Skip to main content

Gypsies of the Caucasus

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Gypsies in Central Asia and the Caucasus

Abstract

This chapter defines the main communities included under the designation of Gypsies (Dom, Lom and Roma) in the Caucasus area and presents historical and demographic data. It looks at the current features of the three communities studied in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and the Russian Federation, as well as their migration in the post-Soviet Space.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

Bibliography

  • Asatryan, Garnik, and Viktoria Arakelova. 2002. The ethnic minorities of Armenia. Yerevan: Yerevan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benninghaus, Rüdiger. 1991. Les tsiganes de la Turquie orientale. Études tsiganes 37(3): 47–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozkurt, Tülin. 2006. Poşalar örneğinde etnisite ve toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkisi. In Artakalanlar: Anadolu’dan Etnik Manzaralar, ed. Çakır Ceyhan Suvari, Ayşe Yıldırım, Tülin Bozkurt, and İlker M. İşoğlu, 283–355. Istanbul: e Yayınları.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braude, Benjamin. 1982. Foundation myths of the millet system. In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman empire: The functioning of a plural society, vol. 1, ed. Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis, 69–88. New York/London: Holmes and Meier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Çetin, Ensar. 2014. Çankırı Poşalarında Sosyal ve Dini Hayat. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 18(3): 85–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chitanava, Ekaterine. 2013. Between sinful and righteous: Conversion to Pentecostalism in a Roma community in Georgia. MA thesis. Budapest: Central European University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, David. 1994. A history of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia. New York: St Martin’s Griffin.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Pauli, Theodore. 1862. Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie. Saint-Pétersbourg: F. Bellizard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowsett, Charles J.F. 1973–1974. Some Gypsy-Armenian correspondences. Revue des études Armeniennes (Nouvelle série) 10: 59–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elibegova, Dea. 2009. Protection or isolation? On Georgia’s policy choice towards Roma. In Georgian minorities: Roma, Qists, Assyrians, Ezids, ed. Dea Elibegova, Libertas Paper 72: 7–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erkul, Ali. 1998. Bir Alt Kültür Grubu Olarak Poşalar. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 20–21: 21–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • ERRC (European Roma Rights Center). 2004. Transcaucasian region. Field mission conducted by ERRC to Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. April 2004 [Unpublished Report].

    Google Scholar 

  • Finck, Franz Nicolaus. 1905. Die Stellung des Armenisch-Ziguenerischen im Kreise der verwandten Mundarten. Halle a.d.S: Rudolf Haupt.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1907a. Die Sprache der armenischen Zigeuner. Зaпиcки Импepaтopcкoй Aкaдeмии нaук пo иcтopикo-филoлoгичecкoму oтдeлeнию (Cepия 8) 8(5): 1–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finck, Franz Nikolaus. 1907b. Die Grundzüge des Armenisch-Ziguenerischen Sprachbaus. Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (New Series) 1: 34–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgia. Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units. 2002. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/Census/2002/03%20Ethnic%20Composition.pdf.

  • Hancock, Ian. 2002. We are the Romani People / Ame Sam E Rromane Džene. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, Tessa. 1987. Die Lom (Boscha) Armeniens. Pogrom: Zeitschrift für bedrohte Völker 18(130): 67–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • HRIDC (Human Rights Information and Documentation Center). 2003. People without rights: Roma rights in Georgia. Report. Tbilisi: HRIDC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inalcık, Halil. 1973. The Ottoman Empire: The classical age 1300–600. London: Weidenfield and Nicolson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalika, Pinja A. 1985. Die Zigeuner in Transkaukasien. Giessener Hefte für Tsiganologie 2(1): 43–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalinin, Valdemar. 2000. Oh, this Russian spirit abides everywhere: A dialogue of the imagination with Dr Donald Kenrick. In Scholarship and the Gypsy struggle. Commitment in Romani studies, ed. Thomas Acton, 140–149. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karpat, Kemal. 1985. Ottoman population 1830–1914: Demographic and social characteristics. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, Donald. 2004. Gypsies: From the Ganges to the Thames. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, William I. 1909. The Soozmanee: Are they Gypsies? Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (New Series) 2(2): 275–276 (Letter of 1844 to George Borrow).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolukırık, Suat. 2008. Türkiye’de Rom, Dom ve Lom Gruplarının Görünümü. / The case of Rom, Dom and Lom Groups in Turkey. In Türkiyat Araştırmaları, ed. Cihat Özönder, 145–154. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutlík-Garudo, Igor Évariste. 1993. Sprachliches und Zeitliches zur Zigeunerimmigration in Armenien und Palästina im Mittelalter. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 143: 265–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann-Haupt, Carl Friedrich. 1913. Die Zahlwörter der Zigeuner von Van in Ostarmenien. Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (New Series) 7(2): 104–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1928. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Bôscha. Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (Third Series) 7(3–4): 184–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesný, Vincenc. 1916. Cikáni v Čechách a na Moravě. Národopisný věstník českoslovanský 11: 193–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marushiakova, Elena, and Vesselin Popov. 2003. Ethnic identities and economic strategies of the Gypsies in the countries of the former USSR. Orientwissenschaftliche Hefte 9: 289–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. Segmentation vs consolidation: The example of four Gypsy Groups in CIS. Romani Studies Ser. 5, 14(2): 145–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2008a. Soviet Union before World War II. In Information fact sheets on Roma history. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015b. Identity and language of the Roma (Gypsies) in Central and Eastern Europe. In The Palgrave handbook of slavic languages, identities and borders, ed. Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi, and Catherine Gibson, 26–54. London: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016a. Who are Roma? In Roma culture: Myths and realities, ed. Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov, 7–34. Munich: Lincom.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016b. The Gypsy/Roma movement in post-Soviet space: Past, present and future. In Current cultural studies, ed. Ekaterina Anastasova and Mare Kõiva, 28–59. Tartu: KLM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marutyan, Harutyun. 2011. The contemporary expression of the identity of the Bosha. Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 56(2): 297–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marutyan, Harutyun, et al. 1999. Armenian Gypsies: Traditions, modern situation and perspectives. / Apмянcкиe “мaxaгopцы”: тpaдиции, coвpeмeннocт, пepcпeктивы. Yerevan [Unpublished bilingual manuscript].

    Google Scholar 

  • Matras, Yaron. 2012. A grammar of Domari. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyte.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Matthee, Rudi. 2000. Prostitutes, courtesans, and dancing girls: Women entertainers in Safavid Iran. In Iran and beyond. Essays in Middle Eastern history in honor of Nikki R. Keddie, ed. Rudi Matthee and Beth Baron, 121–150. Costa Mesa: Mazda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mentzel, Peter. 2000. Millets, states and national identities. Nationalities Papers 28(1): 199–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Minorities of the Republic of Armenia in Transition. 2005. Vol. II. Yerevan: Gitutiun [Unpublished manuscript].

    Google Scholar 

  • Özkan, Ali Rafet. 2000. Türkiye Çingeneleri. Ankara: T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papaziants, Vartanes. 1899. Hay-Poshaner: An ethnographic study. Tiflis [in Armenian].

    Google Scholar 

  • Paspati, Alexandre. 1870. Études sur les Tchinghianés ou Bohémiens de l’Empire Ottoman. Constantinople.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patkanoff, Kerope. 1907–1908. Some words on the dialects of the Transcaucasian Gypsies: Bošà and Karači. Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (New Series) 1: 229–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1909. Some words on the dialects of the Transcaucasian Gypsies: Bošà and Karači. Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (New Series) 2: 246–266, 3: 325–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrosian, Hamlet. 2002. Name and prestige: Self-designation, outsider-designation, and the search for a neutral designation (On the system of ethnonyms of the Armenian Gypsies). Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 41(1): 16–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, John. 1923. On the origin and early migration of the Gypsies. Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (Third Series) 2: 156–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargisyan, O.N. 1864. Topography of Greater and Lesser Armenia. Venice [in Armenian].

    Google Scholar 

  • Scala, Andrea. 2014. The mixed language of the Armenian Bosha (Lomavren) and its inflectional morphology: Some considerations in light of Armenian dialectal variation. Annali del Dipartimento di Studi Letterari, Linguistici e Comparati, Sezione linguistica 3: 233–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seropyan, Sarkis. 2000. Vatansız Tek Ulus Çingeneler ve Çingenelerin Ermenileşmişleri, Haypoşalar. Tarih ve Toplum 34: 21–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sordia, Giorgi. 2009. A Way Out?: Initial steps towards addressing Romani issues in Georgia, ECMI Issue Brief No 21. Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoltz, Dustin S. 2014. Social capital and relational work: Uncertainty, distrust and social support in Azerbaijan. Ann Arbor: ProQuest LLC. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from http://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=mts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szakonyi, David. 2008. A Way Out?: Initial steps towards addressing Romani issues in Georgia, ECMI Working Paper No. 39. Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI).

    Google Scholar 

  • van Rheenen, M. 2015. LOM: Still present. KURI – Dom Research Center Journal 3: 1–6. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from http://www.domresearchcenter.com/journal/current.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veradzin, M. 1931. Armenian Gypsies in Asia Minor. Hairenik 9(6): 132–141 [in Armenian].

    Google Scholar 

  • Voskanian, Vardan. 2002. Iranian loan-words in Lomavren, the secret language of the Armenian Gypsies. Iran and the Caucasus 6(1–2): 169–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

***

  • Бeлoзepoв, Bитaлий, Aлeкcaндp Пaнин, Poмaн Пpиxoдькo, Bacилий Чиxичин, & Aлeкcaндp Чepкacoв, cocт. 2014. Этничecкий aтлac Cтaвpoпoльcкoгo кpaя. Cтaвpoпoль: ФOК – Юг.

    Google Scholar 

  • Бoндapь, Hикoлaй. 1990. Чтo мы дpуг o дpугe? Eтнoгpaфичecкий oчepк o нapoдax Кубaни. In: Шулякoвa, Гaлинa, cocт. Кубaнcкий кpaeвeд. Bып 1. Кpacнoдap: Кpacнoдapcкoe книжнoe издaтeльcтвo, 132–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Бугaй, Hикoлaй. 1995b. Tуpки из Mecxeтии: дoлгий путь к peaбилитaции (1944–1994). Mocквa: POCC.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009a. Цыгaнe в cиcтeмe мeжнaциoнaльныx oтнoшeний Чepнoмopья – Кубaнcкoй oблacти – Кpacнoдapcкoгo кpaя (к 170-лeтию пoявлeния Цыгaн нa Кубaни). Гoлoc минувшeгo (Кубaнcкий иcтopичecкий жуpнaл) 3–4: 26–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009b. Пpoблeмы aдaптaции и интeгpaции этничecкиx мeньшинcтв Poccии в 1990-e гoды – нaчaлe XXI вeкa (нa пpимepe poccийcкиx цыгaн). In: Caxapoв, Aндpeй, oтв. peд. Иcтopия и иcтopики. 2007. Иcтopиoгpaфичecкий вecтник. Mocквa: Инcтитут poccийcкoй иcтopии PAH, 188–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012. Цыгaнe Poccии: oбщecтвo, aдaптaция, кoнceнcуc (1900–2010). Mocквa: Кучкoвo пoлe & Лaвaндp.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. Зaбытыe cтpaници жизни cooбщecтвa цыгaн в Coюзe CCP: 1930–1960-e гoды. Пpивoлжcкий нaучный вecтник 7(47): 46–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baнциaн, Гpигop. 1901. Apмянcкиe цыгaны. Cбopник мaтepиaлoв для oпиcaниe мecтнocтeй и плeмeн Кaвкaзa. Bыпуcк 29. Tифлиc, 45–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beceлoвcкий, Hикoлaй. 1914. Boeннo-иcтopичecкий oчepк гopoдa Aнaпы. Пeтpoгpaд.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bocкaнян, Bapдaн. 1998. Цыгaнcкий элeмeнт в куpдcкиx плeмeнax (нeкoтopыe вoпpocы этнoгeнeзa куpдoв). Iran and the Caucasus 1: 47–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011a. Индoиpaнcкиe этничecкиe гpуппы в Apмeнии (этнoпoлитичecкaя пepcпeктивa). Иpaн-нaмe 1(17): 265–270

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011b. Лoмaвpeн язык. In: Opaнcкaя, Taтьянa, Юлия Maзуpoвa, Aндpeй Кибpик, Лeoнид Куликoв & Aлeкcaндp Pуcaкoв (peд. кoл.) Языки миpa. Hoвыe индoapийcкиe языки. Mocквa: Academia, 811–818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bcecoюзнaя пepeпиcь 1939 г. Cлoвapь нaциoнaльнocтeй. 1939. Дeмocкoп Weekly. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from http://demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/alfavit/nacionaln_1939.html#02.

  • Гepмaн, Aлeкcaндp. 1930. Библиoгpaфия o цыгaнax. Укaзaтeль книг и cтaтeй c 1780 пo 1930 г. Mocквa: Цeнтpиздaт.

    Google Scholar 

  • Гpигopьян, Кapинэ. 2002. Cубэтничecкиe гpуппы apмян. Aвтopeфepaт. Mocквa: Инcтитут этнoлoгии и aнтpoпoлoгии PAH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Дeмeтep, Haдeждa, Hикoлaй Бeccoнoв & Bлaдимиp Кутeнкoв. 2000. Иcтopия Цыгaн. Hoвый взгляд. Bopoнeж.

    Google Scholar 

  • Дpуц, Eфим, and Aлeкceй Гeccлep. 1990. Цыгaнe. Oчepки. Mocквa: Coвeтcкий пиcaтeль.

    Google Scholar 

  • Киpeй, Hикoлaй. 2010. Цыгaнe Кpacнoдapcкoгo кpaя. Cбopник инфopмaциoннo-мeтoдичecкиx мaтepиaлoв. Кpacнoдap: Южный peгиoнaльный pecуpcный цeнтp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoвичиxин, Aндpeй. 2003. O вpeмeни пoявлeния цыгaн нa Кубaни. In: Ceмeнцoв, Mиxaил, cocт. Итoги фoльклopнo-этнoгpaфичecкиx иccлeдoвaний этничecкиx культуp Ceвepнoгo Кaвкaзa зa 2002 гoд. Maтepиaлы нaучнoй кoнфepeнции. Дикapeвcкиe чтeния (9). Кpacнoдap: Кpaйбибкoллeктop, 158–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hуpи, Л. 2004. Дeмoгpaфичecкиe пapaдoкcы Aзepбaйджaнa. Зepкaлo (Бaку), 10 aпpeля 2004 гoдa. Инфopмaциoнный Кaнaл Subscribe.Ru. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0155/gazeta014.php.

  • Пaпaзьян, Bapтaнec. 1901. Apмянcкиe бoшa (цыгaнe). Этнoгpaфичecкий oчepк. Этнoгpaфичecкoe oбoзpeниe 49(2): 93–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Пaткaнoв, Кepoпe. 1887. Цыгaнe. Hecкoлькo cлoв o нapeчияx зaкaвкaзcкиx цыгaн: Бoшa и Кapaчи. Caнкт-Пeтepбуpг: Импepaтopcкaя Aкaдeмия нaук.

    Google Scholar 

  • Пepeпиcи нaceлeния Poccийcкoй импepии, CCCP, 15 нoвыx нeзaвиcимыx Гocудapcтв. 2012. Дeмocкoп Weekly 673-674, 8-21 фeвpaля 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2015, from http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/Census.php?cy=7.

  • Пoбoль, Hикoлaй & Пaвeл Пoлян, cocт. 2005. Cтaлинcкиe дeпopтaции. 1928–1953. Mocквa: Maтepик.

    Google Scholar 

  • Пoлян, Пaвeл. 2001. He пo cвoeй вoлe… Иcтopия и гeoгpaфия пpинудитeльныx мигpaций в CCCP. Mocквa: OГИ - Meмopиaл.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cлoвapи нaциoнaльнocтeй и языкoв для шифpoвки oтвeтoв нa 7 и 8 вoпpocы пepeпиcнoгo лиcтa (o нaциoнaльнocти и poднoм языкe). 1959. Mocквa: Гocудapcтвeннoe cтaтиcтичecкoe издaтeльcтвo. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from http://demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/alfavit/nacionaln_1959.html#02.

  • Cлoвapь нaциoнaльнocтeй для paзpaбoтки Bcecoюзнoй пepeпиcи нaceлeния 1937 гoдa. 1937. Mocквa: Peдaкциoннo-издaтeльcкoe упpaвлeниe ЦУHXУ Гocплaнa CCCP и B/O COЮЗOPГУЧET.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cмиpнoвa-Cecлaвинcкaя, Mapиaннa. 2014. К иcтopии цыгaн-лингуpapoв и кишинeвцeв в Poccии. In Romii/Țiganii din Republica Moldova: Comunitate etnosocială, multiculturală, istorico-tradițională (1414–2014), ed. Ion Duminica, 142–165. Chişinău: Centrul de Etnologie al IPC al AȘM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Topoпoв, Baдим. 2001. Cлoвapь языкa кpымcкиx цыгaн. Mocквa: Poccийcкий HИИ культуpнoгo и пpиpoднoгo нacлeдия им. Д. C. Лиxaчoвa. (2nd ed.).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. Иcтopия и фoльклop кpымcкиx цыгaн. Mocквa: Poccийcкий HИИ культуpнoгo и пpиpoднoгo нacлeдии им. Д. C. Лиxaчeвa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Фeдepaльный зaкoн oт 17 июня 1996 г. N 74-ФЗ “O нaциoнaльнo-культуpнoй aвтoнoмии” (c измeнeниями и дoпoлнeниями). Coбpaниe Зaкoнoдaтeльcтвa Poccийcкoй Фeдepaции 25: 2965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xaчaтpян, Apмeнaк. 2003. Бoшa: иcтopикo-этнoгpaфичecкoe иccлeдoвaнne. Aвтopeфepaт. Epeвaн: Инcтитут apxeoлoгии и этнoгpaфии HAH Pecпублики Apмeния.

    Google Scholar 

  • Шoпeн, Ивaн. 1852. Cocтoяния Apмeнcкoй oблacти в эпoxу eя пpиcoeдинeния к Poccийcкoй импepии. Caнкт-Пeтepбуpг: Импepaтopcкaя Aкaдeмия нaук.

    Google Scholar 

  • Юнуcoв, Apиф. 2001. Этничecкий cocтaв Aзepбaйджaнa (пo пepeпиcи 1999 гoдa). Retrieved January 25, 2016, from http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0183/analit05.php.

Media

***

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Marushiakova, E., Popov, V. (2016). Gypsies of the Caucasus. In: Gypsies in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41057-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41057-9_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-41056-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-41057-9

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics