Skip to main content

Business Valuation: Premiums and Discounts in International Professional Practice

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Financial Environment and Business Development

Part of the book series: Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics ((EBES,volume 4))

Abstract

The valuation of a (nontotalitarian) shareholding in the capital stock is characterized by some critical conditions, which are mainly related to the fact that the transfer or acquisition of the same may determine the transfer of control from one subject to another. It follows that the value of the shareholding may not simply be equal to the pro rata value of the business capital, but rather its valuation has to take into consideration the features, peculiarities, and effects, which are inherent to the typology of the shareholding to be transferred. Discounts and premiums do not just affect the value of a company; they play a crucial role in influencing a host of other factors and conditions that can make or break a deal. When it comes to business valuations, it is the business appraiser’s responsibility to be intimately knowledgeable with every aspect of discounts and premiums: the different types, the situations when they may or may not apply, and how to quantify them. The paper aims to examine if the Italian professional practice adopts premiums and discounts, when to value the company, and how to quantify them.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 179.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bajaj, M., Denis D. J., Ferris, S. P., & Sarin, A. (2001). Firm value and marketability discounts. The Journal of Corporate Law. [on line] http://ssrn.com/abstract=262198 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.262198

  • Barclay, M. J., & Holderness, G. (1989). Private benefits from control of public corporations. Journal of Financial Economics, 25, 371–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernini, F. (2011). I pacchetti azionari. Analisi del fenomeno e aspetti valutativi [The shares. Analysis of the phenomenon and valuation aspects]. Milano: Giuffrè.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertoni, M., & De Rosa, B. (2014). Il metodo di valutazione analitico: le partecipazioni [The analytical evaluation method : Equity investments]. In G. Liberatore, A. Amaduzzi, E. Comuzzi, & O. Ferraro (Eds.), la valutazione delle aziende in crisi [The valuation of companies in crisis] (Chap. 10, pp. 319–344). Milano: Giuffre' Editore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigelli, M., & Sapienza, E. (2003). Le azioni di risparmio e gli errori di misurazione del premio per il diritto di voto [Savings shares and measurement errors of the premium for the right to vote]. Banca, Impresa e Società, 1, 67–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caprio, L., Floreani, A., & Radaelli, L. (1994). I Trasferimenti di Controllo di società Quotate in Italia: Un’Analisi Empirica dei prezzi e dei Risultati per gli Azionisti di Minoranza [The transfer of control of listed companies in Italy: An analysis of empirical prices and results for the minority shareholders]. Finanza, Imprese e Mercati, 3, 355–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coronella, S. (2010). Premi di maggioranza e sconti di minoranza nella valutazione delle partecipazioni: un approccio empirico [Premiums and discounts in the valuation of investments: An empirical approach]. Rivista dei Dottori Commercialisti, 1, 99–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick, A., & Zingales, L. (2001). Private benefits of control: An international comparison. The Journal of Finance, 59(2), 537–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doidge, C. (2004). U.S. cross-listings and the private benefits of control: Evidence from dual class firms. Journal of Financial Economics, 72(3), 519–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finnerty, J. D. (2002). The impact of transfer restrictions on stock prices. AFA 2003 Washington, DC Meetings. [online] SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=342840

  • FMV Opinions Inc. (2007). Determining discounts for lack of marketability: A companion guide to the FMV restricted stock study™, 2nd ed. [pdf] Accessed January 3, 2016, from http://www.bvmarketdata.com/pdf/2007companionguide.pdf

  • Gelman, M. (1972). An economist-financial analyst’s approach to valuing stock of closely-held company. Journal of Taxation, 36, 353–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guatri, L. (1998). Un approccio alla misura dei premi di controllo [An approach to the measurement of premiums control]. La valutazione delle aziende, 8, 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guatri, L., & Bini, M. (2005). Nuovo trattato sulla valutazione delle aziende [Business valutation]. Milano: Università Bocconi Editore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanouna, P., Sarin, A., & Shapiro, A. (2001). Value of corporate control: Some international evidence (Working Paper Series). Marshall School of Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertzel, M., & Smith, R. L. (1993). Marketability discounts and shareholder gains for placing equity privately. The Journal of Finance, 48(2), 459–485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. R., Buetow, G. W., & Jensen, G. R. (1999). International mutual funds and Federal Reserve policy. Financial Services Review, 8, 199–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linciano, N. (2002). Azioni di risparmio e valore del controllo: Gli effetti della regolamentazione [Savings shares and value of the control: The effect of regulations]. Quaderni di Finanza. Studi e ricerche, Consob, 53, 1–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maher, M. J. (1976, September). Discounts for lack of marketability for closely held business interests. Taxes, 562–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massari, M., Monge, V., & Zanetti, L. (2004). Control premium in the presence of rules imposing mandatory tender offers: Can it be measure? (Working paper). University of Bocconi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, C. Z. (1997). Quantifying marketability discount: Developing and supporting marketability discount in the appraisal of closely held business interest. Memphis, TN: Peabody Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moroney, R. E. (1973, March). Most courts overvalue closely held stocks. Taxes, 144–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musaio, A. (1995). Valore “intrinseco” e valore “soggettivo” delle partecipazioni [Value “intrinsic” and value “subjective” of investments]. Rivista Italiana di Ragioneria e di Economia Aziendale, 5/6, 248–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nenova, T. (2003). The value of corporate voting rights and control: A cross-country analysis. Journal of Financial Economics, 68, 325–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicodano, G., & Sembenelli, A. (2000). Private benefits, block transaction premia and ownership structure (Working Paper). University of Torino.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordin, N., & Hamid, M. A. (2013). Corporate governance disclosure: A case of banks in Malaysia. 10th Eurasia Business and Economics Society Conference (EBES), Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 201–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oricchio, G. (2013). Osservazioni metodologiche in ordine alla determinazione dei premi di maggioranza e degli sconti di minoranza nella valutazione di pacchetti azionari [Methodological remarks concerning the determination of the majority premiums and minority discounts in the valuation of shares]. In G. Zanda, M. Lacchini, & T. Onesti, La valutazione delle aziende [Business valuation]. Torino: Giappichelli Editore.

    Google Scholar 

  • SEC Institutional Investor Study. (1971). Discounts involved in purchases of common stock. US 92nd Congress, 1st Session, Washington, pp. 92–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silber, W. L. (1991). Discounts on restricted stock: The impact of illiquidity on stock prices. Financial Analysts Journal, 47, 60–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Syriopoulos, T., & Tsatsaronis, M. (2012). Corporate governance mechanisms and financial performance: CEO duality in shipping firms. Eurasian Business Review, 2(1), 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trout, R. R. (1977). Estimation of the discount associated with the transfer of restricted securities. Taxes, 55, 381–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zanetti, L. (2004). Premi di controllo e acquisizione: Alcuni approfondimenti [Majority premiums and acquisition: Some insights]. La valutazione delle aziende, 34, 56–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zingales, L. (1995). What determines the value of corporate votes? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(4), 1047–1073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Olga Ferraro .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this paper

Cite this paper

Ferraro, O. (2017). Business Valuation: Premiums and Discounts in International Professional Practice. In: Bilgin, M., Danis, H., Demir, E., Can, U. (eds) Financial Environment and Business Development. Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, vol 4. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39919-5_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics