/2003GLO19221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kida, S., and K.J. Richards. 2009. Seasonal sea surface temperature variability in the Indonesian Seas. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114. doi:10.1029/2008JC005150.

  • Lathuilière, C., V. Echevin, and M. Lévy. 2008. Seasonal and intraseasonal surface chlorophyll-a variability along the northwest African coast. Journal of Geophysical Research 113: C05007. doi:10.1029/2007JC004433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, L.A. 2003. Oxygen minimum zone benthos: Adaptation and community response to hypoxia. Annual Reviews of Oceanography and Marine Biolology 41: 1–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longhurst, A. 1998. Ecological geography of the sea. San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackas, D. L., P.T. Strub, A. Thomas and V. Montecino. 2006. Eastern ocean boundaries. In The Sea, vol. 14a, ed. A.R. Robinson and K.H. Brink, pp. 21–59. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messié, M., J. Ledesma, D.D. Kolber, R.P. Michisaki, D.G. Foley, and F.P. Chavez. 2009. Potential new production estimates in four eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography 83(1–4): 151–158. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minas, H.J., M. Minas, and T.T. Packard. 1986. Productivity in upwelling systems deduced from hydrographic and chemical fields. Limnology and Oceanography 31: 1182–1206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monteiro, P.M.S. 2010. The Benguela current system. In Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins, ed. K.-K. Liu, L. Atkinson, R.A. Quiñones, and L. Talaue-McManus, 65–78. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulmier, A., D. Ruiz-Pino, and V. Garcon. 2008. The oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) off Chile as intense source of CO2 and N2O. Continental Shelf Research 28(20): 2746–2756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennington, J.T., G.E. Friederich, C.G. Castro, C.A. Collins, W.W. Evans, and F.P. Chavez. 2010. The northern and central California coastal upwelling system. In Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins, ed. K.-K. Liu, L. Atkinson, R. Quiñones, and L. Talaue-McManus, 65–78. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quiñones, R.A., M.H. Gutierrez, G. Daneri, D.G. Aguilar, H.E. Gonzales, and F.P. Chavez. 2010. The Humboldt current system. In Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins, ed. K.-K. Liu, L. Atkinson, R. Quiñones, and L. Talaue-McManus, 44–64. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, R.W., T.M. Smith, C. Liu, D.B. Chelton, K.S. Casey, and M.G. Schlax. 2007. Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature. Journal of Climate 20(22): 5473–5496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, K., A.W. Visser, and F.B. Pedersen. 2000. Subsurface phytoplankton blooms fuel pelagic production in the North Sea. Journal of Plankton Research 22: 1663–1671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roemmich, D., S. Riser, R. Davis, and Y. Desaubies. 2004. Autonomous profiling floats: workhorse for broad-scale ocean observations. Marine Technology Society Journal 38: 21–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rykaczewski, R.R., and D.M. Checkley. 2008. Influence of ocean winds on the pelagic ecosystem in upwelling regions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105: 1965–1970.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryther, J.H. 1969. Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea. Science 166(3901): 72–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santana-Casiano, J.M., M. Gonzales-Davil, and I.R. Ucha. 2009. Carbon dioxide fluxes in the Benguela upwelling system during winter and spring. A comparison between 2005 and 2006. Deep-Sea Research II 46: 533–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, K, ed. 1993. Emerging theoretical basis for monitoring the changing states (health) of large marine ecosystems. Summary report of two workshops: 23 April 1992, National Marine Fisheries Service, Narragansett, Rhode Island, and 11–12 July 1992, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, K., and G. Hempel, eds. 2008. The UNEP large marine ecosystem report: A perspective on changing conditions in LMEs of the world’s Regional Seas. UNEP Regional Seas Report and Studies No. 182. United Nations Environment Programme. Nairobi, Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spalding, M.D., H.E. Fox, G.R. Allen, N. Davidson, Z.A. Ferdana, M. Finlayson, B.S. Halpern, M.A. Jorge, A. Lombana, S.A. Lourie, K.D. Martin, E. McManus, J. Molnar, C.A. Recchia, and A. Robertson. 2007. Marine ecoregions of the World: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57(7): 573–583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stramma, L., S. Schmidko, L.A. Levin, and G.C. Johnson. 2010. Oxygen ocean minima expansions and their biological impacts. Deep-Sea Research I 57: 587–595.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sverdrup, H.U., M.W. Johnson and R.H. Fleming. 1942. The oceans, their physics, chemistry, and general biology. Prentice-Hall Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sydeman, W. J., M. García-Reyes, D.S. Schoeman, R.R. Rykaczewski, S.A. Thompson, B.A. Black and S.J. Bograd. 2014. Climate change and wind intensification in coastal upwelling ecosystems. Science 345, 77–80. doi:10.1126/science.1251635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, T., C. Sutherland, C. Sweeney, A. Poisson, N. Metzl, B. Tilbrook, N. Bates, R. Wanninkhof, R.A. Feely, C. Sabine, J. Olafsson, and Y. Nojiri. 2002. Global sea-air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2 and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep-Sea Research II 49: 1601–1622.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A.C., M.E. Carr, and P.T. Strub. 2001. Chlorophyll variability in eastern boundary currents. Geophysical Research Letters 28(18): 3421–3424.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres, R., D. Turner, J. Rutllant, M. Sobarzo, T. Antezana, and H.E. Gonzalez. 2002. CO2 outgassing off central Chile (31–30 S) and northern Chile (24–23 S) during austral summer 1997: the effect of wind intensity on the upwelling and ventilation of CO2-rich waters. Deep-Sea Research I 49: 1413–1429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Vliet, M.T.H., W.H.P. Franssen, J.R. Yearsley, F. Ludwig, I. Haddeland, D.P. Lettenmaier, and P. Kabat. 2013. Global river discharge and water temperature under climate change. Global Environmental Change 23: 450–464. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, J.J. 1981. A carbon budget for overfishing off Peru. Nature 290: 300–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wattenberg, H. 1938. Die Verteilung des Sauerstoffs im Atlantischen Ozean. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition der Meteor, 1925–1927 9: 1–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xing, X., A. Morel, H. Claustre, D. Antoine, F. D’Ortenzio, A. Poteau, and A. Mignot. 2011. Combined processing and mutual interpretation of radiometry and fluorimetry from autonomous profiling Bio-Argo floats: Chlorophyll a retrieval. Journal of Geophysical Research 116: C06020. doi:10.1029/2010JC006899.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarincik, K., and R. O’Dor. 2005. The census of marine life: goals, scope and strategy. Scientia Marina, 69. doi:10.3989/scimar.2005.69s1201.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jochen Kämpf .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kämpf, J., Chapman, P. (2016). Comparison, Enigmas and Future Research. In: Upwelling Systems of the World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42524-5_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics