Abstract
PICES is structured to support scientists and their scientific work, and so understanding its construction, and the interactions among its components, reveals how it promotes and coordinates marine research in the North Pacific.
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Notes
- 1.
Its website, http://pices.int/, is a portal to its convention, members, news, projects, publications, meetings and capacity building efforts.
- 2.
In 2003, the governing council and the science board held their first joint meeting; among other business they created the position of vice chair for science board. PICES Annual Report (2003).
- 3.
Because the chair is no longer a delegate, the chair’s country provides a replacement delegate.
- 4.
Makoto Kashiwai was awarded the 6th annual Wooster Award (2006) for his dedication to the organization. He was a member of one of the first working groups, served as co-chair of the first PICES scientific program, as science board chair, and as a national delegate on the governing council.
- 5.
At the first meeting in 1992, each country had two delegates and two or three advisors.
- 6.
The expert groups are normally co-chaired by a scientist from each side of the Pacific. Working groups usually last at least three years, but can be extended to complete their work. Study groups normally operate for one year.
- 7.
Each contracting party can appoint up to two members to the finance and administration executive committee, with a two-year term for the chair, for a maximum two terms. They are responsible to keep the organization in sound financial health, and to make sure that the secretariat operates effectively.
- 8.
The science board was initially composed of the science board chair (not chair of any subsidiary group in PICES) and the four chairs of the scientific committees of BIO, FIS, MEQ, and POC; later joined by the chairs of the technical committees TCODE (1995) and MONITOR (2004). The first scientific program CCCC had two co-chairs, while the second scientific program FUTURE was initially implemented with the science board acting as its scientific steering committee.
- 9.
See PICES Press 23 (2015) for tributes paid to Alexander (Alex) Bychkov on his transition from Executive Secretary (1999–2014) into the position of Special Projects Coordinator. He has served the secretariat in various capacities for more than twenty years.
- 10.
The Government of Canada also hosts the Pacific Salmon Commission, the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission and the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization in separate facilities.
- 11.
PICES Annual Report (1992). The study group on restructuring of the PICES annual meeting (SG-RAM-2010) found that the base financial support had not kept up with the rate of inflation over the previous decade. Despite fees increasing only slowly, some money from various sources has accumulated in a Working Capital Fund for special projects. The number of appointees to expert groups, its publications, and its tasks and projects had all grown.
- 12.
Levy et al. argue, “Indeed, keeping the size of secretariats small forces them to build bridges to other groups and develop networks rather than hierarchies. A reputation for competent professionalism may induce others to cooperate as well.” (Levy et al. 1992, p. 32).
- 13.
On Korean metadata, see PICES Press 14 (2006): 8–11. 94/S/6 “The Secretariat will arrange with TINRO to translate into English detailed inventories of scientific surveys undertaken since 1984.”
- 14.
The first PICES visiting scientist is Cathryn Clarke Murray, also Adjunct Professor in the Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability at the University of British Columbia.
- 15.
The AGU is the largest single organization for earth, atmospheric, oceanic, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists.
- 16.
PICES Annual Report (1994): p. 11. The governing council approved the adoption of a standing list of observers (Decision 94/A/3 and Endnote 4) to replace a more cumbersome method of seeking council approval before annual meetings.
- 17.
The fourth annual meeting (1995) in Qingdao, China, hosted the first full complement of country members, with the Russian Federation and Korea as the newest members, as well as a representative from FAO, and NPAFC.
- 18.
David Kaiser cites an anonymous Time magazine journalist in “The Eternal Apprentice.” Time (1948): 52, p. 72 (Kaiser 2005).
- 19.
PICES has two major awards, the Wooster Award for individuals who have made significant scientific contributions to North Pacific marine science, and the PICES Ocean Monitoring Service Award (POMA) that recognizes scientific contributions from long-term ocean monitoring and data management.
- 20.
Scientists under the PICES umbrella propose topics sessions a year in advance of the target annual meeting. Each proposal describes the session, list of conveners, sponsoring committee, co-sponsor organizations (if any), length, and any planned publication. The committees rank proposals online, and then forward the ranked list to the science board for final selection.
- 21.
That evening the chair holds a special reception to recognize the officials of the host country, administration, invited speakers and representatives of international organizations.
- 22.
PICES “business” is any planning process. Committees review what happened in the previous year, and make plans for the future. ICES separates its science committee (SCICOM) meetings from its advisory committee (ACOM) meetings.
- 23.
Initially the annual meetings began on a four-year cycle, to reflect the first four country ratifications.
- 24.
PICES Annual Report (1994).
- 25.
The port city of Qingdao is a powerhouse of marine science in China. It hosts the Ocean University of China, one of its largest marine science universities; the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, the largest fisheries research institute in China; and the Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Science, the largest oceanographic institute under the State Oceanographic Administration.
- 26.
PICES Annual Report (2007), GC inter-sessional meeting (Agenda Item 4). Also see article by Tokio Wada in PICES Press 15 (2007).
- 27.
Study Group on Restructuring of the Annual Meeting (SG-RAM; 2008–2009), parent GC, chair Tokio Wada (Japan).
- 28.
The country delegate or delegates must agree to all scientists serving on any expert group, whether a committee, working group, advisory panel, or section.
- 29.
See for example, PICES Annual Report (2000); SB report, p. 40.
- 30.
Section on Carbon and Climate (S-CC; 2005–2016), co-chairs James (Jim) Christian (Canada), Tsuneo Ono (Japan).
- 31.
Consumption of Marine Resources by Marine Birds and Mammals (WG 11; 1995–1999), cochairs Hidehiro Kato (Japan), George Hunt, Jr. (USA). Findings reported in PICES Scientific Report (2000): 14.
- 32.
The marine birds and mammals group expressed frustration at being a small group with limited opportunity for interdisciplinary collaborations within PICES, despite the broad relevance of the topic. They called for “a functional presence of marine mammal and seabird science in PICES.” PICES Annual Report (1998); Endnote 3; Summary of WG 11 accomplishments.
- 33.
Sometimes terms of reference include risks and constraints.
- 34.
For example, the 3rd (2009) PICES summer school for students and early career scientists in Seoul, Korea was on the application of remote sensing to biological and physical oceanography.
- 35.
Interview with Robin Brown 13 Oct. 2013, Nanaimo, Canada.
- 36.
Paul Quay (2002) Science 298, 2344, as quoted in Masao Ishii, Toru Suzuki and Robert Key, “Pacific Ocean Interior Carbon Data Synthesis, PACIFICA, in Progress.” PICES Press 19 (2011).
- 37.
“… to promote the collection and exchange of information and data related to marine scientific research.”
- 38.
PICES Annual Report (1995), p. 37.
- 39.
Subarctic Pacific Monitoring (WG 9; 1994–1997), co-chairs Kimio Hanawa (Japan), Bruce A. Taft (USA). MONITOR Task Team under CCCC (1997–2004), co-chairs Phillip R. Mundy (2003–2004, USA), David L. Mackas (2000–2004, Canada), Sei-Ichi Saitoh (2003–2004, Japan), Yasunori Sakurai (1997–2000, Japan), Bruce Taft (1997–2000, USA); MONITOR Committee (2004–), chair Jennifer Boldt (2013–, Canada), vice-chair Sanae Chiba (2013–, Japan), past chairs Jeffrey Napp (2005–2007, USA), Phil Mundy (2004–2005, USA), Hiroya Sugisaki (2007–2013, Japan), past vice-chairs Phil Mundy (2007–2013), Sei-Ichi Saitoh (2004–2007, Japan).
- 40.
IOC and WMO established GOOS, which is now part of the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS). It has many regional programs, such as NEAR-GOOS in the western North Pacific.
- 41.
POMA recipients: Oshoro-maru (2008), Metadata Federation project teams (2009), Station Papa/Line-P (2010), NFRDI Serial Oceanographic Observation in Korean Waters (NSO) (2011), California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) (2012), A-line Monitoring Program (2013), Trans-Pacific Volunteer Observing Ship (VOS) Survey Program (2014), TINRO-Centre Macrofauna Inventory Publication Series (2015).
- 42.
Data Collection and Quality Control (WG 4; 1992–1994), parent SB, co-chairs Skip McKinnell (PICES), De-Quan Yang (China). WG 4 was replaced in 1994 in Nemuro, Japan by a standing committee, TCODE, past chairs Robin Brown (1995–2001, Canada), Bernard Megrey (2007–2010, USA), Igor Shevchenko (2001–2007, Russia). Past vice-chairs Kyu-Kui Jung (2007–2010, Korea), Bernard Megrey (2005–2007, USA).
- 43.
PICES Press 15 (2007) “Japan Joins PICES Marine Metadata Federation.”
- 44.
PICES Press 3 (1995).
- 45.
Interview 13 Oct. 2013 with Robin Brown, Nanaimo, Canada.
- 46.
PICES Fourth Annual Meeting (1995), Qingdao, China.
- 47.
Interview 13 Oct 2013 with Robin Brown, Nanaimo, Canada.
- 48.
Advisory Panel on North Pacific Coastal Ocean Observing Systems (AP-NPCOOS; 2015–), co-chairs Jack Barth (USA), Sung Yong Kim (Korea).
- 49.
It describes characteristics of data, like its content, quality, and condition.
- 50.
The ICES annual budget is approximately CDN $7.86 million (5.5 million Euro) in 2016.
- 51.
CDIAC has served since 1982 as the primary climate-change data and analysis center of the US Department of Energy. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/Handbook_2007.html.
- 52.
“Pacific Ocean Interior Carbon Data Synthesis, PACIFICA, in Progress,” by Masao Ishii, Toru Suzuki and Robert Key. PICES Press (2011): 19.
- 53.
In 2005, Michael (Mike) Foreman assessed what makes a successful working group, and found that the most productive ones have a clear mandate; resources (funding and time); collaboration with other organizations outside PICES; leadership; enthusiasm; active and dedicated members; and frequent communications.
- 54.
For example, FIS and MEQ shared oversight of the working groups on ecosystem-based management science and its application (WG 19; 2004–2009) and the environmental interactions of marine aquaculture (WG 24; 2008–2012), POC and BIO shared one on regional climate modeling (WG 29; 2011–2015).
- 55.
Warren Wooster, as chair of PICES, spoke his mind at the second annual meeting in 1993 to warn that the success of working groups was “weakened by non-participation stemming from travel restrictions and shortages of travel funds at the national level… Let’s bend our efforts to making it work.” PICES Annual Report (1993), p. 8.
- 56.
Bering Sea working group (WG 5; 1992–1996), parent SB, chair Al Tyler (USA).
- 57.
Carbon Dioxide in the North Pacific (WG 13; 1997–2001), parent POC, co-chairs Richard Feely (USA), Yukihiro Nojiri (Japan).
- 58.
The CO2 data planning and data integration workshops were held in conjunction with TCODE. PICES Annual Report (2001), POC Endnote 3, Progress report of WG 13.
- 59.
PICES Scientific Report (2003): 24 on “CO2 in the North Pacific Ocean.” Carbon Dioxide in the North Pacific (WG 13; 1997–2001) was succeeded by Biogeochemical Data Integration and Synthesis (WG 17; 2001–2005), co-chairs Andrew Dickson (USA), Yukihiro Nojiri (Japan). WG 17 was replaced by the Section on Carbon and Climate (S-CC; 2005–2016), parents BIO, POC, co-chair James Christian (Canada), Tsuneo Ono (Japan); past co-chair Toshiro Saino (Japan, 2005–2014).
- 60.
Such programs included Climate and Ocean: Variability, Predictability and Change (CLIVAR), Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) and Surface Ocean—Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS).
- 61.
PICES collaborated with the IOCCP program of IOC.
- 62.
- 63.
Denman was a coordinating lead author of the 2nd (1996) and 4th (2007) Assessment Reports of the IPCC, and led many components of the international and Canadian JGOFS, GOOS, GLOBEC and SOLAS programs. He began his oceanographic work in physics, added plankton ecology, and then biogeochemistry of the subarctic Pacific.
- 64.
Joint PICES-ICES Working Group on Forecasting Climate Change Impacts on Fish and Shellfish (WG-FCCIFS, or WG 25; 2008–2011), co-chairs Manuel Barange (UK), Anne Hollowed (USA), Suam Kim (Korea), Harald Loeng (Norway) (Hollowed et al. 2011).
- 65.
Chapter 3: Howard Freeland and Richard Feely. In addition, the BIO committee reviewed an early draft of a section on high latitude spring bloom systems. PICES Press 20 (2012). Anne Hollowed was on WG 2, and a lead author on chapter 28: Polar Seas.
- 66.
PICES Annual Report (2004) “Report of working group 18 on marine aquaculture.”
- 67.
PICES Annual Reports (2004), (2005), (2006). Mariculture in the 21st Century: The Intersection Between Ecology, Socio-economics and Production (WG 18; 2003–2006), parents MEQ, FIS, co-chairs Ik-Kyo Chung (Korea), Carolyn Friedman (USA).
- 68.
Study Group on Marine Aquaculture and Ranching in the PICES Region (SG-MAR; 2006–2007). Approved at PICES 15 (2006), (Decision 06/S/6), chair Michael Rust (USA).
- 69.
Environmental Interactions of Marine Aquaculture (WG 24; 2008–2012), parents MEQ, FIS, co-chairs Katsuyuki Abo (2008–2012, Japan), Kevin Amos (2008–2010, USA), Ingrid Burgetz (2008–2012, Canada), Brett Dumbauld (2010–2012, USA). They produced PICES Scientific Report (2013): 44.
- 70.
Section on Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms in the North Pacific (S-HAB; 2003–2017, renewed twice); Section on Carbon and Climate (S-CC; 2005–2016); Section on Human Dimensions of Marine Systems (S-HD; 2011–2017); Section on Climate Change Effects on Marine Ecosystems (S-CCME; 2011–2017); and Section on Marine Birds and Mammals (S-MBM; 2015–2020).
- 71.
S-HAB co-chairs Douding Lu (China), Vera Trainer (USA), past co-chairs Shigeru Itakura (Japan), Hak-Gyoon Kim (Korea). S-HAB grew out of a working group on the Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms in the North Pacific (WG 15; 1999–2003), chairs Tatiana Orlova (Russia), Max Taylor (Canada).
- 72.
PICES Annual Report (2004). HAB-S Endnote 3.
- 73.
- 74.
Advisory Panel on North Pacific Coastal Ocean Observing System (AP-NPCOOS; 2015–), under the direction of MONITOR and TCODE, and Advisory Panel for a CREAMS/PICES Program in East Asian Marginal Seas (AP-CREAMS; 2005–2019).
- 75.
The second PICES scientific program FUTURE also used the advisory panel structure, though in a different way.
- 76.
Consumption of Marine Resources by Marine Birds and Mammals (WG 11; 1995–1999), co-chairs George Hunt, Jr. (USA), Hidehiro Kato (Japan). Advisory Panel on Marine Birds and Mammals (AP-MBM; 1999–2015); co-chairs Douglas F. Bertram (1999–2003, Canada), Hidehiro Kato (1999–2010, Japan), Rolf Ream (2010–2015, USA), William J. Sydeman (2003–2010, USA), Yutaka Watanuki (2010–2015, Japan). Section on Marine Birds and Mammals (S-MBM; 2015–2020), co-chairs Kaoru Hattori (Japan), Rolf Ream (USA). It transitioned from an advisory panel to a section at the 2015 PICES meeting.
- 77.
Advisory Panel on the Continuous Plankton Recorder (AP-CPR; 1998–2014); past chairs Charles B. Miller (2000–2008, USA), Phillip Mundy (2008–2014, USA), Warren Wooster (1998–2000, USA).
- 78.
See for instance, the Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, the Australian Continuous Plankton Recorder Project, and the Global Alliance of CPR Surveys.
- 79.
T.R. Parsons was the winner of the Japan Prize in 2001 for his contribution to the development of fisheries oceanography and the conservation of fisheries resources.
- 80.
PICES Annual Report (1995, 1997).
- 81.
PICES Annual Report (1998). MONITOR Annex 2 Pilot Continuous Plankton Recorder Monitoring Program.
- 82.
MONITOR oversaw AP-CPR that was chaired by Warren Wooster (1998–2000, USA), Charles Miller (2000–2008, USA) and Phillip Mundy (2008–2014). PICES Annual Report (1998).
- 83.
PICES Annual Report (2007). Funding for the North Pacific CPR project (Agenda Item 1).
- 84.
PICES Annual Report (2009). CPR Funding Consortium. Sonia Batten (SAHFOS).
- 85.
- 86.
Japan, Korea and Russia established CREAMS in 1993 to study the circulation in the semi-enclosed basin those countries surround, using historical data, field observations, numerical modeling, and laboratory experiments. Advisory Panel for a CREAMS-PICES Program in East Asian Marginal Seas (AP-CREAMS 2005–2019), parents POC, MONITOR, co-chairs Joji Ishizaka (Japan), Kyung-Ryul Kim (Korea), Vyacheslav Lobanov (Russia), Yasunori Sakurai (2005–2009, Japan); Fei Yu (China).
- 87.
The 2002 CREAMS-PICES symposium contributed to the first NPESR and some of the work also appeared in a special issue of Progress in Oceanography (2004): 61.
- 88.
Article V, 1(d) “to consider requests to develop scientific advice pertaining to the area concerned.”
- 89.
PICES Annual Report (1992). Endnote 2: Resolution under Agenda Item 2, p. 15.
- 90.
93/A/5 established procedures on requests for advice.
- 91.
Ian Perry, chair of the PICES science board (2004), credits past science board chair Patricia (Pat) Livingston with the idea (Perry and McKinnell 2004).
- 92.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) was carried out 2002–2005 to assess the linkages between ecosystems and human well-being, and the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being (UNEP 2006).
- 93.
For example, since at least 2000, Canada and the US produced eastern Pacific region status reports for oceans and fisheries managers and scientists, but there was nothing comparable for the whole region.
- 94.
PICES Annual Report (2000), p. 45.
- 95.
The study group included representatives of all committees (MONITOR became a committee in 2004), the scientific program CCCC, the secretariat, and Warren Wooster, on behalf of GOOS. Study Group on North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report and Regional Analysis Centers (SG-NPESR-RAC, 2000–2001). PICES Annual Report (2001). SB report, p. 15 stated, “Some Science Board members felt that the schedule for preparing the pilot North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report was too ambitious, and that the target for preparing the first draft should be delayed until fall 2002. Even with the revised schedule, the production of the pilot report will require that member nations provide the support and data necessary to its completion.” A 2002 workshop in Seoul, Korea was on “Examine and critique a North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report.”
- 96.
The four fisheries organizations were the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, (IATTC); International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC); Interim (now International) Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species (ISC); and the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission (NPAFC).
- 97.
The workshop had over 60 participants. PICES Annual Report (2001), SB “Study Group Report: North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report and Regional Analysis Center,” p. 15. “Proceedings of the PICES-CoML-IPRC Workshop on Impact of Climate Variability on Observation and Prediction of Ecosystem and Biodiversity Changes in the North Pacific,” PICES Scientific Report (2001): 18.
- 98.
PICES Annual Report (2000), p. 46.
- 99.
See, for example, ‘stop-light charts’ for ecosystem conditions for salmon (Northwest Fisheries Science Center 2015).
- 100.
PICES Annual Report (2000), Agenda Item 7c, p. 38; SB Endnote 4 “North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report and Regional Analysis Center,” pp. 44–46.
- 101.
In essence, the NPESR series is the virtual RAC. PICES Annual Report (2001), SB Endnote 7.
- 102.
Bernard Megrey and Allen Macklin (US NOAA) started the North Pacific Ecosystem Meta-database in 1997 as the Bering Sea Ecosystem Biophysical Meta-database. See PICES Scientific Report (2001): 18.
- 103.
In 2001, the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council (EVOS) offered financial support for production of the NPESR. The letter detailed their views on the editorial process, and their desire to have human dimensions included in the report. The PICES science board agreed to include additional external review, but decided that human dimensions were outside the scope of the pilot report, given its rapid production schedule and the underdeveloped research field. PICES Annual Report (2001) “High priority scientific projects,” Agenda item 8e.
- 104.
CoML co-sponsored the first workshop in Honolulu, USA, with subsequent ones hosted by Seoul National University, TINRO-Center, and Korea Oceanographic Research and Development Institute. NOAA/Fisheries and EVOS supported the preparation of the report.
- 105.
PICES science board chair Ian Perry was instrumental in both efforts.
- 106.
PICES Press 12 (2004). Bernard Megrey (USA) spoke on the North Pacific Ecosystem Meta-database promoted by NOAA.
- 107.
Third PICES Workshop on Okhotsk Sea and adjacent areas (2003, Russia); co-sponsors PICES, TINRO-Center and CoML. Hyung-Tack Huh and Sinjae Yoo (KORDI), and Skip McKinnell and Ian Perry (PICES) convened the KORDI/PICES/CoML Workshop on “Variability and status of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea ecosystems,” in Seoul, South Korea. It had been delayed twice due to the outbreak of SARS that year. PICES Press 12 (2004). The same year, PICES held a three-day inter-sessional workshop on Regional marine life expert (2003, Canada); co-sponsors PICES and CoML, to help produce the CoML report. When CoML reached its 10-year lifespan in 2010 and closed, BIO held a half-day topic session to share its global results, including new techniques like DNA barcoding, advances in microbial ecology, and activities in the Arctic.
- 108.
Response by Jim Christian (Canada) to Alex Bychkov questionnaire (2015) on PICES achievements.
- 109.
Section on Human Dimensions of Marine Systems (S-HD; 2011–2020), co-chairs Keith Criddle (USA), Mitsutaku Makino (Japan).
- 110.
Inter-sessional FUTURE workshop on Indicators of Status and Change within North Pacific Marine Ecosystems, 26–28 April, 2011. Conveners Sachihiko Itoh (Japan), Jacquelynne (Jackie) King (COVE-AP; Canada), Tom Therriault (AICE-AP; Canada).
- 111.
Development of Ecosystem Indicators to Characterize Ecosystem Responses to Multiple Stressors (WG 28; 2011–2015), parents: BIO and MEQ, co-chairs Ian Perry (Canada), Motomitsu Takahashi (Japan).
- 112.
PICES Meeting to Develop Human Dimension Indicators and Information in Support of the PICES Ecosystem Status Report and the First World Ocean Assessment, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 13–15 June, 2013, co-conveners Keith Criddle (USA), Mitsutaku Makino (Japan), Ian Perry (Canada), Tom Therriault (Canada).
- 113.
Study Group on North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report (SG-NPESR3; 2015–2016).
- 114.
The variation applied to fisheries is called ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM).
- 115.
Ecosystem-based Management Science and its Application to the North Pacific (SG-EBM; 2003–2004), parents MEQ, FIS, co-chairs Glen Jamieson (Canada), Chang-Ik Zhang (Korea).
- 116.
Ecosystem-based management science and its application to the North Pacific (WG 19; 2004–2009), parents MEQ, FIS, co-chairs Glen Jamieson (Canada), Patricia Livingston (USA), Chang-Ik Zhang (Korea).
- 117.
WG 19 also gave advice on the structure and content of future NPESR (see next section on providing scientific advice).
- 118.
PICES, ICES and FAO were the primary international sponsors, along with local sponsors, of the 2010 International symposium on Climate Change Effects on Fish and Fisheries: Forecasting Impacts, Assessing Ecosystem Responses, and Evaluating Management Strategies, in Sendai, Japan.
- 119.
USA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 1998 was also the UN Year of the Ocean.
- 120.
Richard (Rich) Marasco, Director, Resource Ecology & Fisheries Management Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center and US delegate to PICES, to Vera Alexander, chair, PICES 2 October 2003. The acceptance arrived soon after, on 27 November 2003. Study Group on PICES Strategic Issues (SG-SI; 2003–2004), parent GC, chair Vera Alexander (USA).
- 121.
The PICES Strategic Plan (2003). http://pices.int/about/PICES_strategy.pdf.
- 122.
Study Group on Fisheries and Ecosystem Responses to Recent Regime Shifts (SG-FERRRS 2003–2004), chair Jackie King (Canada).
- 123.
The National Marine Fisheries Service is part of NOAA.
- 124.
Sections on (1) Human Dimensions of Marine Systems (S-HD), co-chairs Keith Criddle (USA), Mitsutaku Makino (Japan). (2) Climate Change Effects on Marine Ecosystems (S-CCME), co-chairs Anne Hollowed (USA), Shin-ichi Ito (Japan), Brian R. MacKenzie (ICES), John Pinnegar (ICES). (3) Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (S-HAB), co-chairs Douding Lu, Vera Trainer (USA); past co-chairs Shigeru Itakura (Japan), Hak-Gyoon Kim (Korea). Working group on Development of Ecosystem Indicators to Characterize Ecosystem Responders to Multiple Stressors (WG 28; 2010–2013), co-chairs Ian Perry (Canada), Motomitsu Takahashi (Japan).
- 125.
Ministry of the Environment, Japan. March 2014. A report on forecasts of tsunami driftage location. 7 pp. (http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/kaiyou/hyouryuu/qanda_eng/gaiyou.pdf).
- 126.
Alex Bychkov is currently PICES Special Projects Coordinator, and the projects on marine debris and human well-being are one of his primary responsibilities. He was PICES deputy executive secretary (1996–1999), and executive secretary (1999–2014).
- 127.
PICES Annual Report (2002). SB Endnote 3 Review of procedures to enhance documentation of PICES scientific sessions.
- 128.
PICES Annual Report (2007), Publication program review, Brian Voss and Janet Webster, pp. 269–296.
- 129.
PICES Annual Report (2001) mentioned that the publication committee had not conducted any business for the preceding two years, so the science board recommended disbanding it.
- 130.
Deep Sea Research II is for special issues, while Deep Sea Research 1 accepts individual papers.
- 131.
PICES Press 12 (2004). The review team was W.L. Hobart, NOAA NMFS Scientific Publications Program and G.J. Duker, Publications Program, NOAA NMFS Alaska Fisheries Science Center.
- 132.
PICES Annual Report (2007). Review of PICES publication program by Brian Voss, NOAA Libraries, Seattle, WA, and Janet Webster, Oregon State University Libraries, Newport, OR.
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Tjossem, S. (2017). Constructing PICES. In: Fostering Internationalism through Marine Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41435-5_2
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