Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mental Foramen

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Oral Anatomy

  • 4886 Accesses

Abstract

The mental foramen and mental nerve are clinically relevant structures both for surgical and nonsurgical interventions in dentistry. Although the mental foramen is usually visible on conventional periapical or panoramic radiographs and can easily be located after flap elevation in the mandibular premolar areas, caution must be exercised to avoid damage to the mental nerve. Anatomical and neurovascular features of the mental foramen are presented in detail in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literature

  • Abbott PV. Lower lip paraesthesia following restoration of a second premolar tooth. Case report. Aust Dent J. 1997;42:297–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agthong S, Huanmanop T, Chentanez V. Anatomical variations of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina related to gender and side. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63:800–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed S, Jasani V, Ali A, Avery C. Double accessory mental foramina: report of an anatomical variant. Oral Surg. 2015;8:51–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alantar A, Roche Y, Maman L, Carpentier P. The lower labial branches of the mental nerve: anatomic variations and surgical relevance. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58:415–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al Jasser NM, Nwoku AL. Radiographic study of the mental foramen in a selected Saudi population. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1998;27:341–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al Khateeb T, Al Hadi Hamasha A, Ababneh KT. Position of the mental foramen in a northern regional Jordanian population. Surg Radiol Anat. 2007;29:231–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alsaad K, Lee TC, McCartan B. An anatomical study of the cutaneous branches of the mental nerve. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32:325–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aminoshariae A, Su A, Kulild JC. Determination of the location of the mental foramen: a critical review. J Endod. 2014;40:471–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Apostolakis D, Brown JE. The anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve: prevalence, measurement of its length and a recommendation for interforaminal implant installation based on cone beam CT imaging. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012;23:1022–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arzouman MJ, Otis L, Kipnis V, Levine D. Observations of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar canal. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1993;8:295–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balcioglu HA, Kilic C, Akyol M, Ulusoy AT. Horizontal migration of pre- and postnatal mental foramen: an anatomic study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75:1436–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bavitz JB, Harn SD, Hansen CA, Lang M. An anatomical study of mental neurovascular bundle-implant relationships. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1993;8:563–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benninger B, Miller D, Maharathi A, Carter W. Dental implant placement investigation: is the anterior loop of the mental nerve clinically relevant? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69:182–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berge JK, Bergman RA. Variations in size and in symmetry of foramina of the human skull. Clin Anat. 2001;14(6):406–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borges Rosa M, Sotto-Maior BS, Machado V, Franischone CE. Retrospective study of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve and the incisive canal using cone beam computed tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2013;28:388–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bou Serhal C, Jacobs R, Flygare L, Quirynen M, van Steenberghe D. Perioperative validation of localization of the mental foramen. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2002;31:39–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantekin K, Sekerci AE, Miloglu O, Buyuk SK. Identification of the mandibular landmarks in a pediatric population. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2014;19:e136–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carruth P, He J, Benson BW, Schneiderman ED. Analysis of the size and position of the mental foramen using the CS 9000 cone-beam computed tomographic unit. J Endod. 2015;41:1032–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen JC, Lin LM, Geist JR, Chen JY, Chen CH, Chen YK. A retrospective comparison of the location and diameter of the inferior alveolar canal at the mental foramen and length of the anterior loop between American and Taiwanese cohorts using CBCT. Surg Radiol Anat. 2013;35:11–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chkoura A, El Wady W. Position of the mental foramen in a Moroccan population: a radiographic study. Imaging Sci Dent. 2013;43:71–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chu RA, Nahas FX, di Martino M, Soares FA, Novo NF, Smith RL, Ferreira LM. The enigma of the mental foramen as it relates to plastic surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25:238–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohenca N, Rotstein I. Mental nerve paresthesia associated with non-vital tooth. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1996;12:298–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Concepcion M, Rankow HJ. Accessory branch of the mental nerve. J Endod. 2000;26:619–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cutright B, Quillopa N, Schubert W. An anthropometric analysis of the key foramina for maxillofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:354–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • da Silva LM, Alvares AL, Fischer IR. Absence and hypoplasia of the mental foramen detected in CBCT images: a case report. Surg Radiol Anat. 2011;33:731–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Oliveira-Santos C, Souza PH, de Azambuja Berti-Couto S, Stinkens L, Moyaert K, Rubira-Bullen IR, Jacobs R. Assessment of variations of the mandibular canal through cone beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Invest. 2012;16:387–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forni A, Sanchez-Garces MA, Gay-Escoda C. Identification of the mental neurovascular bundle: a comparative study of panoramic radiography and computer tomography. Implant Dent. 2012;21:516–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuakami K, Shiozaki K, Mishima A, Shimoda S, Hamada Y, Kobayashi K. Detection of buccal perimandibular neurovascularisation associated with accessory foramina using limited cone-beam computed tomography and gross anatomy. Surg Radiol Anat. 2011;33:141–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenstein G, Tarnow D. The mental foramen and nerve: clinical and anatomical factors related to dental implant placement. A literature review. J Periodontol. 2006;77:1933–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Güler AU, Sumer M, Sumer P, Bicer I. The evaluation of vertical heights of maxillary and mandibular bones and the location of anatomic landmarks in panoramic radiographs of edentulous patients for implant dentistry. J Oral Rehabil. 2005;32:741–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo JL, Su L, Zhao JL, Yang L, Lv DL, Li YQ, Cheng FB. Location of mental foramen based on soft- and hard-tissue landmarks in a Chinese population. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:2235–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta T. Localization of important facial foramina encountered in maxilla-facial surgery. Clin Anat. 2008;21:633–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haktanir A, Ilgaz K, Turhan-Haktanir N. Evaluation of mental foramina in adult living crania with MDCT. Surg Radiol Anat. 2010;32:351–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanihara T, Ishida H. Frequency variations of discrete cranial traits in major human populations. IV. Vessel and nerve related variations. J Anat. 2001;199:273–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hu KS, Yun HS, Hur MS, Kwon HJ, Abe S, Kim HJ. Branching patterns and intraosseous course of the mental nerve. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65:2288–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang K, Lee WJ, Song YB, Chung IH. Vulnerability of the inferior alveolar nerve and mental nerve during genioplasty: an anatomic study. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:10–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imada TS, Fernandes LM, Centurion BS, de Oliveira-Santos C, Honorio HM, Rubira-Bullen IR. Accessory mental foramina: prevalence, position and diameter assessed by cone-beam computed tomography and digital panoramic radiographs. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014;25:e94–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwanaga J, Saga T, Tabira Y, Nakamura M, Kitashima S, Watanabe K, Kusukawa J, Yamaki KI. The clinical anatomy of accessory mental nerves and foramina. Clin Anat. 2015;28:848–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jalili MR, Esmaeelinejad M, Bayat M, Aghdasi MM. Appearance of anatomical structures of mandible on panoramic radiographs in Iranian population. Acta Odontol Scand. 2012;70:384–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalender A, Orhan K, Aksoy U. Evaluation of the mental foramen and accessory mental foramen in Turkish patients using cone-beam computed tomography images reconstructed from a volumetric rendering program. Clin Anat. 2012;25:584–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katakami K, Mishima A, Shiozaki K, Shimoda S, Hamada Y, Kobayashi K. Characteristics of accessory mental foramina observed on limited cone-beam computed tomography images. J Endod. 2008;34:1441–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaya Y, Sencimen M, Sahin S, Murat K, Dogan N, Bahcecitapar M. Retrospective radiographic evaluation of the anterior loop of the mental nerve: comparison between panoramic radiography and spiral computerized tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2008;23:919–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kieser J, Kuzmanovic D, Payne A, Dennison J, Herbison P. Patterns of emergence of the human mental nerve. Arch Oral Biol. 2002;47:743–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kqiku L, Sivic E, Weiglein AH, Städtler P. Position of the mental foramen: an anatomical study. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2011;161:272–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kqiku L, Weiglein A, Kamberi B, Hoxha V, Meqa K, Städtler P. Position of the mental foramen in Kosovarian population. Coll Antropol. 2013;37:545–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzmanovic DV, Payne AG, Kieser JA, Dias GJ. Anterior loop of the mental nerve: a morphological and radiographic study. Clin Oral Impl Res. 2003;14:464–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauhr G, Coutant JC, Normand E, Laurenjoye M, Ella B. Bilateral absence of mental foramen in a living human subject. Surg Radiol Anat. 2015;37:403–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Jin ZK, Zhao H, Yang K, Duan JM, Wang WJ. The prevalence, length and position of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve in Chinese, assessed by spiral computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat. 2013;35:823–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liang X, Lambrichts I, Corpas L, Politis C, Vrielinck L, Ma GW, Jacobs R. Neurovascular disturbance associated with implant placement in the anterior mandible and its surgical implications: literature review including report of a case. Chin J Dent Res. 2008;11:56–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamatha NS, Kedarnath NS, Singh M, Patel G. Accessory mental nerve: a case report. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7:2078–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manikandhan R, Mathew PC, Naveenkumar J, Anantanarayanan P. A rare variation in the course of the inferior alveolar nerve. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;39:185–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mardinger O, Chaushu G, Arensburg B, Taicher S, Kaffe I. Anterior loop of the mental canal: an anatomical-radiologic study. Implant Dent. 2000;9:120–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marx R, Hartman K, Rethman K. A prospective study comparing incisional labial to incisional parotid biopsies in the detection and confirmation of sarcoidosis, Sjögren’s disease, sialosis and lymphoma. J Rheumatol. 1998;15:621–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadi Z. Endodontics-related paresthesia of the mental and inferior alveolar nerves: an updated review. J Can Dent Assoc. 2010;76:a117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moiseiwitsch JR. Position of the mental foramen in a North American, white population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;85:457–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moystad A, Bjornland T, Friedland B, Donoff RB. Ultrasonographic pilot study of mental foramen size, with and without postoperative neurosensory dysfunction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;120:275–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naitoh M, Hiraiwa Y, Aimiya H, Gotoh K, Ariji E. Accessory mental foramen assessment using cone-beam computed tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;107:289–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naitoh M, Yoshida K, Nakahara K, Gotoh K, Ariji E. Demonstration of the accessory mental foramen using rotational panoramic radiography compared with cone-beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011;22:1415–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neiva RF, Gapski R, Wang HL. Morphometric analysis of implant-related anatomy in Caucasian skulls. J Periodontol. 2004;75:1061–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neves FS, Nascimento MC, Oliveira ML, Almeida SM, Boscolo FN. Comparative analysis of mandibular anatomical variations between panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;18:419–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ngeow WC, Dionysius DD, Ishak H, Nambiar P. A radiographic study on the visualization of the anterior loop in dentate subjects of different age groups. J Oral Sci. 2009;51:231–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira-Santos C, Couto PH, de Azambuja S, Stinkens L, Moyaert K, van Assche N, Jacobs R. Characterisation of additional mental foramina through cone beam computed tomography. J Oral Rehabil. 2011;38:595–600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orhan AI, Orhan K, Aksoy S, Ozgül O, Horasan S, Arslan A, Kocyigit D. Evaluation of perimandibular neurovascularization with accessory mental foramina using cone-beam computed tomography in children. J Craniofac Surg. 2013;24:e365–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk A, Potluri A, Vieira AR. Position and course of the mandibular canal in skulls. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113:453–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paraskevas G, Mavrodi A, Natsis K. Accessory mental foramen: an anatomical study on dry mandibles and review of the literature. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;19:177–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parnia F, Moslehifard E, Hafezeqoran A, Mahboub F, Mojaver-Kahnamoui H. Characteristics of anatomical landmarks in the mandibular interforaminal region: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012;17:e420–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips JL, Weller RN, Kulild JC. The mental foramen: part I. Size, orientation, and positional relationship to the mandibular second premolar. J Endod. 1990;16:221–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips JL, Weller RN, Kulild JC. The mental foramen: part II. Radiographic position in relation to the mandibular second premolar. J Endod. 1992a;18:271–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips JL, Weller RN, Kulild JC. The mental foramen: part III. Size and position on panoramic radiographs. J Endod. 1992b;18:383–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pogrel MA, Smith R, Ahani R. Innervation of the mandibular incisors by the mental nerve. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;55:961–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pria CM, Masood F, Beckerley JM, Carson RE. Study of the inferior alveolar canal and mental foramen on digital panoramic images. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011;12:265–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pyun JH, Lim YJ, Kim MJ, Ahn SJ, Kim J. Position of the mental foramen on panoramic radiographs and its relation to the horizontal course of the mandibular canal: a computed tomographic analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24:890–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramadhan A, Messo E, Hirsch JM. Anatomical variation of mental foramen. A case report. Stomatol Baltic Dent Maxillofac J. 2010;12:93–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards A, Mutlu S, Scully C, Maddison P. Complications associated with labial salivary gland biopsy in the investigation of connective tissue disorders. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992;51:996–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter L, Neugebauer J, Mischkowski RA, Dreiseidler T, Rothamel D, Richter U, Zinser MJ, Zoller JE. Evaluation of the course of the inferior alveolar nerve in the mental foramen by cone beam computed tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2012;27:1014–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenquist B. Is there an anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve? Int J Period Rest Dent. 1996;16:41–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santini A, Alayan I. A comparative anthropometric study of the position of the mental foramen in three populations. Br Dent J. 2012;212, E7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer DR, Kiely ML, Pyle MA. The frequency of accessory mental foramina in four ethnic groups. Arch Oral Biol. 1998;43:417–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah S, Vaze S, Kinhal K. A variation in the position of the mental foramen: a case report. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2010;9:307–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shankland WE. The position of the mental foramen in Asian Indians. J Oral Implantol. 1994;20:118–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shibli JA, Martins MC, Loffredo LC, Scaf G. Detection of the mandibular canal and the mental foramen in panoramic radiographs: intraexaminer agreement. J Oral Implantol. 2012;38:27–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sisman Y, Sahman H, Sekerci AE, Tokmak TT, Aksu Y, Mavili E. Detection and characterization of the mandibular accessory buccal foramen using CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2012;41:558–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smajilagi A, Dilberovi F. Clinical and anatomy study of the human mental foramen. Bosnian J Basic Med Sci. 2004;4:15–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sofat A, Galhotra V, Gambhir RS, Garg SK. An analysis of the vertical bone loss in edentulous mandibles by using the mental foramen as a reference: a radiographic study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7:1508–10.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Solar P, Ulm C, Frey G, Matejka M. A classification of the intraosseous paths of the mental nerve. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1994;9:339–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song WC, Kim SH, Paik DJ, Han SH, Hu KS, Kim HJ, Koh KS. Location of the infraorbital and mental foramen with reference to the soft-tissue landmarks. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120:1343–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toh H, Kodama J, Yanagisako M, Ohmori T. Anatomical study of the accessory mental foramen and the distribution of its nerve. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 1992;69:85–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida Y, Yamashita Y, Goto M, Hanihara T. Measurement of anterior loop length for the mandibular canal and diameter of the mandibular incisive canal to avoid nerve damage when installing endosseous implants in the interforaminal region. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65:1772–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida Y, Noguchi N, Goto M, Yamashita Y, Hanihara T, Takamori H, Sato I, Kawai T, Yosue T. Measurement of anterior loop length for the mandibular canal and diameter of the mandibular incisive canal to avoid nerve damage when installing endosseous implants in the interforaminal region: a second attempt introducing cone beam computed tomography. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:744–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Udhaya K, Saraladevi KV, Sridhar J. The morphometric analysis of the mental foramen in adult dry human mandibles: a study on the South Indian population. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7:1547–51.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • von Arx T. The mental foramen or “the crossroads of the mandible”. An anatomic and clinical observation (in German). Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2013;123:205–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Arx T, Friedli M, Sendi P, Lozanoff S, Bornstein MM. Location and dimensions of the mental foramen: a radiographic analysis by using cone-beam computed tomography. J Endod. 2013;39:1522–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Arx T, Lozanoff S, Bosshardt D. Accessory mental foramina: anatomy and histology of neurovascularisation in four cases with apical surgery. Oral Surg. 2014;7:216–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Ohle C, ElAyouti A. Neurosensory impairment of the mental nerve as a sequel of periapical periodontitis: case report and review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;110:e84–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wismeijer D, van Waas MA, Vermeeren JI, Kalk W. Patients’ perception of sensory disturbances of the mental nerve before and after implant surgery: a prospective study of 110 patients. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;35:254–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Won SY, Yang HM, Woo HS, Chang KY, Youn KH, Kim HJ, Hu KS. Neuroanastomosis and the innervation territory of the mental nerve. Clin Anat. 2014;27:598–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Y, Suo N, Tian X, Li F, Zhong G, Liu X, Bao Y, Song T, Tian H. Anatomic study on mental canal and incisive nerve canal in interforaminal region in Chinese population. Surg Radiol Anat. 2015;37:585–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Bern School of Dental Medicine Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, Bern, Switzerland

    Thomas von Arx

  2. Department of Anatomy Biochemistry & Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

    Scott Lozanoff

Authors
  1. Thomas von Arx
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Scott Lozanoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

von Arx, T., Lozanoff, S. (2017). Mental Foramen. In: Clinical Oral Anatomy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41993-0_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41993-0_18

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-41991-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-41993-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation