Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Status Paper on Linseed/Flax Agriculture

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Abstract

This paper deals with status of linseed research in India which happens to be an ancient oil and fibre-producing crop predominantly cultivated under rainfed condition. Crop systematics in order to establish evolutionary relationship among different sections is very much desired. Cytogenetic studies among the species with different chromosome numbers (2n = 16–80) have revealed that speciation in the genus Linum has taken place in two steps. During the last five decades, spectacular progress has been witnessed in the field of varietal development, and as of now, 65 high seed and oil yielding varieties with resistance to major diseases were released and recommended for general cultivation in different agro-climatic regions of the country. Besides this, improved production and protection technologies have also been developed to harness the production and productivity of the crop. Scope for genetic modifications of fatty acid compositions of linseed oil and oil cake and transfer of novel resistance genes from wild spp. to cultivated ones through biotechnological interventions has also been discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Allaby RG, Peterson GW, Merriwelhter A, Fu YB. Evidence of the domestication history of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) from genetic diversity of the sad 2 locus. Theor Appl Genet. 2005;112:58–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Linnaeus C. Species plantarum, vol I. Printed for Royal Society of London; 1857. p. 277–81.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Vishnu M. Technical Report on Archaeol. Remains. Deccan College, Poona. p. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Gulati AN. In: Deo SB, Ansari DD. editors. Chalcolithic Chandoli. 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Zeven AC, de Wet JMJ. Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity. Wagenigen: The Netherlands, Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Damania AB, Valkoun J, Willcox G, Qualset CO. The origin of agriculture and crop domestication. Syria, ICARDA: Aleppo; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Van ZW, Bakker-Heeres JAH. Evidence of linseed cultivation before 6000 BC. J Archaeol Sci. 1975;2:215–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Diederichsen A, Hammer K. Variation of cultivated flax and its wild progenitor pale flax (Sub sp. angustifolium). Genet Resour Crop Evol. 1995;42:262–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gill KS, Yermanos DM. Cytogenetic studies on the genus Linum. Crop Sci. 1967;7:623–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Fu YB, Peterson G, Diederichsen A, Richards KW. RAPD analysis of genetic relationship of seven flax species in the genus Linum. Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2002;49:253–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hooker JD. The flora of British India. London: Reeve and Co.; 1875. p. 410–11.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Winkler H. Linaceae Tribe I.3. Linoideae—Eulineae. In: Engler A, editor. The natural plant families with their genera and most important species in particulars of used plants. 2nd ed. Leipzig: W. Engelmamn; 1931. p. 11–120.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Chennaveeraih MS, Joshi KK. Karyotypes in cultivated and wild species of Linum. Cytologia. 1983;48:833–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Gill KS. Linseed Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. 1987; 386.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Tammes T. The genetics of the genus Linum. Bibliographia Genetica. 1928;4:2–36.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sharma RR, Khanna AN. Development of fruit in some interspecific crosses of genus Linum. Indian Oilseeds J. 1964;8:34–80.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Diederichsen A. Ex-situ collection of cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum) and other species of the genus Linum. Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2007;54:661–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Jhala AJ, Hall LM, Hall JC. Potential hybridization of flax with weedy and wild relatives: an avenue for movement of engineered genes? Crop Sci. 2008;48:825–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Fu YB, Allaby RG. Phylogenetic network of Linum species as revealed by non-coding chloroplast DNA sequences. Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2010;57:667–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kumar LSS, Patel NM. Natural cross-fertilization in Linum usitatissimum L. Bombay Deccan. J Univ Bombay. 1940;8:105–10.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Green AG, Marshall DR. Isolation of induced mutants in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) having reduced linolenic acid content. Euphytica. 1984;33:321–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Green AG. A mutant genotypes of flax (L. usitatissimum L.) containing very low levels of linolenic acid in its seed oil. Can J Plant Sci. 1986;66:499–503.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Green AG, Linola CV. Eyre. Aust. J Exptl Agric. 1995;35(1):120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Rowland GG, Bhatty RS. Ethyl methane sulphonate induced fatty acid mutations in flax. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1990;67:213–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gamborg OL, Shyluk JP. Tissue culture, protoplasts and morphogenesis in flax. Bot Gaz. 1976;137:301–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Mathews VH, Narayanaswamy S. Photohormone control of regeneration in cultivated tissues of flax. Z Pflanzenphysiol. 1976;80:436–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Rybczynski JJ. Callus formation and organogenesis of mature cotyledons of L. usitatissimum L. in vitro cultures. Genetica Pol. 1975;16:161–66.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Wenzel G, Foroughi-Wehr B, Friedt W, Kohler F, Oo T. Cell and tissue culture as supplementary tools in plant breeding exemplified in potato, oilseed rape and barley. Hereditas. 1985;3:15.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Snape JW, Simpson E, Parker BB, Friedt W, Foroughi-Wehr B. Criteria for the selection and use of double haploid systems in cereal breeding programs. In: Horn W, Jenson CJ, Odenbach W, Schieder O, editors. Genetic manipulation in plant breeding. Berlin: W. de Gruyter; 1986. p. 217.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Miklas PN, Kelly JD, Beebe SE, Blair MW. Common bean breeding for resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses: from classical to MAS breeding. Euphytica. 2006;147:105–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Vromans J. Stam P, Eck HV. The use of molecular markers in flax L. usitatissimum breeding. In: Plant and animal genomics XII conference. 2004: 742.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Bo TY, Ye HZ, Wang SQ, Yang JC, Li XB, Zhai WX. Specific molecular markers of the rust resistance gene M4 in flax. Yi Chanan Xue Bao. 2002;29:922–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Abbadi A, Domergue F, Bauer J, Napier JA, Welti R, Za HU, Cirpus P, Heinz E. Biosynthesis of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic oilseeds: constraints on their accumulation. Plant cell. 2004;16:2734–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Laibach F. Ectogenesis in plants: methods and genetic possibilities of propagating embryos otherwise dyeing in the seed. J Hered. 1929;20:200–8.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Barakat MS, Cocking EC. Plant regeneration from protoplast-derived tissues of Linum usitatissimum L. (flax). Plant Cell Rep. 1983;2:314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ling Q, Binding H. Plant regeneration from protoplasts in linum. Plant Breed. 1987;98:312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Singh RA, Singh OP, Sharma HC, Singh M. Yield and moisture use pattern of rabi crops under rainfed condition of eastern U.P. Ann Arid Zone. 1977;16:61–6.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Sharma RA, Upadhyay MS, Tomar RS. Water use efficiency of some rainfed crops on a vertisol as influenced by soil and straw mulching. J Indian Soc Soil Sci. 1985;33:387–90.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Sounda G, Ghatak S, Kumar T. Effect of different levels of N and moisture conservation practices on yield and yield attributing characters of linseed in rainfed condition. Environ Ecol. 1989;7(1):945–7.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Rawal DR, Yadav GL. Fertilizer requirement of linseed under dry land conditions on cultivators fields in Chittorgarh district. Ann Agric Res. 1988;9(3):268–9.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Singh RP, Singh HR. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield quality and moisture use pattern of linseed grown on rainfed lands. Indian J Agric Sci. 1978;48(10):583–8.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Singh PP, Kaushal PK, Sharma AK. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus rates on seed yield and oil content of linseed. Indian J Agron. 1974;19(1):85–7.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Shekhawat GS, Jain MM, Sharma SC. Response of linseed to micronutrients under varying fertility levels in barani condition. Indian J Agron. 1971;16(1):64–6.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Awasthi US, Hia G, Namdio KS, Shukla NP, Singh R. Response of linseed to fertilizer nitrogen phosphorus level. Indian J Agron. 1989;34(47):432–3.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Pali GP, Sarkar C, Patil SR, Tripathi SR. Response of linseed to phosphorus and potassium levels under rainfed condition. J Oilseed Res. 1995;12(2):255–358.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Anonymous. Annual progress report of linseed. Rajendranagar, Hyderabad: AICORPO, Directorate of Oilseeds Research; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Gill KS. Linseed. New Delhi: ICAR Publn; 1987. p. 386.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Sattar A, Sharma TR. Studies on different kind of storage on oilseeds and their oil in U.P. Indian Oilseeds J. 1963;6:109–25.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Pruthi HS, Bhatia HL. A new cecidomyid pest of linseed in India. Indian J Agric Sci. 1937;7(5):797–808.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Biswas GC, Das GP. Insect and mite pests diversity in the oilseed crops ecosystem in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Zool. 2011;39(2):235–44.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hill DS. Agricultural insect pests of temperate regions and their control. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1987. p. 520–21 (ISBN 0521240131).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Prasad SN. Biology of linseed blossom midge Dasyneura lini Barnes. Cecidologia Indica. 1967;2:31–41.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Singh B, Katiyar RR, Malik YP. Pest complex, seasonal abundance and management of linseed pests particularly gall midge in U.P final report (1987–92). Department of Entomology, Kanpur: CSAUA&T; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Malik YP. Integrated management of linseed bud fly Dasyneura lini Barnes on linseed. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Entomology, Kanpur: CSAUA&T; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Anonymous. Annual progress report of linseed. Rajendranagar, Hyderabad: AICORPO, Directorate of Oilseeds Research; 1995b.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Malik YP, Singh B, Singh SV. Infestation of linseed bud fly Dasyneura lini Barnes under different intercropping practices. Ann Plant Prot Sci. 1996;4(2):167–9.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Malik YP, Singh B, Pandey ND. Role of blooming period in linseed bud fly (Dasyneura lini Barnes) resistance. Indian J Entomol. 1991;53(2):276–9.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Sood NK, Pathak SC. Thickness of sepals—a factor for resistance in linseed against Dasyneura lini Barnes. Indian J Entomol. 1990;52(1):28–30.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Malik YP, Singh S, Singh B, Pandey ND, Singh SV. Determination of physico-chemical basis of resistance in linseed for bud fly. Indian J Entomol. 1995;57(3):267–72.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Ahmad T, Mani MS. Two new chalcidoid parasites of the linseed midge, Dasynerura lini Barnes. Indian J Agric Sci. 1939;9(3):531–9.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Srivastava A. Genetic variation in yield losses due to leaf miner, Chromatomlya horticota Go. Infesting linseed. J Oilseeds Res. 1994;11(2):295.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Singh B, Mathur YK. Control of linseed bud fly Dasynera lini Barnes with modern insecticides, In: Proceedings of national conference on key pests of agricultural crops held and CSAUA&T, Kanpur, Dec. 21–23, 1985. 1986. p. 173–176.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Anonymous. Linseed progress report, 1995–96. Rajendranagar, Hyderabad: Directorate of Oilseeds Research; 1996. p. 82–4.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Rai M. Productivity problems and potentials of linseed production in India. Souvenir Directorate of Oilseeds Research; 1984. p. 47–64.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Sattar A, Hafiz A. Research on plant diseases of Punjab. Pak Assoc Adv Sci. 1952;1:1–55.

    Google Scholar 

  66. McRae W. Report of the Imperial Mycologist. Sci Rep Agric Res Inst Pusa. 1926;1925–26:54.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Pearl RT. Report of mycologist to government of central provinces and berar, Report of Department of Agricultural Central Provinces and Berar for the year; 1924. p. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Verma ARS. Fusarium wilt of linseed. Nagpur Agric Coll Mag. 1945;19:12.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Sharma LC, Mathur RL, Gupta SC. Linseed wilt incidence in Rajasthan and loss in yield. Rajasthan J Agric Sci. 1971;2(1):48–50.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Goel LB, Swarup G. Some observations on linseed wilt. Indian Phytopathol. 1964;17:133–7.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Arora DK. Inter-fungus interaction between Fusarium lini Bolley and some saprophytic fungi isolated from Linum usitatissimum L. roots. Plants Soil. 1980;54(2):207–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Nair PN. Factors affecting resistance of flax to Fusarium lini Bolley. Diss Abstr. 1958;17(5):942.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Saharan GS. Diseases of linseed crops and their control. Farmer and Parliament. 1980;15:13–6.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Sahara GS, Chand JN. Diseases of oilseed crops (in Hindi), Directorate of Publication, H.A. U. Hissar, 1988; 268.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Lemanceau P, Alabouvette C. Biological control of fusarium diseases by fluorescent pseudomonas and non pathogenic fusarium. Crop Prot. 1991;10(4):279–86/NRA.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Dey PK. An Alternaria blight of linseed plant. Indian J Agric Sci. 1933;3(5):881–896.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Arya HC, Prasada R. Alternaria blight of linseed. Indian Phytopathol. 1952;5(1):33.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Kalia HR, Chand JN, Ghai BS. Inheritance of resistance to Alternaria blight of linseed. J Res Ludhiana. 1965;2:104–5.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Chauhan LS, Srivastava KN. Estimation of loss of yield caused by Alternaria blight disease of linseed. Indian J Farm Sci. 1975;3:107–9.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Garg SK. Studies on leaf spot and black-bud disease of linseed caused by Alternaria sp. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Plant Pathology, Kanpur: CSAUA&T; 1982. p. 163.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Singh N, Palat R, Narain U, Mathuria OP. Efficacy of bioagents in management of linseed wilt. Ann Plant Prot Sci. 2008;16(1):245–6.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Mercer PC. Linseed diseases. In: annual report of research and technical work of the department of agriculture for Northern Ireland.1984.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Srinivasachar D, seetharam A. Induction of resistance to rust, melampsora lini in flax by gamma radiation. Radiat Bot. 1971;11(2):143.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Singh RP, Singh HR. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield quality and moisture use pattern of linseed grown on rainfed lands. Indian J Agric Sci. 1978;48(10):583–8.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Mathur RS, Shukla TN, Shukla LN. Review of research on linseed rust in U.P. Indian Oilseed J.1961;5:27–30.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Misra DP, Sethi CL. Natural occurance of pycnial and axial stage of linseed rust Melampsora lini (Pers.) Lev. in India. Indian Oilseed J. 1962;6:226.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Prasada R. Studies in linseed rust Melampsora lini (Pers.) Lev. in India. Indian Phytopathol. 1948;1:1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Hart H. Factors affecting the development of flax rust. Phytopathology. 1926;16:185–205.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Saharan GS. Studies on linseed rust. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Plant Pathology, Palampur: Himachal Pradesh University; 1978. p 75.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Saharan GS, Singh BM. Inheritance of resistance in linseed to rust caused by Melampsora lini. Indian J Mycol Plant Pathol. 1980;10:1360141.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Flor HH. Identification of races in linseed rust. Tech Bull U.S Dept Agric. 1954;110:87–55.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Flor HH. Genetic control of host parasite interaction in rust disease. Plant Pathol Probl Prog 1908–58. 1959:137–44.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Agarwal SC, Kotasthane SR. The effect of rust incidence on yield of linseed. PANS. 1970;15:573.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Agarwal SC, Kotasthane SR. Control of linseed rust by fungicide under artificially inoculated condition. Sci Cult. 1973;39:508–9.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Krzysztalowska H. Investigations on the effectiveness of chemical control flax rust, Melampsora lini koernickf (palm.). Ann Rev Plant pathol. 1975;55:757.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Project Coordinating and Germplasm Management Unit (Linseed), C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology Campus, Kanpur, 208002, India

    P. K. Singh

Authors
  1. P. K. Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. K. Singh .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Real Nutrition Laboratory, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Real Nutrition Laboratory, Dhankawadi, India

    Mahabaleshwar V. Hegde

  2. Center for Innovation in Nutrition Health Disease, Bharati Vidyapeeth University , Dhankawadi Pune, India

    Anand Arvind Zanwar

  3. Western IRB Medical Vice Chair, Puyallup, Washington, USA

    Sharad P. Adekar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Singh, P.K. (2016). Status Paper on Linseed/Flax Agriculture. In: Hegde, M., Zanwar, A., Adekar, S. (eds) Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40458-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40458-5_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-40456-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-40458-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation