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Buffering Borobudur for Socioeconomic Development in the 1980s: An Approach Distinct from European Value-Based Heritage Management

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Cultural Landscape Management at Borobudur, Indonesia

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Archaeology ((BRIEFSARCHHERIT))

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Abstract

This chapter is to demonstrate that there was a non-Eurocentric approach being attempted at Borobudur in the 1970s and 1980s. From the case of Borobudur, this research aims to provide lessons for better management practices by clarifying the development of the buffer zone concept and its potential impact on communities. The chapter will examine an empirical literature study using topographic maps, contracts between Governments of Indonesia and Japan, documents concerning the Park Project and local newspapers as well as a sequence of one-to-one and group interviews with the key persons who were involved in the Park Project including villagers at Borobudur. The development of the Borobudur Archaeological Park began in 1979 and marks an important shift in thinking about buffer zones from a monument-centric approach to the consideration of the wider context and approaches to community participation in the context of international heritage management. There has not yet been a detailed study concerning the progression of the Borobudur Park establishment and implementation of the buffer zone concept per se, and its impact on local community members.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In 1978, 12 sites were inscribed on the WH List; eight sites were cultural heritage sites. In 1979, 38 were inscribed as cultural heritage sites out of 44 sites were inscribed on the WH List. (Note: Two sites are listed as a mixed site). In 1980, 23 cultural heritage sites out of 28 properties were inscribed on the WH List.

  2. 2.

    Zone 3 for regulation of land use around the parks and preservation of the environment while controlling development in areas surrounding the parks; zone 4 for maintenance of the historical scenery and prevention of destruction of the scenery; zone 5 for undertaking archeological surveys over a wide area and prevention of destruction of undiscovered archeological monuments (Japan International Cooperation Agency, 1979, 19).

  3. 3.

    Zone 1 for protection and prevention of destruction of the physical environment; zone 2 for provision of park facilities for the convenience of visitors and preservation of the historical environment (Japan International Cooperation Agency, 1979, 19).

  4. 4.

    Iwasaki (2009, p. 6) clarifies that “Land acquisition, relocation of villages and sub-district center, by-pass construction, and the construction of the entrance area (parking, souvenir shops, and entrance gate) of the park were out of scope of financial and technical assistance of OECF. Those were implemented by newly established (in 1980) PT Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur and Prambanan, and Ministry of Public Works with local government in 1980–1986. The construction of the Borobudur Park (Zones 1 and 2) except the entrance area was carried out in 1986–1988 after the international tender process (in 1984–1985) for selection of contractors. The existing park is as constructed by 1988 excepting the additional Ship Museum as well as additional enormous number of souvenir shops. The comparison by the Consultant between the existing situation and JICA Master Plan is practically the comparison between the existing situation and the development in 1988 which was based on JICA Master Plan 1979.”

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  1. Chief of Culture unit, UNESCO, Kabul, Afghanistan

    Masanori Nagaoka

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Nagaoka, M. (2016). Buffering Borobudur for Socioeconomic Development in the 1980s: An Approach Distinct from European Value-Based Heritage Management. In: Cultural Landscape Management at Borobudur, Indonesia. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42046-2_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42046-2_3

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