Skip to main content

Who Spoils and Why

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fighting Over Peace

Part of the book series: Rethinking Political Violence ((RPV))

  • 395 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter demonstrates that a variety of actors—inside and outside the peace agreement—can resort to spoiling: the state, the military, paramilitary groups, other domestic opposition forces, rebels, and rebel factions. In addition, the objectives and capabilities of these actors can vary considerably across cases. The chapter defines two types of spoiling: “termination spoiling”—spoiling intended to terminate a peace agreement; and “modification spoiling”—spoiling aimed at forcing modifications to an agreement or its implementation. Using the new dataset, the chapter shows spoiling intended to modify an agreement is just as common as that intended to terminate an agreement, demonstrating that spoiling is a tactic used to achieve a wide range of goals, not just a behavior attributed to extremists who oppose peace.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Abraham, Arthur. 2004. The Elusive Quest for Peace: From Abidjan to Lome. In Between Democracy and Terror: The Sierra Leone Civil War, ed. Ibrahim Abdullah, 199–219. Dakar, Senegal: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahram, Ariel I. 2011. Proxy Warriors: The Rise and Fall of State-Sponsored Militias. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atlas, Pierre M., and Roy Licklider. 1999. Conflict among Former Allies after Civil War Settlements: Sudan, Zimbabwe, Chad, and Lebanon. Journal of Peace Research 36(1): 35–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, R. William. 2001. Strategies, Capabilities, and Demands: Explaining Outcomes in Violent Intrastate Nationalist Conflicts. International Interactions 27(1): 61–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006. No Peace At Any Price: The Effectiveness of Spoilers in Interstate Conflicts. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association. San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006d. Uganda and LRA Rebels Sign Truce. August 26. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5288776.stm. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Balch-Lindsay, Dylan, Andrew J. Enterline, and Kyle A. Joyce. 2008. Third-Party Intervention and the Civil War Process. Journal of Peace Research 45(3): 345–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bright, Dennis. 2000. Implementing the Lomé Peace Agreement. Accord: International Review of Peace Initiatives 9: 36–41. http://www.c-r.org/accord-article/implementing-lom%C3%A9-peace-agreement. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Carey, Sabine C., Neil J. Mitchell, and Will Lowe. 2013. States, the Security Sector, and the Monopoly of Violence: A New Database on Pro-Government Militias. Journal of Peace Research 50(2): 249–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chernick, Marc W 2003. Colombia: Does Injustice Cause Violence? In What Justice? Whose Justice? Fighting for Fairness in Latin America, eds. Susan E. Eckstein and Timothy P. Wickham-Crowley, 185–214. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane, Feargal. 2008. Ending Wars. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. 2004. Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers 56(4): 563–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conversi, Daniele. 2006. Why Do Peace Processes Collapse? The Basque Conflict and the Three-Spoilers Perspective. In Challenges to Peacebuilding: Managing Spoilers During Conflict Resolution, eds. Edward Newman and Oliver P. Richmond, 173–199. New York, NY: United Nations University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, David E., Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and Idean Salehyan. 2009. It Takes Two: A Dyadic Analysis of Civil War Duration and Outcome. Journal of Conflict Resolution 53(4): 570–597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darby, John. 2001. The Effects of Violence on Peace Processes. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006. The Post-Accord Context. In Violence and Reconstruction, ed. John Darby, 1–10. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darby, John, and Roger Mac Ginty. 2000. Northern Ireland: Long, Cold Peace. In The Management of Peace Processes, eds. John Darby and Roger Mac Ginty, 61–106. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Del Castillo, Graciana. 1997. The Arms-for-Land Deal in El Salvador. In Keeping the Peace: Multidimensional UN Operations in Cambodia and El Salvador, eds. Michael W. Doyle, Ian Johnstone, and Robert C. Orr, 342–365. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, Stephen. 1998. The Historical Significance of South Africa’s Third Force. Journal of Southern African Studies 24(2): 261–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, James D. 1994. Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes. American Political Science Review 88(3): 577–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, James D 1998. Commitment Problems and the Spread of Ethnic Conflict. In The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation, eds. David Lake and Donald Rothchild, 107–126. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findley, Michael G. 2007. Spoiling the Peace or Seeking the Spoils? Civil War Outcomes and the Role of Spoilers. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Political Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frensley, Nathalie. 1998. Ratification Processes and Conflict Termination. Journal of Peace Research 35(2): 25–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gberie, Lansana. 2005. A Dirty War in West Africa: The R.U.F. and the Destruction of Sierra Leone. London, UK: Hurst and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, Alexander L. 1993. Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goemans, Henk E., and Giacomo Chiozza. 2004. International Conflict and the Tenure of Leaders: Is War Still Ex Post Inefficient? American Journal of Political Science 48(3): 604–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhill, Kelly M., and Solomon Major. 2006. The Perils of Profiling: Civil War Spoilers and the Collapse of Intrastate Peace Accords. International Security 31(3): 7–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurr, Ted Robert. 2000. Peoples Versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hampson, Fen Osler. 1996. Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirshleifer, Jack. 2001. The Dark Side of the Force: Economic Foundations of Conflict Theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Höglund, Kristine. 2005. Violence and the Peace Process in Sri Lanka. Civil Wars 17(2): 156–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Höglund, Kristine, and I. William Zartman. 2006. Violence by the State: Official Spoilers and Their Allies. In Violence and Reconstruction, ed. John Darby, 11–32. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inter Press Service. 1992. El Salvador: FMLN Declares ‘Alert’ After Attack on Ex-Guerrilla. May 22. https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/misc.activism.progressive/xUOfJOnByv0. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Ishiyama, John, and Anna Batta. 2011. Rebel Organizations and Conflict Management in Post-Conflict Societies 1990–2009. Civil Wars 13(4): 437–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, Patrick. 2007. Negotiated Settlements and Government Strategy in Civil Wars: Evidence from Darfur. Civil Wars 9(4): 359–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaldor, Mary. 1999. New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kydd, Andrew H., and Barbara F. Walter. 2002. Sabotaging the Peace: The Politics of Extremist Violence. International Organization 56(2): 263–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Licklider, Roy. 2001. Obstacles to Peace Settlements. In Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict, eds. Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall, 697–718. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, T. David, and Patrick J. Fett. 1996. How Civil Wars End: A Rational Choice Approach. Journal of Conflict Resolution 40(4): 546–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, T. David, Joseph P. Weingarten Jr., and Patrick J. Fett. 1999. Win, Lose, or Draw: Predicting the Outcome of Civil Wars. Political Research Quarterly 52(2): 239–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzei, Julie. 2009. Death Squads or Self-Defense Forces: How Paramilitary Groups Emerge and Challenge Democracy in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, Desirée. 2008. Partial Peace: Rebel Groups Inside and Outside of Civil War Settlements. Journal of Peace Research 45(4): 479–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, Desirée, and Mimmi Sӧderberg Kovacs. 2011. Revisiting an Elusive Concept: A Review of the Debate on Spoilers in Peace Processes. International Studies Review 13(4): 606–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pape, Robert A. 2003. The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. American Political Science Review 97(3): 343–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, Susan. 1992. Guatemala City Bombings Could Thwart Peace Talks, San Francisco Chronicle, May 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearlman, Wendy. 2009. Spoiling Inside and Out: Internal Political Contestation and the Middle East Peace Process. International Security 33(3): 79–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, Robert D. 1988. Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games. International Organization 42(3): 427–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raghavan, Sudarsan. 2003. Ivory Coast Loyalists Decry French-Backed Peace Deal. Philadelphia Inquirer, January 27. http://articles.philly.com/2003-01-27/news/25468815_1_french-soldiers-peace-deal-ivorians. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Randle, Robert F. 1973. The Origins of Peace: A Study of Peace Making and the Structure of Peace Settlements. New York, NY: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein, Robert L. 1999. In Fear of Peace: Getting Past Maybe. In After the Peace: Resistance and Reconciliation, ed. Robert L. Rothstein, 1–25. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schelling, Thomas. 1980. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sisk, Timothy D. 2006. Political Violence and Peace Accords: Searching for the Silver Lining. In Violence and Reconstruction, ed. John Darby, 121–142. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, Denise. 1997. Demobilization and Reintegration in Central America. Bonn International Center for Conversion, Paper 08, February. https://www.bicc.de/uploads/tx_bicctools/paper8.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Stedman, Stephen John. 1997. Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes. International Security 22(2): 5–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stepanova, Ekaterina. 2006. Terrorism as a Tactic of Spoilers in Peace Processes. In Challenges to Peacebuilding: Managing Spoilers During Conflict Resolution, eds. Edward Newman and Oliver P. Richmond, 78–104. New York, NY: United Nations University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, Abby. 1996. Philippines’ Christians Rebel Over Peace Pact With Muslim Minority. Christian Science Monitor, July 8. http://www.csmonitor.com/1996/0708/070896.intl.intl.6.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Thayer, Nate. 1991. Demonstrators Attack Returned Khmer Rouge Leader; To Leave Country Again. Associated Press, November 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2009. Preventing Organized Crime from Spoiling Peace. February 26. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/preventing-organized-crime-from-spoiling-peace.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Walter, Barbara F. 1999. Designing Transitions from Civil War: Demobilization, Democratization, and Commitments to Peace. International Security 24(1): 127–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahar, Marie-Jöelle. 2003. Reframing the Spoiler Debate in Peace Processes. In Contemporary Peace Making: Conflict, Violence, and Peace Processes, eds. John Darby, Roger Mac Ginty, and Rolf Habbel, 114–124. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006b. Understanding the Violence of Insiders: Loyalty, Custodians of Peace, and the Sustainability of Conflict Settlement. In Challenges to Peacebuilding: Managing Spoilers During Conflict Resolution, eds. Edward Newman and Oliver P. Richmond, 40–58. New York, NY: United Nations University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zartman, I. William. 1989. Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, ed. 1993. Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1995. Dynamics and Constraints in Negotiations in Internal Conflicts. In Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars, ed. I. William Zartman, 3–29. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reiter, A.G. (2016). Who Spoils and Why. In: Fighting Over Peace . Rethinking Political Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40102-7_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics