Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of small noncoding RNAs, first described in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In 1993, the labs of Victor Ambros (Lee et al. Cell 75:843–854, 1993) and Gary Ruvkun (Wightman et al. Cell 75:855–862, 1993) discovered lin-4, the first member of the inexorably growing family of miRNAs. Interestingly, it was not until the year 2000 that Reinhart and colleagues detected a second miRNA species – let-7 (Reinhart et al. Nature 2000;403:901–906). The finding that the sequence of let-7 was conserved in a large variety of Metazoens from Drosophila to humans (in contrast to lin-4, which is exclusively expressed in Caenorhabditis; Pasquinelli et al. Nature 408:86–89, 2000; Slack et al. Mol Cell 2000;5:659–669, 2000) fueled miRNA research and revealed that this class of molecules is involved in the regulation of gene expression at a posttranscriptional level in presumably every multicellular organism.
To date, more than 1800 distinct miRNA species have been identified in the human genome (www.miRNA.org; Kozomara and Griffiths-Jones 42(Database issue):D68–73, 2014). Those are estimated to regulate the expression of as much as 60 % of all human transcripts (Friedman et al. Genome Res 2009;19:92–105, 2009). MiRNAs are demonstrably involved in the physiological regulation of multiple cellular processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. As a consequence, abnormalities in miRNA activity were found to contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of various types of human cancers (reviewed by Mirnezami et al. Eur J Surg Oncol 35:339–347, 2009; Visone and Croce Am J Pathol 2009;174:1131–1138, 2009), including malignant melanoma (reviewed by Mione and Bosserhoff Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015;28:340–354).
Maria Mione, Janika Liebig and Leonel Munoz contributed equally
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Mione, M., Liebig, J., Munoz, L., Bosserhoff, A. (2017). MiRNAs in Malignant Melanoma. In: Bosserhoff, A. (eds) Melanoma Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41319-8_6
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