Abstract
This chapter presents the anatomical and morphometric details of the mandibular foramen. It also describes the contents and spatial relationships of its neurovascular structures. The mandibular foramen is the target zone for one of the most frequently used intraoral block anesthesia, i.e., anesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve. Knowledge of the exact location of the mandibular foramen and how to approach it for obtaining successful anesthesia is key in clinical dentistry.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Literature
Afsar A, Haas DA, Rossouw PE, Wood RE. Radiographic localization of mandibular anesthesia landmarks. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;86:234–41.
Alves N, Deana NF. Morphometric study of mandibular foramen in macerated skulls to contribute to the development of sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) technique. Surg Radiol Anat. 2014;36:839–45.
Ashkenazi M, Taubman L, Gavish A. Age-associated changes of the mandibular foramen position in anteroposterior dimension and of the mandibular angle in dry human mandibles. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2011;294:1319–25.
Barker BC, Davies PL. The applied anatomy of the pterygomandibular space. Br J Oral Surg. 1972;10:43–55.
Berge JK, Bergman RA. Variations in size and in symmetry of foramina of the human skull. Clin Anat. 2001;14:406–13.
Buch HA. Clinical anatomy of inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia. Clin Anat. 2011;24:515–7.
Choi YY, Han SS. Double mandibular foramen leading to the accessory canal on the mandibular ramus. Surg Radiol Anat. 2014;36:851–5.
Cvetko E. Bilateral anomalous high position of the mandibular foramen: a case report. Surg Radiol Anat. 2014;36:613–6.
da Fontoura RA, Vasconcellos HA, Campos AE. Morphologic basis for the intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy: anatomic and radiographic localization of the mandibular foramen. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60:660–5.
Das S, Suri RK. An anatomico-radiological study of an accessory mandibular foramen on the medial mandibular surface. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2004;63:511–3.
Daw JL, de la Paz MG, Han H, Aitken ME, Patel PK. The mandibular foramen: an anatomic study and its relevance to the sagittal ramus osteotomy. J Craniofac Surg. 1999;10:475–9.
Devi R, Arna N, Manjunath KY, Balasubramanyam. Incidence of morphological variants of mandibular lingula. Indian J Dent Res. 2003;14:210–3.
Epars JF, Mavropoulos A, Kiliaridis S. Influence of age and vertical facial type on the location of the mandibular foramen. Pediatr Dent. 2013;35:369–73.
Fabian FM. Observation of the position of the lingula in relation to the mandibular foramen and the mylohyoid groove. Ital J Anat Embryol. 2006;111:151–8.
Frangiskos F, Stavrou E, Merenditis N, Tsitsogianis H, Vardas E, Antonopoulou I. Incidence of penetration of a blood vessel during inferior alveolar nerve block. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;41:188–9.
Garg A, Townsend G. Anatomical variation of the sphenomandibular ligament. Aust Endod J. 2001;27:22–4.
Haas DA. Alternative mandibular nerve block techniques: a review of the Gow-Gates and Akinosi-Vazirani closed-mouth mandibular nerve block techniques. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011;142 Suppl 3:8–12.
Hidding J, Khoury F. General complications in dental local anesthesia (in German). Dtsch Zahnarztl Z. 1991;46:834–6.
Hogan G, Ellis E. The antilingula. Fact or fiction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64:1248–54.
Holliday R, Jackson I. Superior position of the mandibular foramen and the necessary alterations in the local anaesthetic technique: a case report. Br Dent J. 2011;210:207–11.
Hwang TJ, Hsu SC, Huang QF, Guo MK. Age changes in location of mandibular foramen (Article in Chinese). Zhonghua Ya Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1990;9:98–103.
Jalili MR. The research of mandibular foramen in panorex X-ray. Pak J Biol Sci. 2010;13:1062–5.
Jerolimov V, Kobler P, Keros J, Stanicic T, Bagic I. Assessment of position of foramen mandibulae in recent adult population. Coll Antropol. 1998;22:169–77.
Kaffe I, Ardekian L, Gelerenter I, Taicher S. Location of the mandibular foramen in panoramic radiographs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994;78:662–9.
Kang SH, Byun IY, Kim JH, Park HK, Kim MK. Three-dimensional anatomic analysis of mandibular foramen with mandibular anatomic landmarks for inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115:e17–23.
Kanno CM, de Oliveira JA, Cannon M, Carvalho AA. The mandibular lingula’s position in children as a reference to inferior alveolar nerve block. J Dent Child. 2005;72:56–60.
Keros J, Kobler P, Baucic I, Cabov T. Foramen mandibulae as an indicator of successful conduction anesthesia. Coll Antropol. 2001;25:327–31.
Khoury JN, Mihailidis S, Ghabriel M, Townsend G. Anatomical relationships within the human pterygomandibular space: relevance to local anesthesia. Clin Anat. 2010;23:936–44.
Khoury JN, Mihailidis S, Ghabriel M, Townsend G. Applied anatomy of the pterygomandibular space: improving the success of inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Aust Dent J. 2011;56:112–21.
Kositbowornchai S, Siritapetawee M, Damrongrungruang T, Khongkankong W, Chatrchaiwiwatana S, Khamanarong K, Chanthaooplee T. Shape of the lingula and its localization by panoramic radiograph versus dry mandibular measurement. Surg Radiol Anat. 2007;29:689–94.
Lipski M, Tomaszewska LM, Lipska W, Lis GJ, Tomaszewski KA. The mandible and its foramen: anatomy, anthropology, embryology, and resulting clinical implications. Folia Morphol. 2013;72:285–92.
Liu T, Xia B, Gu Z. Inferior alveolar canal course: a radiographic study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20:1212–8.
Lustig JP, Zusman SP. Immediate complications of local anesthesia administered to 1007 consecutive patients. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130:496–9.
Mbajiorgu EF. A study of the position of the mandibular foramen in adult black Zimbabwean mandibles. Centr Afr J Med. 2000;46:184–90.
Monnazzi MS, Passeri LA, Gabrielli MF, Bolini PD, de Carvalho WR, da Costa Machado H. Anatomic study of the mandibular foramen, lingula and antilingula in dry mandibles, and its statistical relationship between the true lingula and the antilingula. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;41:74–8.
Murphy TR, Grundy EM. The inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle at the mandibular foramen. Dent Pract Dent Rec. 1969;20:41–8.
Nicholson ML. A study of the position of the mandibular foramen in the adult human mandible. Anat Rec. 1985;212:110–2.
Oguz O, Bozkir MG. Evaluation of location of mandibular and mental foramina in dry, young, adult human male, dentulous mandibles. West Indian Med J. 2002;51:14–6.
Ossenberg NS. Temporal crest canal: case report and statistics on a rare mandibular variant. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1986;62:10–2.
Park KR, Kim SY, Kim GJ, Park HS, Jung YS. Anatomic study to determine a safe surgical reference point for mandibular ramus osteotomy. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2014;42:22–7.
Pogrel MA, Schmidt BL, Ammar A. The presence of the antilingula and its relationship to the true lingula. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995;33:235–8.
Prado FB, Groppo FC, Volpato MC, Caria PH. Morphological changes in the position of the mandibular foramen in dentate and edentate Brazilian subjects. Clin Anat. 2010;23:394–8.
Roda RS, Blanton PL. The anatomy of local anesthesia. Quintessence Int. 1994;25:27–38.
Sekerci AE, Sisman Y. Cone-beam computed tomography analysis of the shape, height, and location of the mandibular lingula. Surg Radiol Anat. 2014;36:155–62.
Shiozaki H, Abe S, Tsumori N, Shiozaki K, Kaneko Y, Ichinohe T. Macroscopic anatomy of the sphenomandibular ligament related to the inferior alveolar nerve block. Cranio. 2007;25:160–5.
Trost O, Salignon V, Cheynel N, Malka G, Trouilloud P. A simple method to locate mandibular foramen: preliminary radiological study. Surg Radiol Anat. 2010;32:927–31.
Tuli A, Choudhry R, Choudhry S, Raheja S, Agarwal S. Variation in shape of the lingula in the adult mandible. J Anat. 2000;197:313–7.
van der Sleen JM, Jaspers GW, de Lange J. Trigeminal nerve paresthesia from inferior alveolar nerve blocks: incidence and course. Oral Surg. 2015;8:217–20.
Yu IH, Wong YK. Evaluation of mandibular anatomy related to sagittal split ramus osteotomy using 3-dimensional computed tomography scan images. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;37:521–8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
von Arx, T., Lozanoff, S. (2017). Mandibular Foramen. In: Clinical Oral Anatomy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41993-0_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41993-0_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-41991-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-41993-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)