Abstract
The increased adoption of active end-nodes can negatively impact the reliable and economical generation, transmission, and distribution of power. This chapter gives an overview of these potential impacts and surveys related work on direct control of elastic loads to achieve both user-level and system-level objectives. Balancing these two types of objectives is nontrivial, giving rise to the design of various control architectures and many plausible control schemes as discussed in this chapter.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
For example, the workplace EV charging load is strongly correlated with solar generation, while the home-level EV charging load is usually correlated with wind generation.
References
Ahn C, Li C, Peng H (2011) Optimal decentralized charging control algorithm for electrified vehicles connected to smart grid. J Power Sources 196(2):10,369–10,379
Amrhein M, Krein P (2005) Dynamic simulation for analysis of hybrid electric vehicle system and subsystem interactions, including power electronics. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 54(3):825–836
Arnold DB, Negrete-Pincetic M, Stewart EM, Auslander DM, Callaway DS (2015) Extremum Seeking control of smart inverters for VAR compensation. In: IEEE Proceedings of the PES general meeting, pp 1–5
Bansal S, Zeilinger M, Tomlin C (2014) Plug-and-play model predictive control for electric vehicle charging and voltage control in smart grids. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on decision and control, pp 5894–5900
Baran M, Hooshyar H, Shen Z, Huang A (2012) Accommodating high PV penetration on distribution feeders. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 3(2):1039–1046
Callaway D, Hiskens I (2011) Achieving controllability of electric loads. Proc. IEEE 99(1):184–199
Chen S, Tong L (2012) IEMS for large scale charging of electric vehicles: architecture and optimal online scheduling. In: IEEE Proceedings of the smart grid communications, pp 629–634
Clement-Nyns K, Haesen E, Driesen J (2010) The impact of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on a residential distribution grid. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 25(1):371–380
Deilami S, Masoum A, Moses P, Masoum MAS (2011) Real-time coordination of plug-in electric vehicle charging in smart grids to minimize power losses and improve voltage profile. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2(3):456–467
Electric Vehicles Initiative and International Energy Agency Global EV Outlook (2015). http://www.iea.org/evi/Global-EV-Outlook-2015-Update_1page.pdf
EPIA (2014) Global market outlook for photovoltaics 2014–2018. http://www.epia.org/news/publications/global-market-outlook-for-photovoltaics-2014-2018/
Fan Z (2012) A distributed demand response algorithm and its application to PHEV charging in smart grids. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 3(3):1280–1290
Farivar M, Neal R, Clarke C, Low S (2012) Optimal inverter VAR control in distribution systems with high PV penetration. In: Proceedings of the IEEE PES general meeting, pp 1–7
Gan L, Topcu U, Low S (2013) Optimal decentralized protocol for electric vehicle charging. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 28(2):940–951
Gan L, Wierman A, Topcu U, Chen N, Low S (2013) Real-time deferrable load control: handling the uncertainties of renewable generation. In: Proceedings of the ACM e-Energy, pp 113–124
Gong Q, Midlam-Mohler S, Marano V, Rizzoni G (2012) Study of PEV charging on residential distribution transformer life. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 3(1):404–412
Hao H, Sanandaji B, Poolla K, Vincent T (2015) Aggregate flexibility of thermostatically controlled loads. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 30(1):189–198
Hermans R, Almassalkhi M, Hiskens I (2012) Incentive-based coordinated charging control of plug-in electric vehicles at the distribution-transformer level. In: Proceedings of the American control conference (ACC), pp 264–269
Heydt G (1983) The impact of electric vehicle deployment on load management straregies. IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst. PAS-102(5):1253–1259
Hill C, Such M, Chen D, Gonzalez J, Grady W (2012) Battery energy storage for enabling integration of distributed solar power generation. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 3(2):850–857
Hilshey A, Rezaei P, Hines P, Frolik J (2012) Electric vehicle charging: Transformer impacts and smart, decentralized solutions. In: Proceedings of the IEEE PES general meeting, pp 1–8
HydroOne (2015, retrieved) peaksaver PLUS. http://www.hydroone.com/peaksaver
Jin R, Wang B, Zhang P, Luh P (2013) Decentralised online charging scheduling for large populations of electric vehicles: a cyber-physical system approach. Int. J. Parallel, Emerg. Distrib. Syst. 28(1):29–45
Katiraei F, Agüero J (2011) Solar PV integration challenges. IEEE Power Energy Mag. 9(3):62–71
Kempton W, Tomic J (2005) Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: from stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy. J Power Sources 144(1):280–294
Li Q, Cui T, Negi R, Franchetti F, Ilic M (2011) On-line decentralized charging of plug-in electric vehicles in power systems
Lopes J, Soares F, Almeida P (2011) Integration of electric vehicles in the electric power system. Proc. IEEE 99(1):168–183
Ma Z, Callaway D, Hiskens I (2013) Decentralized charging control of large populations of plug-in electric vehicles. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 21(1):67–78
Mehboob N, Canizares C, Rosenberg C (2014) Day-ahead dispatch of PEV loads in a residential distribution system. In: Proceedings of the IEEE PES general meeting, pp 1–5
Pieltain Fernández L, Román T, Cossent R, Domingo C, Frías P (2011) Assessment of the impact of plug-in electric vehicles on distribution networks. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 26(1):206–213
Qian K, Zhou C, Allan M, Yuan Y (2011) Modeling of load demand due to EV battery charging in distribution systems. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 26(2):802–810
Rahman S, Shrestha G (1993) An investigation into the impact of electric vehicle load on the electric utility distribution system. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 8(2):591–597
Rotering N, Ilic M (2011) Optimal charge control of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in deregulated electricity markets. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 26(3):1021–1029
Shao S, Pipattanasomporn M, Rahman S (2011) Demand response as a load shaping tool in an intelligent grid with electric vehicles. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2(4):624–631
Shao S, Pipattanasomporn M, Rahman S (2012) Grid integration of electric vehicles and demand response with customer choice. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 3(1):543–550
Sharma I, Canizares C, Bhattacharya K (2014) Smart charging of PEVs penetrating into residential distribution systems. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 5(3):1196–1209
Society of Automotive Engineers (2016, retrieved) SAE J1772 Standard. http://www.sae.org/smartgrid/chargingspeeds.pdf
Sortomme E, Hindi M, MacPherson S, Venkata S (2011) Coordinated charging of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to minimize distribution system losses. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2(1):198–205
Studli S, Crisostomi E, Middleton R, Shorten R (2012) AIMD-like algorithms for charging electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international electric vehicle conference (IEVC), pp 1–8
Su W, Chow M (2012) Computational intelligence-based energy management for a large-scale PHEV/PEV enabled municipal parking deck. Appl. Energy 96:171–182
Su X, Masoum M, Wolfs P (2014) Optimal PV inverter reactive power control and real power curtailment to improve performance of unbalanced four-wire LV distribution networks. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 5(3):967–977
Subramanian A, Garcia M, Dominguez-Garcia A, Callaway D, Poolla K, Varaiya P (2012) Real-time scheduling of deferrable electric loads. In: Proceedings of the American control conference (ACC), pp 3643–3650
Sundström O, Binding C (2010) Optimization methods to plan the charging of electric vehicle fleets. In: Proceedings of the international conference on control, communication and power engineering, pp 28–29
Taft J, De Martini P (2012) Cisco Systems–Ultra Large-Scale Power System Control Architecture. http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/docs/energy/control_architecture.pdf
Thomson M, Infield D (2007) Network power-flow analysis for a high penetration of distributed generation. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 22(3):1157–1162
Turitsyn K, Sinitsyn N, Backhaus S, Chertkov M (2010) Robust broadcast-communication control of electric vehicle charging. In: Proceedings of the IEEE smart grid communications, pp 203–207
Turitsyn K, Sulc P, Backhaus S, Chertkov M (2010) Distributed control of reactive power flow in a radial distribution circuit with high photovoltaic penetration. In: Proceedings of the IEEE PES general meeting, pp 1–6
Vlachogiannis J (2009) Probabilistic constrained load flow considering integration of wind power generation and electric vehicles. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 24(4):1808–1817
Walling R, Saint R, Dugan R, Burke J, Kojovic L (2008) Summary of distributed resources impact on power delivery systems. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 23(3):1636–1644
Wen C, Chen J, Teng J, Ting P (2012) Decentralized plug-in electric vehicle charging selection algorithm in power systems. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 3(4):1779–1789
Xu Y, Pan F (2012) Scheduling for charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on decision and control, pp 2495–2501
Yilmaz M, Krein P (2013) Review of battery charger topologies, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 28(5):2151–2169
Zhang T, Chen W, Han Z, Cao Z (2014) Charging scheduling of electric vehicles with local renewable energy under uncertain electric vehicle arrival and grid power price. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 63(6):2600–2612
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ardakanian, O., Keshav, S., Rosenberg, C. (2016). Related Work. In: Integration of Renewable Generation and Elastic Loads into Distribution Grids. SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39984-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39984-3_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-39983-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-39984-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)